Assessing non-dysfunctional attitudes toward sleep: psychometric properties of the Charlotte Attitudes Toward Sleep scale in Portuguese samples.

OBJECTIVES: To adapt the Charlotte Attitudes Toward Sleep (CATS) scale, the only self-assessment instrument measuring non-dysfunctional attitudes toward sleep, into Portuguese and to study its psychometric properties in a Portuguese sample. METHOD: A sample of 1858 participants, recruited through non-probabilistic methods, was randomly split in two subsamples; one was used to develop the CATS model, the other for testing model invariance. We used structural equation models to assess factorial validity, measurement invariance, and relationships with other variables (e.g., the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire) through confirmatory factorial analysis and causal models using a robust maximum likelihood method with Satorra-Bentler correction. RESULTS: The CATS factorial model showed excellent evidence of factorial validity (robust CFI = 0.987, TLI = 0.979, SRMR = 0.026, RMSEA = 0.043), good reliability indicators (α and ώ1 > 0.75), and strict invariance of measurement (|∆CFI|< 0.01). CATS factors were weak-to-moderate predictors of sleep behaviors (ß < 0.4). The scale showed evidence of divergent validity with the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire. Some items had significant sensitivity problems and/or did not have adequate factorial weights and had to be dropped from the model. CONCLUSIONS: The CATS is a new and promising scale with solid evidence of validity in terms of internal structure, but with sensitivity issues at item level. Further work should be carried out at item level to increase sensitivity and predictive validity, and further research with other samples, such as clinical sleep medicine patients, should be conducted.

Psychometric properties of the Incivility in Nursing Education - Revised Survey - Brazilian version.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the psychometric properties of the Incivility in Nursing Education - Revised Survey - Brazilian version with undergraduate nursing students. METHOD: methodological study conducted in a nursing school in São Paulo state. It is the analysis of the psychometric properties (reliability and construct validity) of the items in the INE-R survey - Brazilian version. Construct validity was performed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and reliability by test-retest in order to verify the instrument's stability, as calculated by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and the Internal Consistency of the items according to Cronbach's alpha, ordinal alpha and McDonalds's omega coefficients. RESULTS: Confirmatory Factor Analysis fitted the proposed model with two factors (low and high incivility), with a suggestion to exclude one of student items. Most of the fitting values for the student items and all of the faculty-member items complied with the references established in the literature; the values for Internal Consistency Coefficients were greater than 0.80, and Intraclasss Correlation Coefficients were greater than 0.75. CONCLUSION: the Brazilian version of the Incivility in Nursing Education - Revised Survey is validated for the studied context, as it has shown satisfactory reliability and validity by means of factor analysis, which has confirmed the original two-factor model, with 23 items addressing student behaviors and 24 items applied to faculty behaviors. HIGHLIGHTS: (1) Incivility is a global and growing phenomenon in higher education.(2) An uncivil environment interferes with learning and health indicators.(3) A validated survey to measure incivility in nursing education is presented.

The oral health impact profile and well-being on mothers and preschool children.

OBJECTIVES: to verify the contribution of mothers' oral health impact profile to their children's oral health profile and the contribution of mothers' well-being and the caries index (dmft) to children's well-being. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study. Mothers and pre-school children enrolled in public schools in the municipality of Araraquara-SP took part. The Oral Health Impact Profile Questionnaire (OHIP-14), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and the Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé (AUQEI) were used. To diagnose caries, a clinical examination was carried out to calculate the dmft index. Path analysis was carried out and the path coefficients were estimated (ß) and evaluated using the z-test (α = 5%). RESULTS: 443 children took part (5.19 ± 0.64 years; 52.4% boys) with an mean dmft of 1.31 ± 2.19. The mean age of the mothers was 33.4 ± 7.01 years. There was a significant impact of dmft and maternal well-being on the child's subjective well-being (s2explained = 43%). The mothers' oral health impact profile and the child's caries experience had a significant influence on both the child (OHIP: ß = 0.22; p < 0.001; dmft: ß = 0.48; p < 0.001) and the family (OHIP: ß = 0.29; p < 0.001; dmft: ß = 0.32; p < 0.001). The child's dmft (ß=-0.10; p = 0.005) and the mothers' subjective well-being (ß=-0.61; p < 0.001) had a significant impact on the child's subjective well-being. CONCLUSION: The mothers' oral health impact profile and the child's caries experience had an impact on both the child and the family. Mothers' subjective well-being and caries experience should be considered when assessing the subjective well-being of Brazilian preschool children.

