Oxidative Stress in Postbariatric Patients: A Systematic Literature Review Exploring the Long-term Effects of Bariatric Surgery.

Background: The present study investigates the impact of oxidative stress after bariatric surgery in patients with obesity. This field of study has gained great interest in recent years due to the role that oxidative stress plays in metabolic diseases. Obesity, by itself, can generate an increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, intensifying cellular damage and promoting the progression of adverse metabolic conditions. In this context, bariatric surgery emerges as a candidate capable of modifying oxidative stress biomarkers, facilitating the patient's metabolic recovery. Methods: A systematic review was carried out, identifying 30 studies found in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. It looked at the link between oxidative stress and recovery after bariatric surgery in patients. The selection of studies was based on the measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers before and after surgical intervention. Results: The results reveal a significant decrease in oxidative stress biomarkers after bariatric surgery. However, a notable variability in antioxidant activity is observed between different patients, as well as a significant influence of comorbidities. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery is postulated as an effective intervention in reducing oxidative stress in patients with obesity, enhancing antioxidant activity and improving patient recovery. This finding highlights the importance of considering oxidative stress management as an integral part of postoperative care, suggesting the need to implement complementary treatment strategies to optimize health outcomes.

Minimally Invasive Treatment of Facet Osteoarthritis Pain in Spine: A Clinical Approach Evaluating Cryotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain management remains a challenging aspect of neurosurgical care, with facet arthrosis being a significant contributor to the global burden of low back pain. This study evaluates the effectiveness of cryotherapy as a minimally invasive treatment for patients with facet arthrosis. By focusing on reducing drug dependency and pain intensity, the research aims to contribute to the evolving field of pain management techniques, offering an alternative to traditional pain management strategies. METHODS: Through a retrospective longitudinal analysis of patients with facet osteoarthritis treated via cryotherapy between 2013 and 2023, we evaluated the impact on medication usage and pain levels, utilizing the Visual Analog Scale for pre- and posttreatment comparisons. RESULTS: The study encompassed 118 subjects, revealing significant pain alleviation, with Visual Analog Scale scores plummeting from 9.0 initially to 2.0 after treatment. Additionally, 67 patients (56.78%) reported decreased medication consumption. These outcomes underscore cryotherapy's potential as a pivotal tool in chronic pain management. CONCLUSIONS: The findings illuminate cryotherapy's efficacy in diminishing pain and curtailing medication dependency among patients with facet arthrosis. This study reaffirms cryotherapy's role in pain management and propels the discourse on nontraditional therapeutic avenues, highlighting the urgent need for personalized and innovative treatment frameworks.

Radiofrequency Cingulotomy as a Treatment for Incoercible Pain: Follow-Up for 6 Months.

Incoercible or intractable pain is defined as pain that is refractory to pharmacological treatment to such an extent that opioid and analgesic adverse effects outweigh the therapeutic effects. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in the perception of pain, especially emotional pain, so it is logical that cingulotomy has an effective therapeutic effect. Therefore, we evaluated the effectiveness of cingulotomy for the treatment of incoercible pain. An observational, longitudinal, retrospective, and analytical study was carried out on a series of cases in which bilateral cingulotomy was performed for incoercible pain, and follow-up was performed 6 months after neurosurgery in the outpatient clinic at the Neurotraumatology Clinic. A positive correlation was observed between pain intensity and medication use, indicating that an increase in pain was associated with a greater requirement for analgesics. The result was a significant reduction in pain, as measured by the visual analog scale of pain, and decreased drug use after cingulotomy. We concluded that cingulotomy reduces incoercible pain and the need for medication.

Juventud y educación digital en tiempos de pandemia: el caso de una universidad mexicana

Los grupos que se han visto más impactado por la pandemia por COVID-19, en las instituciones de Educación Superior, fueron los estudiantes. Por tal motivo, se realizó un estudio con enfoque cualitativo en la Universidad Veracruzana, México, con la finalidad de conocer sus experiencias personales, tecnológicas y escolares durante la pandemia, así como sus expectativas post/pandemia. Los resultados invitan a reflexionar sobre diversas estrategias para el diseño de políticas educativas orientadas a apoyar la formación de los estudiantes universitarios. El presente trabajo de investigación se reconoce que las condiciones estructurales de la desigualdad social y brecha digital de los universitarios no son las más óptimas para su formación universitaria en modalidad presencial, virtual o hibrida, en este sentido, es posible detectar ciertas dificultades estructurantes en el ámbito escolar de los jóvenes universitarios y la falta de crear y constituir una universidad hibrida en las instituciones de educación superior.

