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2.
Biomedicines ; 10(3)2022 Mar 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35327518

ABSTRACT

Immunologic and neuroinflammatory pathways have been found to play a major role in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders such as epilepsy, proposing the use of novel therapeutic strategies. In the era of personalized medicine and in the face of the exhaustion of anti-seizure therapeutic resources, it is worth looking at the current or future possibilities that neuroimmunomodulator or anti-inflammatory therapy can offer us in the management of patients with epilepsy. For this reason, we performed a narrative review on the recent advances on the basic epileptogenic mechanisms related to the activation of immunity or neuroinflammation with special attention to current and future opportunities for novel treatments in epilepsy. Neuroinflammation can be considered a universal phenomenon and occurs in structural, infectious, post-traumatic, autoimmune, or even genetically based epilepsies. The emerging research developed in recent years has allowed us to identify the main molecular pathways involved in these processes. These molecular pathways could constitute future therapeutic targets for epilepsy. Different drugs current or in development have demonstrated their capacity to inhibit or modulate molecular pathways involved in the immunologic or neuroinflammatory mechanisms described in epilepsy. Some of them should be tested in the future as possible antiepileptic drugs.

5.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 71(7): 237-245, 1 oct., 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-195708

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: El trastorno neurocognitivo asociado al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es un problema emergente a pesar del tratamiento antirretroviral. Los test de cribado que mejor se adaptan a la población española son la Brief Neurocognitive Scale (BNCS) y el Neu Screening. Desconocemos la magnitud del trastorno neurocognitivo en la población con VIH. OBJETIVOS: Comprobar si existe asociación entre la infección por el VIH y el trastorno neurocognitivo, y conocer su prevalencia. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal que compara a 24 pacientes con VIH y a 21 controles sanos, pareados por sexo, edad y nivel de estudios. Se utilizó la Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, el Neu Screening y la BNCS para el cribado neuropsicológico. Se consideró positivo un cribado con una alteración en uno o más test. RESULTADOS: Un 33,3% de los pacientes con VIH y un 33,3% de los controles sanos tuvieron un cribado positivo, sin diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. El cribado positivo presentó una relación significativa con ansiedad y depresión. Existe una correlación lineal positiva entre niveles nadir de CD4 y resultados del Digit Symbol, y entre nadir de CD4 y fluencia verbal. No hubo relación significativa entre VIH positivo y cribado positivo. CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes con VIH con buen control clínico presentan un perfil neurocognitivo sin diferencias significativas frente a la población control. Los niveles de CD4 son posiblemente una variable predictora para el desarrollo de trastorno neurocognitivo. La BNCS y el Neu Screening son buenas alternativas, pero resulta necesario un abordaje neuropsiquiátrico concomitante. Se precisan estudios con muestras mayores para confirmar la hipótesis alternativa


INTRODUCTION: Neurocognitive impairment associated to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a current problem despite the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment. The screening tests which best suit to Spanish population are Brief Neuro¬cognitive Scale (BNCS) and Neu Screening. We are unaware of our HIV populations neurocognitive impairment magnitude. AIMS. To verify if association between HIV and neurocognitive impairment does exist and to know its prevalence. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: An observational, descriptive and transversal study comparing 24 HIV-outpatients and 21 non-HIV-healthy control matched by age, gender and educational level. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Neu Screening and BNCS were used as neurocognitive impairment screening. Positive screening was considered with one or more abnormal test. RESULTS: 33.3% of VIH+ and 33.3% of healthy controls had positive screening without significant difference between both populations. Positive screening was significantly associated with anxiety-punctuation and depression-punctuation. A lineal correlation between CD4-nadir-levels and Digit Symbol and between CD4-nadir-levels and verbal fluency results were found. There was no significant relationship between HIV serology and screening result. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-patients clinically controlled had no significantly different neurocognitive profile compared to control population. CD4-nadir levels may be a predictor variable in terms of neurocognitive impairment development. BNCS and Neu Screening are reasonable alternatives for neurocognitive impairment screening. A concomitant psychiatric and neuro¬psychological assessment is necessary. Further studies with bigger samples are necessary in order to confirm the alternative hypothesis


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Neurocognitive Disorders/complications , HIV Infections/complications , Neuropsychological Tests , HIV Infections/psychology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Anxiety/epidemiology , Anxiety/psychology , Depression/epidemiology , Depression/psychology , Risk Factors
6.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 71(3): 110-118, 1 ago., 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-195456

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: La migraña es una enfermedad muy invalidante con un gran impacto en la calidad de vida del paciente e interferencia en su esfera personal, social, laboral y familiar. Desde un punto de vista histórico, la conexión entre la Península Ibérica y Latinoamérica ha sido muy importante, por lo que parece razonable que existan paralelismos en la epidemiología de esta enfermedad, dado el papel que determinados condicionantes genéticos y relacionados con el estilo de vida tienen en su historia natural. OBJETIVO: Revisar de forma detallada los estudios epidemiológicos descriptivos de la migraña en España y América Latina. DESARROLLO: Búsqueda bibliográfica de estudios de epidemiología sobre migraña en nuestro país y en los que conforman Latinoamérica. Se analiza la población estudiada, la metodología, el cuestionario utilizado para el diagnóstico y los datos de prevalencia. Se evaluaron un total de 23 estudios. CONCLUSIONES: No todos los países cuentan con estudios epidemiológicos de migraña de base poblacional y la mayor parte de ellos se desarrollaron hace más de diez años. La metodología aplicada es, además, muy heterogénea. Los datos de prevalencia obtenidos en los estudios seleccionados, con la excepción de algunos realizados en Brasil y Perú, son muy similares a los encontrados en España