Psychometric evaluation of the Brazilian version of the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale / Avaliação psicométrica da versão brasileira da Escala de Apego Materno-Fetal

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale applied to pregnant women in Primary Health Care. Method This is a methodological study conducted with 937 pregnant women assisted in the Family Health Strategy in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Psychometric sensitivity, construct and criterion validity, and reliability were evaluated. Results The instrument achieved adequate psychometric sensitivity (skewness < 3 and kurtosis < 7). Quality fit indicators of the model were obtained: x2/gl = 4.72, CFI = 0.89, GFI = 0.90, TLI = 0.87, RMSEA = 0.063 (90% CI = 0.059-0.067, p = 0.000). Hypothesis testing indicated associations with marital status (p = 0.036), income (p= 0.030), trimester (p < 0.001), planned pregnancy (p = 0.003), social support (p < 0.001), and family APGAR score (p < 0.001). Significant correlations (p < 0.001) with stress (r = -0.12) and depressive symptoms (r = -0.17) demonstrated divergent criterion validity. Cronbach's α of 0.874 was recorded. Conclusion The scale showed adequate psychometric evidence for application to pregnant women in the Primary Health Care setting.

Resumo Objetivo Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira da Escala de Apego Materno-Fetal, aplicada às gestantes da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método Estudo metodológico, realizado com 937 gestantes assistidas na Estratégia Saúde da Família, em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais - Brasil. Avaliaram-se sensibilidade psicométrica, validade de construto, validade de critério e confiabilidade. Resultados O instrumento alcançou adequada sensibilidade psicométrica (assimetria < 3 e curtose < 7). Obtiveram-se os indicadores de qualidade do ajuste do modelo: x2/gl = 4,72, CFI = 0,89, GFI = 0,90, TLI = 0,87, RMSEA = 0,063 (90% = 0,059-0,067, p = 0,000). O teste de hipóteses indicou associações com estado conjugal (p = 0,036), renda (p = 0,030), trimestre (p < 0,001), gestação planejada (p = 0,003), apoio social (p < 0,001) e APGAR familiar (p < 0,001). Correlações significantes (p < 0,001) com estresse (r = -0,12) e sintomas depressivos (r = -0,17) evidenciaram a validade de critério divergente. Registrou-se α de Cronbach de 0,874. Conclusão A escala apresentou evidências psicométricas adequadas para aplicação a gestantes no cenário da Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Assessing non-dysfunctional attitudes toward sleep: psychometric properties of the Charlotte Attitudes Toward Sleep scale in Portuguese samples

Abstract Objectives To adapt the Charlotte Attitudes Toward Sleep (CATS) scale, the only self-assessment instrument measuring non-dysfunctional attitudes toward sleep, into Portuguese and to study its psychometric properties in a Portuguese sample. Method A sample of 1858 participants, recruited through non-probabilistic methods, was randomly split in two subsamples; one was used to develop the CATS model, the other for testing model invariance. We used structural equation models to assess factorial validity, measurement invariance, and relationships with other variables (e.g., the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire) through confirmatory factorial analysis and causal models using a robust maximum likelihood method with Satorra-Bentler correction. Results The CATS factorial model showed excellent evidence of factorial validity (robust CFI = 0.987, TLI = 0.979, SRMR = 0.026, RMSEA = 0.043), good reliability indicators (α and ώ1 > 0.75), and strict invariance of measurement (-ΔCFI- < 0.01). CATS factors were weak-to-moderate predictors of sleep behaviors (β < 0.4). The scale showed evidence of divergent validity with the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire. Some items had significant sensitivity problems and/or did not have adequate factorial weights and had to be dropped from the model. Conclusions The CATS is a new and promising scale with solid evidence of validity in terms of internal structure, but with sensitivity issues at item level. Further work should be carried out at item level to increase sensitivity and predictive validity, and further research with other samples, such as clinical sleep medicine patients, should be conducted.