The groups that have been most impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, in Higher Education institutions, were the students. For this reason, a qualitative study was conducted at the Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico, in order to learn about their personal, technological, and school experiences during the pandemic, as well as their post-pandemic expectations. The results invite to reflect on different strategies for the design of educational policies geared to support the education of university students.

Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: From Gene to Clinic: A Systematic Review.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease whose progression and clinical characteristics have a close bidirectional and multilevel relationship with the process of neuroinflammation. In this context, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms involved in this neuroinflammation-PD link. This systematic search was, hereby, conducted with a focus on the four levels where alterations associated with neuroinflammation in PD have been described (genetic, cellular, histopathological and clinical-behavioral) by consulting the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scielo and Redalyc search engines, including clinical studies, review articles, book chapters and case studies. Initially, 585,772 articles were included, and, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 84 articles were obtained that contained information about the multilevel association of neuroinflammation with alterations in gene, molecular, cellular, tissue and neuroanatomical expression as well as clinical-behavioral manifestations in PD.

Atlas of Nervous System Vascular Malformations: A Systematic Review.

Vascular malformations are frequent in the head and neck region, affecting the nervous system. The wide range of therapeutic approaches demand the correct anatomical, morphological, and functional characterization of these lesions supported by imaging. Using a systematic search protocol in PubMed, Google Scholar, Ebsco, Redalyc, and SciELO, the authors extracted clinical studies, review articles, book chapters, and case reports that provided information about vascular cerebral malformations, in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 385,614 articles were grouped; using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, three of the authors independently selected 51 articles about five vascular cerebral malformations: venous malformation, brain capillary telangiectasia, brain cavernous angiomas, arteriovenous malformation, and leptomeningeal angiomatosis as part of Sturge-Weber syndrome. We described the next topics-"definition", "etiology", "pathophysiology", and "treatment"-with a focus on the relationship with the imaging approach. We concluded that the correct anatomical, morphological, and functional characterization of cerebral vascular malformations by means of various imaging studies is highly relevant in determining the therapeutic approach, and that new lines of therapeutic approaches continue to depend on the imaging evaluation of these lesions.

Histological changes of vascular clipping in Wistar rats.

Background: During aneurysm microsurgery, the aneurysmal sac is excluded from circulation by placing one or more clips at the base of the aneurysm. In some cases of complex aneurysms or subarachnoid hemorrhage history, transient clipping before definitive clipping is necessary. The closing force of the transient clip is less than the permanent clip; however, it is sufficient to stop circulation to the aneurysmal sac. The aim of the following work is to analyze and describe histological changes caused by transient and permanent clipping of the abdominal aorta in Wistar-type rats, to study the correlation between the closing force of the clip and the time, it remains on the vascular tissue structures. Methods: Six groups were formed, with 10 rats each, whereby temporary clipping of the abdominal aorta was performed with subsequent sampling of the site where the vascular clip was placed. The groups were: control and temporary clipping with: 2, 5, 10, and 15 and permanent clipping with 5 min. Results: Resection samples of the 3 µm thick aorta were obtained through the routine histological technique and special histochemical techniques (Masson's Trichrome and orcein) from the six groups. Transmural changes were found from Group II-VI. Conclusion: There is a vascular histological effect after both transient and permanent clipping. The sum of time and strength of the clip induce vascular changes visible at 5 min.

The presence of VEGF and Notch2 during preantral-antral follicular transition in infantile rats: Anatomical evidence and its implications.