INTRODUCTION: Migraine is a very disabling disease that has a great impact on patients’ quality of life and interferes in their personal, social, work and family spheres. From a historical point of view, the connection between the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America has been very important, and so it seems reasonable to find there are parallels in the epidemiology of this disease, given the role that certain genetic and lifestyle-related determinants have in its natural history. AIM: To conduct a detailed review of the descriptive epidemiological studies of migraine in Spain and Latin America. DEVELOPMENT. Literature search of epidemiological studies on migraine in our country and in Latin America. The population studied, the methodology, the questionnaire used for diagnosis and the prevalence data were analysed. Altogether 23 studies were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Not all countries have population-based epidemiological studies of migraine, and most of them were conducted more than 10 years ago. Moreover, a wide range of methodologies were applied. The prevalence data obtained in the selected studies, with the exception of some conducted in Brazil and Peru, are very similar to those found in Spain


Subject(s)
Humans , Migraine Disorders/epidemiology , Headache/classification , Spain/epidemiology , Latin America/epidemiology , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Surveys and Questionnaires , Headache/epidemiology
7.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 66(6): 189-192, 16 mar., 2018. ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-172284

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La lacosamida es un fármaco antiepiléptico cuyo mecanismo de acción exacto se desconoce. Actúa aumentando la inactivación lenta de los canales de sodio dependientes del voltaje de las membranas celulares. Indicado en el tratamiento de crisis focales con o sin generalización secundaria, ocasionalmente se emplea como tratamiento coadyuvante en el dolor neuropático. Aunque los efectos adversos más frecuentes son leves (mareo, diplopía, visión borrosa, cefalea, temblor...), se han descrito taquiarritmias supraventriculares, cambios en la repolarización, bloqueos auriculoventriculares e incluso parada cardíaca o muerte súbita. Caso clínico. Varón de 74 años, diagnosticado de neuralgia del trigémino clásica en tratamiento con 200 mg/12 h de carbamacepina, que acude por reagudización del dolor en el territorio trigeminal V1-V2. El sexto día de ingreso, tras ajustar el tratamiento con carbamacepina en pauta descendente, 400 mg/24 h de eslicarbacepina y 100 mg/12 h de lacosamida intravenosa, presenta bloqueo auriculoventricular completo con bradicardia extrema que precisa la implantación de un marcapasos definitivo. Conclusiones. El bloqueo de canales de sodio dependientes del voltaje afecta predominantemente al tejido cardíaco no sinusal. Una alteración en el nodo auriculoventricular o infrahisiano es más congruente con su mecanismo de acción. Existen más casos comunicados de bloqueo auriculoventricular en este tipo de politerapia. Se recomienda precaución en el uso concomitante de fármacos antiepilépticos, sobre todo entre los que prolonguen el intervalo PR, así como su contraindicación en pacientes con antecedentes de bloqueo auriculoventricular, cardiopatía isquémica o insuficiencia cardíaca. Antes de su inicio, se aconseja realizar un electrocardiograma basal y monitorización electrocardiográfica regular durante las primeras semanas (AU)


Introduction. Lacosamide is an antiepileptic drug whose exact mechanism of action remains unknown. It acts by increasing the slow inactivation of the voltage-dependent sodium channels of the cell membranes. It is indicated in the treatment of focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation and is occasionally used as adjunct treatment in neuropathic pain. Although the most frequent side effects are mild (dizziness, diplopia, blurred vision, headache, tremor, etc.), others such as supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, changes in repolarisation, atrioventricular blocks and even cardiac arrest or sudden death have been reported. Case report. A 74-year-old male, diagnosed with classic trigeminal neuralgia treated with 200 mg/12 h of carbamazepine, who visited due to a worsening of the pain in the trigeminal V1-V2 region. On the sixth day after admission, after adjusting the carbamazepine treatment to a descending regime, 400 mg/24 h of eslicarbazepine and 100 mg/12 h of intravenous lacosamide, he presented a complete atrioventricular block with extreme bradycardia that required the placement of a pacemaker. Conclusions. Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockade mainly affects non-sinusal cardiac tissue. An alteration in the atrioventricular or infrahisian node is more consistent with its mechanism of action. Other cases of atrioventricular block in this kind of polytherapy have been reported. Precaution is advised in the concomitant use of antiepileptic drugs, above all among those that prolong the PR interval, and they should be contraindicated in patients with a history of atrioventricular block, ischaemic heart disease or heart failure. Before starting, a baseline electrocardiogram and regular electrocardiographic monitoring are advised during the first few weeks (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Trigeminal Neuralgia/drug therapy , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Carbamazepine/therapeutic use , Acute Pain/drug therapy , Atrioventricular Block/drug therapy , Bundle-Branch Block/drug therapy , Anticonvulsants/pharmacology , Symptom Flare Up , Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Electrocardiography/methods
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