Psychometric properties of the Incivility in Nursing Education - Revised Survey - Brazilian version / Propriedades psicométricas do Incivility in Nursing Education - Revised Survey versão brasileira / Propiedades psicométricas del Incivility in Nursing Education - Revised Survey versión brasileña

Abstract Objective: to analyze the psychometric properties of the Incivility in Nursing Education - Revised Survey - Brazilian version with undergraduate nursing students. Method: methodological study conducted in a nursing school in São Paulo state. It is the analysis of the psychometric properties (reliability and construct validity) of the items in the INE-R survey - Brazilian version. Construct validity was performed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and reliability by test-retest in order to verify the instrument's stability, as calculated by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and the Internal Consistency of the items according to Cronbach's alpha, ordinal alpha and McDonalds's omega coefficients. Results: Confirmatory Factor Analysis fitted the proposed model with two factors (low and high incivility), with a suggestion to exclude one of student items. Most of the fitting values for the student items and all of the faculty-member items complied with the references established in the literature; the values for Internal Consistency Coefficients were greater than 0.80, and Intraclasss Correlation Coefficients were greater than 0.75. Conclusion: the Brazilian version of the Incivility in Nursing Education - Revised Survey is validated for the studied context, as it has shown satisfactory reliability and validity by means of factor analysis, which has confirmed the original two-factor model, with 23 items addressing student behaviors and 24 items applied to faculty behaviors.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Incivility in Nursing Education - Revised survey com estudantes de graduação em enfermagem. Método: estudo metodológico, realizado em uma escola de enfermagem paulista. Trata-se da análise das propriedades psicométricas (fidedignidade e validade de construto) dos itens do INE-R survey - versão brasileira. A validade de construto foi realizada por Análise Fatorial Confirmatória e a fidedignidade pelo teste-reteste, para verificação da estabilidade do instrumento, calculada pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse e por meio da consistência interna dos itens, segundo os coeficientes alfa de Cronbach, alfa ordinal e ômega de McDonald. Resultados: houve ajuste ao modelo proposto da análise fatorial confirmatória com dois fatores (baixa e alta incivilidade), com sugestão de exclusão de um item para estudantes. A maioria dos valores de ajustes para os itens dos estudantes e a totalidade para os professores atenderam às referências estabelecidas pela literatura; os valores para os Coeficientes de Consistência Interna foram maiores que 0,80 e os Coeficientes de Correlação Intraclasse, maiores que 0,75. Conclusão: a versão brasileira do Incivility in Nursing Education - Revised Survey encontra-se validada para o contexto estudado, apresentando fidedignidade satisfatória e validade, pela análise fatorial, que confirmou o modelo original com dois fatores, com 23 itens retratando comportamentos de estudantes e 24, de professores.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión brasileña del Incivility in Nursing Education - Revised Survey con estudiantes de graduación en enfermería. Método: estudio metodológico, realizado en una escuela de enfermería del estado de São Paulo. Se trata del análisis de las propiedades psicométricas (confiabilidad y validez de constructo) de los ítems del INE-R Survey - versión brasileña. La validez de constructo fue realizada por Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio y la confiabilidad por el test-retest, para verificación de la estabilidad del instrumento, calculada por el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase y por medio de la consistencia interna de los ítems, según los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach, alfa ordinal y omega de McDonald. Resultados: hubo ajuste del modelo propuesto del análisis factorial confirmatorio con dos factores (baja y alta incivilidad), con sugerencia de exclusión de un ítem para estudiantes. La mayoría de los valores de ajustes, para los ítems de los estudiantes y la totalidad para los profesores, atendió las referencias establecidas por la literatura; los valores para los Coeficientes de Consistencia Interna fueron mayores que 0,80 y los Coeficientes de Correlación Intraclase mayores que 0,75. Conclusión: la versión brasileña del Incivility in Nursing Education - Revised Survey se encuentra validada para el contexto estudiado, presentando confiabilidad satisfactoria y validez, por el análisis factorial que confirmó el modelo original con dos factores, con 23 ítems, retratando comportamientos de estudiantes y 24 de profesores.