Folliculogenesis is a process that depends on angiogenesis, in which VEGF and Notch signaling pathway members are involved. Although this pathway is present in preantral and antral follicular structures during the second stage of folliculogenesis, this association has not been described. Therefore, this study aimed to identify VEGF and Notch2 in ovary structures of infantile rats after induction of follicular development with a gonadotropin stimulus. In order to explore this possibility we analyzed rat ovary morphology from days 10-25 after birth; subsequently, the transition from preantral follicle to an antral stage was analyzed by the induction of follicular development with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and VEGF and Notch were identified in the rat ovary by fluorescence. The histological analysis revealed that the ovary of a 10-day-old rat has the highest percentage of preantral follicles and based on this a 10IU eCG dose promoted an increase in the number of antral follicles, as well as a decrease in the number of preantral follicles, related to which there was an increase in ovary weight and size. In addition, a higher concentration of circulating estradiol was observed, proliferation of granulosa cells in both follicle groups was stimulated, and the accumulation of VEGF in granulosa and theca cells and in the antral follicle oocyte was increased (p<0.05), whereas the presence of Notch2 was limited to mural granulosa cells, in granulosa cells that formed the cumulus oophorus and in the oocyte of both groups of follicles. The multiple correspondence analysis allowed us to support an association between VEGF and Notch2 during the transition from preantral to antral follicles in the ovary of an infantile rat.

Effect of ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH) charge isoforms on VEGF and cAMP production.

Although an increase in VEGF expression and synthesis in association with LH has been established; it is unknown if all LH isoforms act similarly. This study evaluated the production of cAMP and VEGF among LH isoforms in two in vitro bioassays. The LH was obtained from hypophyses and the group of isoforms was isolated by chromatofocusing. cAMP production was assessed using the in vitro bioassay of HEK-293 cells and VEGF production was evaluated in granulosa cells. Immunological activity was measured with a homologous RIA. Immunoactivity and bioactivity for each isoform were compared against a standard, by estimating the IC50 and the EC50. The basic isoforms were more immunoactive than the standard. The neutral and the moderately acidic had an immunological activity similar to the standard. The acidic isoform was the least immunoreactive. cAMP production at the EC50 dose was similar among the basic isoforms, the moderately acidic and the standard; for the neutral and the acidic, the EC50 dose was higher. It was observed that compared with the control, VEGF production at the lowest LH dose was no different in the standard and each isoform. In the intermediate dose, a positive response was caused in the standard and the neutral and basic isoforms. Although the acidic isoform showed a dose-dependent response, it was not significant relative to the control. In conclusion, the basic isoform generated the greatest cAMP and VEGF production, similar to the reference standard, and the acidic the smallest.

Reproductive axis function and gonadotropin microheterogeneity in a male rat model of diet-induced obesity.

Obesity causes complex metabolic and endocrine changes that may lead to adverse outcomes, including hypogonadism. We herein studied the reproductive axis function in male rats under a high-fat diet and analyzed the impact of changes in glycosylation of pituitary LH on the bioactivity of this gonadotropin. Rats were fed with a diet enriched in saturated fat (20% of total calories) and euthanized on days 90 or 180 of diet. Long-term (180 days), high-fat feeding rats exhibited a metabolic profile compatible with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome; they concomitantly showed decreased intrapituitary and serum LH concentrations, low serum testosterone levels, and elevated serum 17beta-estradiol concentrations. A fall in biological to immunological ratio of intrapituitary LH was detected in 180 days control diet-treated rats but not in high-fat-fed animals, as assessed by a homologous in vitro bioassay. Chromatofocusing of pituitary extracts yielded multiple LH charge isoforms; a trend towards decreased abundance of more basic isoforms (pH 9.99-9.0) was apparent in rats fed with the control diet for 180 days but not in those that were fed the diet enriched in saturated fat. It is concluded that long-term high-fat feeding alters the function of the pituitary-testicular axis, resulting in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The alterations in LH function found in these animals might be subserved by changes in hypothalamic GnRH output and/or sustained gonadotrope exposure to an altered sex steroid hormone milieu, representing a distinctly different regulatory mechanism whereby the pituitary attempts to counterbalance the effects of long-term obesity on reproductive function.

Pituitary-testicular axis function, biological to immunological ratio and charge isoform distribution of pituitary LH in male rats with experimental diabetes.

Men with insulinopenic diabetes mellitus frequently present hypogonadism and exhibit circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) molecules with increased biological activity. To further study this latter issue, we analyzed the pattern of isoform distribution and the impact of changes in terminal glycosylation of pituitary LH on the bioactivity of this gonadotropin in experimental diabetes. Adult male rats were treated with streptozotocin or vehicle and euthanized on days 30, 60, or 90 posttreatment. All diabetic groups exhibited a significant decrease in serum insulin and testosterone levels as well as in sperm count; serum gonadotropins and 17beta-estradiol decreased only after 90 days of insulinopenia. Both the immunoreactive concentrations and the biological to immunological ratio of intrapituitary LH significantly increased in all experimental groups, as assessed by an in vitro homologous bioassay in HEK-293 cells expressing a recombinant LH receptor. Chromatofocusing of pituitary extracts revealed the presence of multiple LH charge isoforms; the pH distribution profile of LH in diabetic and control rats was indistinguishable on days 30 and 60 posttreatment. By contrast, the abundance of more basic isoforms (pH 9.99-9.0) decreased and that of isoforms with pH values 8.99-8.0 increased in rats with long-standing diabetes compared to controls. It is concluded that experimental diabetes alters the function of the pituitary-testicular axis, resulting in reduced sex steroids levels and hypogonadotropism. Long-standing insulinopenia leads to a paradoxical accumulation of intrapituitary LH molecules enriched in bioactivity with altered terminal glycosylation, which are apparently subserved by distinct mechanisms involving altered hypothalamic and/or gonadal inputs on the gonadotrope.

Clinical manifestations of the rotavirus infection and his relation with the electropherotypes and serotypes detected during 1998 and 1999 in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Group A rotavirus (RV) is associated with acute infectious diarrhea (AID) in children and adults. The clinical manifestations of RV infection are classified as slight, moderate and severe and could be the results of differing rotaviral serotypes. Attempts have been made to correlate the severity of the infection with specific RV groups, subgroups (SG) serotypes and electropherotypes, but the results have been inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To correlate the severity of the RV infection with the strains of RV isolated from the patients. STUDY DESIGN: 142 feces were collected from patients with AID caused by RV. The samples were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to determine the electrophoretic pattern and immunoenzymatic assays with monoclonal antibodies specific for serotype, SG and group. The Program EPIINFO 6.0 was used to analyze the correlation. RESULTS: The 142 RV strains isolated were from group A and long electrophoretic pattern. Respect to the symptoms were classified, 43 (30%) as slight; the RV isolates corresponding to these patients were 35 of serotype G1P1A SG II; 4 G1P1A SG I and II; 1 G1P1A SG Non I Non I; 1 G3 SG II; 1 G3 SG Non I and Non II and 1 G3 SG I and II. 89 (53%) of patients showed moderate clinical symptoms. 58 isolates of RV were G1P1A SG II; 11 G1P1A SG Non I Non II; 9 G1P1A SG I and II; 1 G1P1B SG II; 1 G4P1A SG II; 1G1 and G4 SG I and II; 6 G3 SG Non I Non II; 2 G3 SG II. The severe RV infection occurred in only 10 (7%). 8 were serotype G1P1A SG II and 2 were G1P1A SG I and II. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the severity of AID has no significant statistical relationship to the specific RV strains isolated from the patients.

[Rotavirus infections in Yucatan, Mexico, in 2000]. / Infecciones por rotavirus en Yucatán, México, durante el 2000.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the cases of rotavirus infection occurred in Yucatan, Mexico, in the year 2000. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January to May 2000, were studied 668 patients with acute infectious diarrhea and their fecal samples. A questionnaire was applied and the samples were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with silver stained. Incidence rates and the frequency of clinical manifestations were calculated. RESULTS: The cases of rotavirus occurred from January to April 2000. Three hundred-thirty seven (50.45%) samples were positives. The higher incidence rate of 0.70% was observed in infants 6 to 8 months of age. Vomit, nausea and hyperthermia were the more frequent clinical manifestations. Abdominal pain and dehydration occurred in 45.9% and 41.8% of the cases respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Presentation of the cases was similar to the reported by the countries with tempered climate. The risk of becoming ill by rotavirus was greater in the children under 1 year of age. Abdominal pain requires be carefully explored. Surveillance of the cases must be carried out throughout the year.