Social Appearance Anxiety Scale: a psychometric investigation and evaluation of the influence of individual characteristics on social appearance anxiety in Brazilian adults who practice physical exercise.

Introduction: Evaluating signs of anxiety related to body appearance is becoming increasingly important in contemporary society and, in this sense, the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) seems an interesting alternative of measurement. Objectives: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the SAAS when applied to Brazilian adults who practice physical exercise and verify the influence of individual characteristics on participants' social appearance anxiety. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted online. The participants completed the SAAS and a demographic questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the SAAS one-factor model were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. A structural model was built for men and women to verify the influence of individual characteristics of the participants on social appearance anxiety. Results: 1,495 individuals participated in the study (70.8% women; mean age = 29.5, SD = 8.9 years). The data obtained with the SAAS presented good indicators of validity and reliability for both genders (CFI > 0.97, TLI > 0.97, SRMR = 0.04, α > 0.97, ω > 0.85). For both men and women, greater levels of social appearance anxiety were observed among younger participants, who had a higher body mass index, self-reported an eating disorder, and perceived a change in their body after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. For women specifically, higher income and having started physical exercise more recently were associated with greater levels of social appearance anxiety. Conclusion: The findings supported the validity and reliability of the data obtained with the SAAS and revealed that when investigating social appearance anxiety in future research and clinical protocols, specific individual characteristics should be considered.

The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS): psychometric properties and application on preschoolers.

Background: The concept of oral health related to quality of life involves the impact that oral health has on an individual's well-being. The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was developed to measure the impact of oral health problems on the lives of children and their families. Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of ECOHIS applied to mothers of preschool children and estimate the influence of demographic characteristics, caries experience, and plaque index on the ECOHIS score. Methods: The fit of ECOHIS to the data was assessed by confirmatory analysis. Chi-square for degrees of freedom ratio (χ2/df), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) were used. Reliability was estimated by the ordinal coefficients alpha (α) and omega (ω). The factorial invariance was estimated by the difference in CFI (ΔCFI). Comparisons of the ECOHIS mean scores according to the demographic characteristics, caries experience, and plaque index was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: A total of 371 children participated in the study. Mothers' mean age was 33.0 (SD = 7.04) years. The ECOHIS presented a good fit to the data (χ2/df = 4.31; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.09) and a strict model invariance. Children without caries and from higher income class had lower oral health impact. Conclusion: The data obtained with the ECOHIS were valid, reliable, and invariant. Children with caries experience and from lower income families had a greater impact of oral problems.

Relationships Between Three Eating Behaviors and Nine Motives for Food Choices Among Brazilian Adults: A Structural Equation Model.

We examined the relationships between three eating behaviors and nine motives underlying food choices made by Brazilian adults. Using participant responses to the short version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Food Choice Questionnaire, we investigated eating behaviors (cognitive restriction, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating) and motives for food choices (health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal, natural content, price, weight control, familiarity, and ethical concern). We used a structural equation model to test relationship pathways (ß), with eating behaviors as independent variables and motives for food choices as dependent variables. Participants were 1297 individuals (69.5% female) with a mean age of 25.0 years (SD = 5.8). We confirmed the validity and reliability of the questionnaires in this sample. Restrictive eating behavior was significantly related to motives of health (ß = .415), mood (ß = .127), natural content (ß = .364), weight control (ß = .681), and ethical concern (ß = .161). Emotional eating behavior was related to motives of mood (ß = .277), health (ß = -.137), and natural content (ß = -.136). Uncontrolled eating behavior was related to motives of convenience (ß = .226), sensory appeal (ß = .121), price (ß = .153), and familiarity (ß = .090). We believe these findings can now help design future research and clinical interventions for managing people's risky eating behaviors and promoting beneficial food choices.

Aesthetic dental treatment, orofacial appearance, and life satisfaction of Finnish and Brazilian adults.