Comparación de dos fuentes biológicas para producir anticuerpos destinados al desarrollo de métodos de radioinmunoanálisis para determinar los niveles plasmáticos de testosterona / Comparison between two different antibody sources for the development of radioimmunoassays to measure plasmatic levels of testosterone

En el presente trabajo se compararon el suero de conejo y la yema de huevo como fuentes biológicas de anticuerpos antitestoterona para su uso en métodos de radioinmunoanálisis (RIA). Los resultados indican que la yema de huevo de gallinas inmunizadas no es una fuente adecuada de anticuerpos antitestosterona, ya que aparentemente dichos anticuerpos intervienen en el proceso del desarrollo folicular u ovulación, inhibiendo la postura e impidiéndose su recuperación. Asimismo, en el caso del suero de conejos, fue posible obtener y purificar anticuerpos antitestosterona con los cuales se desarrolló un RIA de fase líquida para medir los niveles plasmáticos de testosterona en diferentes especies animales. Los anticuerpos mostraron alta especificidad, y presentaron una reacción cruzada de 5.84 por ciento con dihidrotestosterona y 0.72 por ciento con androstenediona, estradiol y 17-hidroxiprogesterona. La sensibilidad al 90 por ciento de unión fue de 39.6 pg/ml. La recuperación del sistema fue de 90.5 por ciento con el estándar medio y 95.8 por ciento con el bajo. El rendimiento final del anticuerpo correspondió a 126.083 mg, que sirven para analizar 1.6 x 105 muestras. Se concluye que la yema de huevo no puede ser utilizada como una alternativa al suero de conejos para la producción de anticuerpos antitestosterona, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con otras hormonas esteroides.

Desarrollo de un método de radioinmunoanálisis para cortisol, utilizando anticuerpos obtenidos y purificados de la yema de huevo de gallinas inmunizadas / A radioimmunoassay method developed with antibodies purified from the yolk of immunized hen eggs

Se indujeron anticuerpos anticortisol en gallinas de postura, para lo cual se realizó una primera aplicación de 1 mg de cortisol conjugado con albúmina sérica bovina (BSA) y mezclado con adyuvante completo de Freund y solución salina fisiológica; posteriormente se realizaron seis aplicaciones más de 0.5 mg del mismo inmunógeno, los cuales se aplicaron a intervalos de 15 días. Se encontró en suero un título promedio, durante el periodo de colección del huevo, de 39.4 por ciento en una dilución de trabajo 1:1000. Los anticuerpos anticortisol se recuperaron y purificaron a partir de la yema de huevo y con ellos se desarrolló la pueba de radioinmunoanálisis (RIA) de fase líquida. Los anticuerpos de la yema mostraron alta especificidad para el cortisol respecto de otros esteroides (reacción cruzada menora 0.1 por ciento con androstenediona, estradiol, 17-hidroxiprogesterona y testosterona), así como una sensibilidad de 339 pg/ml. La precisión del RIA fue adecuada (C.V intensayo menor a 15 por ciento), al igual que la recuperación del sistema. El rendimiento fue de 594 552.63 mg de proteína que sirven para procesar 95 000 000 tubos. Se concluye que la yema de huevo de gallinas inmunizadas es una efectiva fuente de anticuerpos anticortisol, la cual puede ser utilizada como una alternativa al suero de conejos

Estandarización de un radioinmunoanálisis (RIA) para hormona de crecimiento bovina (bGH) y validación en plasma de vacas Holstein / A radioimmunoassay (RIA) standardization for bovine growth hormone (bGH) and their validation in plasma of Holstein cows

La hormona de crecimiento (GH) purificada a partir de adenohipófisis bovinas (bGH) y su antisuero obtenido en conejos, se utilizaron para desarrollar un radioinmunoanálisis (RIA) homólogo y específico. El antisuero como segundo anticuerpo. La bGH se iodizó por el método de la Cloramina T con una actividad específica de 93 µCi/µg. Cantidades crecientes de plasma bovino desplazaron paralelamente a la curva patrón cuya linearidad estuvo entre 1.31 y 39.4 ng/ml. La recuperación de cantidades conocidas de bGH añadidas a plasma bovino fue de 98.5 por ciento. El coeficiente de variación intra e interensayo fue menor a 5.1 por ciento y 8.3 por ciento respectivamente. Otras hormonas adenohipofisarias no mostraron reacciones cruzadas. Con este procedimiento se determinaron concentraciones plasmáticas de GH a cuatro vacas Holstein a la 5 y 14 semanas posparto. En cada periodo se tomaron muestras de sangre cada treinta minutos durante 24 horas a través de un catéter colocado en la vena yugular. Las muestras individuales mostraron un coeficiente de variación durante el día entre 25 por ciento y 65 por ciento. Las concentraciones de GH en plasma fueron superiores (P < 0.001) a las catorce semanas (7.80 ng/ml) que a las cinco semanas posparto (6.00 ng/ml). En virtud de que estos animales se encontraban en condiciones de pastoreo con limitada ración rica en energía, es posible que todavía a las catorce semanas de lactancia se hayan movilizado reservas corporales para favorecer la producción de leche

Obtención, purificación y caracterización de dos formas de hormona luteinizante de la adenohipófisis caprina (gLH) / Obtention, purification and characterization of two forms of caprine luteinizing hormone from adenohypophsis (gLH)

Se describe la obtención, purificación y caracterización de dos proteínas hipofisiarias de origen caprino con carga eléctrica diferente y con características de hormona luteinizante (LH). La fracción no retenida en la cromatografía de intercambio catiónico (CM-celulosa) designada CM-lab y la correspondiente al segundo pico de dicha cromatografía (CM-2ab), se repurificaron en una cromatografía de intercambio aniónico (DEAE-celulosa) en condiciones idénticas, para obtener LH-I (CM-lab-DEAE-la) con un rendimiento de 76 mg/kg de adenohipófisis, y a la LH-II (CM2ab-DEAE-lb) con 15 mg/kg. La diferencia de carga de cada proteína se determinó por su movilidad relativa (Rf) mediante una electroforesis en geles de poliacrilamida (PAGE) en condiciones nativas. La LH-I mostró un Rf de 0.09 (banda mayoritaria) y 0.415, mientras la LH-II presentó 2 bandas de tipo catiónico con un Rf de 0.14, 0.19 (banda mayoritaria). La determinación del peso molecular relativo de LH-I y LH-II, se llevo a cabo por medio de una electroforesis en geles de poliacilamida-dodecilsulfato de sodio (SDS-PAGE). En condiciones no reductoras (NR), ambas proteínas presentaron un peso molecular relativo de 36.5 kilodaltones (KDa) correspondiente a la forma monomérica, semejante a los estándares NIDDK-oLH-26 y USDA-bLH5, mientras que en presencia de 2ß-mercaptoetanol (condiciones reducidas), las proteínas presentaron un peso molecular de 22.4 y 20.2 KDa. El análisis por inmunotransferencia (Western-blot) en condiciones NR utilizando el anti-oLH (CSU-204), permitió identificar bandas inmunorreactivas de peso molecular de 50,43, 36.5 (mayoritaria), y 22.4 KDa, tanto en los estándares como en las fracciones obtenidas en este estudio. La potencia biológica realizada en un bioensayo in vivo 3 + 3 balanceado fue de 1.03 UI/mg para la LH-I. y de 0.65 UI/mg para la LH-II con intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento. Su actividad inmunológica se determinó con un radioinmunoensayo (RIA) homólogo de LH caprina, a la dosis esperada del 50 por ciento (ED 50). Los resultados fueron de 1.7 ng/ml y 3.5 ng/ml para LH-I y LH-II respectivamante. Se concluye que esta técnica permite la obtención de dos proteínas con carga eléctrica diferente, con actividad biológica e inmunológica de LH, y con peso molecular idéntico