AIMS: To study the probability of seeking/undergoing aesthetic dental treatment (ADT) and compare self-perception of orofacial appearance (OA) based on sex, age, and monthly income; and to estimate the impact of OA on life satisfaction (LS) among Finnish and Brazilian adults, considering the indirect effect of receiving ADT and the moderating effects of those sociodemographic variables. METHODS: This was an online cross-sectional study. Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES), Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were used. Probability of seeking/receiving ADT was calculated using logistic regression and odds ratio (OR). OA scores were compared according to sociodemographic characteristics (ANOVA, α = 5%). Structural equations models estimated the impact of OA on LS. RESULTS: 3,614 Finns [75.1% female, 32.0 (SD = 11.6) years] and 3,979 Brazilians [69.9% female, 33.0 (SD = 11.3) years] participated in the study. Women were more likely to receive ADT than men in both countries (OR>1.3). However, no statistically or practical significant differences were observed in OA between sexes (p>0.05 or p<0.05, ηp2 = 0.00-0.02). In Finland, demand for ADT (OR = 0.9-1.0) and OA scores (p>0.05) were the same among different ages and monthly income. In Brazil, younger individuals (OR>1.6) and those with higher monthly income (OR>2.7) were more likely to receive ADT, while those with lower income had a greater psychosocial impact of OA (p<0.05; ηp2>0.07). Individuals who were more satisfied with their own OA and had less psychosocial impact from OA had higher levels of LS (ß = 0.31-0.34; p<0.01; explained variance: 9.8-13.1%). CONCLUSION: Demand for ADT is influenced by sociodemographic and cultural factors. Greater societal pressure on physical appearance is observed among women in Western countries. In countries with high socioeconomic inequalities, consumerism and social prestige are involved in this demand. Self-perception of orofacial appearance plays a significant role in individuals' subjective well-being. Therefore, the planning of aesthetic treatments in the orofacial region should consider the patient's perceptions and social context.

Subjective wellbeing of preschool children.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé (AUQEI) in pre-school children and estimate the influence of demographic characteristics on their subjective wellbeing. Methods: Construct validity was estimated using confirmatory analysis and the chi-square per degrees of freedom ratio (χ2/df), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). Reliability was assessed by the ordinal alpha (α) and omega (ω) coefficients and the factorial invariance by the difference in CFI (ΔCFI). Mean scores for each AUQEI item and the general score were calculated. Results: A total of 443 Preschool children enrolled in public education institutions participated. The original 4-factor AUQEI model showed collinearity between factors and a high correlation between two items. A single factor model was tested, presenting adequate fit to the data (χ2/df = 4.47; CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.08; α = 0.98; ω = 0.93; UniCo > 0.95, EVC > 0.85, and MIREAL < 0.30) and strict model invariance (ΔCFI < 0.01). The AUQEI model proved to be valid in relation to the external variables. Most children (76.7%) had positive subjective wellbeing. Higher scores were observed for items concerning recreation, holidays, and birthdays, and lower scores for those referring to hospitalization, medication, medical consultation, and being away from the family. The relationship between the demographic characteristics of the child or his/her mother and subjective wellbeing was not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The assessment of subjective wellbeing with the single-factor AUQEI model provided valid, reliable, and invariant. Thus, being a relevant and interesting instrument to assess wellbeing in young children.

Exercise motives among university students - A Brazil-Portugal transnational study.

Background: Identifying the motives why people exercise is interesting for the planning of effective health promoting strategies. Objectives: To estimate the psychometric properties of the exercise motivations inventory (EMI-2) in Brazilian and Portuguese university students, and to compare motive-related factors for exercise among students. Methods: One thousand Brazilian (randomly splitted into "Test sample" [n = 498] and "Validation sample" [n = 502]) and 319 Portuguese students participated in this cross-sectional study. Motives for exercise were evaluated using EMI-2. Exploratory factor analysis was performed in the test sample. Then, confirmatory factor analysis was performed in the validation and Portuguese samples. The EMI-2 scores were compared according to sex, exercise, and weight status (ANOVA, α = 5%). Results: EMI-2 factor model was explained by 5 factors and presented adequate fit (χ 2/df ≤ 3.2; CFI ≥ 0.9; TLI ≥ 0.9; RMSEA ≤ 0.07; and α ≥ 0.83). The motives for exercising were mainly related to psychological and interpersonal factors for men, health-related factors for women, and body-related factors for overweight and obese individuals. People who practice exercise had higher EMI-2 scores. Conclusion: The 5-factor model is suggested for a comprehensive assessment of motives for exercise. Individual characteristics should be considered for development of tailored protocols.