Determinación de la hormona luteinizante con un radioinmunoanálisis (RIA) homólogo en cabras estimuladas con diferentes dosis de hormona liberadora de las gonadotropinas (GnRH) / Determination o luteinizing hormone with homologous raioimmunoassay (RIA) in goats stimulated with various doses of gonadotrophin liberating hormone (GnRH)

El presente estudio informa la validación clínica del RIA homológo de LH en cabras mestizas con estro inducido y estimuladas con dosis únicas de GNRH. Se trabajó con 24 cabras distribuidas al azar en cinco grupos. A los grupos del I al IV (n5) se les colocó esponjas con acetaro de fluorogestona (FGA) a dosis de 45 mg/animal, durante nueve días, no así al V (n4), pues se le mantuvo como testigo. Después de 24 horas de retiradas las esponjas los grupos I, II y III, se estimularon por vía intravenosa con 2, 4 y 8 µg de GnRH respectivamente, a los grupos IV y V se les administró solución salina. El muestreo se realizó cada 15 minutos, durante un periodo de cinco horas (2 h antes del estímulo con GnRH o solución salina y 3 h después). Los niveles circulantes de LH se determinaron con un sistema de RIA homólogo en fase líquida con segundo anticuerpo como sistema de separación. El grupo I presentó un pico de LH de 21.4 ñ 7.4 ng/mL; el grupo II de 13.4 ñ 3.16 ng/mL, ambos con una P<0.05 con respecto al grupo V, el cual mostró un valor promedio de LH de 4.72 ñ 0.28 ng/mL; el grupo III presentó un pico de 11.4 ñ 8.60 ng/mL sin que resultara significativo; en el grupo IV no se detectaron niveles de LH. Ni un solo animal mostró niveles de progesterona durante 21 días posteriores al estímulo con GnRH, con base en lo anterior se sugiere que los picos de LH detectados durante el experimento no fueron preovularotios

Consideraciones metodológicas básicas para conducir investigaciones psicológicas en América Latina / Basic methodological considerations to conduct psychological research in Latin America

Este manuscrito sugiere que las investigaciones en las ciencias de la conducta que se llevan a cabo en américa latina deben conducirse teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de evitar la falsa suposición de que los métodos y las ideas desarrolladas en una cultura son igualmente válidos en otra. Se proponen tres áreas de especial cuidado: 1) Una comprensión apropiada de las diferencias entre lo émico y lo ético, es decir la diferenciación entre lo universal y aplicable a todas las culturas (ético) y lo que refleja las peculiaridades de un grupo cultural (émico). 2) El descubrimiento de las equivalencias apropiadas: Conceptuales (donde las ideas o constructos tienen el mismo significado en las diversas culturas), lingüístico (donde las palabras tienen el mismo significado connotativo y denotativo) y, métrico. 3) El control de las variables relacionadas con la cultura subjetiva del individuo que pueden afectar los patrones de respuesta así como su validez (por ejemplo, la deseabilidad social, las necesidades de autopresentación, etcétera)

Consideraciones metodológicas básicas para conducir investigaciones psicológicas en América Latina / Basic methodological considerations to conduct psychological research in Latin America

Este manuscrito sugiere que las investigaciones en las ciencias de la conducta que se llevan a cabo en américa latina deben conducirse teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de evitar la falsa suposición de que los métodos y las ideas desarrolladas en una cultura son igualmente válidos en otra. Se proponen tres áreas de especial cuidado: 1) Una comprensión apropiada de las diferencias entre lo émico y lo ético, es decir la diferenciación entre lo universal y aplicable a todas las culturas (ético) y lo que refleja las peculiaridades de un grupo cultural (émico). 2) El descubrimiento de las equivalencias apropiadas: Conceptuales (donde las ideas o constructos tienen el mismo significado en las diversas culturas), ling³ístico (donde las palabras tienen el mismo significado connotativo y denotativo) y, métrico. 3) El control de las variables relacionadas con la cultura subjetiva del individuo que pueden afectar los patrones de respuesta así como su validez (por ejemplo, la deseabilidad social, las necesidades de autopresentación, etcétera) (AU)