COVID-19 pandemic: Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among Brazilian psychologists.

Introduction: Symptoms related to mental health disorders became the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, and psychologists had to adapt to the demands, while they themselves were exposed to the pandemic and its stressors. Objectives: To identify demographic and professional characteristics of Brazilian psychologists in different phases of pandemic and their reported care practices, concerns, and symptoms. Methods: This was an observational study conducted online in four independent phases with no pairing among the samples (May/June 2020, n = 263; November/December 2020, n = 131; May/June 2021, n = 378; November/December 2021, n = 222). Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale was used. The validity and reliability of the data obtained with the DASS-21 were attested to by confirmatory factor analysis. Basic lexographic and similarity analysis were conducted to obtain textual information. Prevalence of variables was estimated and compared between phases using the z-test (α = 5%). Similarity analysis was performed to identify the psychologists' concerns. Results: Most of participants were women and were self-employed or employed. There was rapid adjustment to remote work and more than 70% reported changes in their mental health since the onset of pandemic. One in four participants had a previous mental health disorder, and there was a high prevalence of symptoms such as anxiety, fear, and angst. The prevalence of professionals who reported not caring about their own mental health was significant. In 2020, one cluster (health) of concern was identified, while in 2021 there were three clusters (health, family, and COVID-19). The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms was high and did not change during the pandemic. Conclusions: Psychologists adapted to the demands of the population in the face of the pandemic. However, there was a high prevalence of mental health symptoms and a disregard for self-care among these professionals.

Adaptación y validación transcultural al español del University Student Engagement Inventory / Cross-cultural Adaptation and Validation of the University Student Engagement Inventory into Spanish

Resumen Introducción: el compromiso académico hace referencia a la predisposición que los estudiantes tienen a participar de manera activa en la vida universitaria, asistiendo a las clases, entregando los trabajos a tiempo y siguiendo las instrucciones de los docentes. Existe evidencia que demuestra que el compromiso académico predice positivamente el éxito de los estudiantes. Por esta razón, es que su evaluación cobra gran relevancia para el ámbito educativo universitario a la hora de diseñar prácticas pedagógicas que estimulen el compromiso de los alumnos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue adaptar y validar la versión del University Student Engagement Inventory (USEI) al español, contemplando diferencias lingüísticas y culturales de tres países hispanohablantes. Método: participaron 921 estudiantes universitarios de España, Argentina y Uruguay. Se aplicó el USEI que consta de 15 afirmaciones agrupadas en tres dimensiones de compromiso: conductual, cognitivo, emocional. Resultados: después de que tres traductores realizaran la adaptación lingüística del instrumento, nueve jueces expertos analizaron el contenido de los ítems y conservaron como resultado la totalidad de los reactivos. Más adelante, se analizó y verificó la estructura interna del instrumento -análisis factorial confirmatorio, validación cruzada, invarianza factorial, consistencia interna-, y también se obtuvo adecuada evidencia de validez externa concurrente entre las dimensiones del USEI y los enfoques de aprendizaje. Conclusión: se obtuvo una versión en español del USEI con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas que puede ser empleado en el ámbito de aplicación con el propósito de identificar el compromiso académico de los estudiantes y proponer acciones orientadas a mejorar sus aprendizajes.

Abstract Introduction: Academic engagement refers to the predisposition that students must actively participate in university life, attending classes, turning in work on time, and following teachers' instructions. There is evidence that shows that academic engagement positively predicts student success. For this reason, its evaluation is of great relevance for university education when designing pedagogical practices that stimulate student engagement. The aim of this study was to adapt and validate the University Student Engagement Inventory (USEI) into Spanish, considering linguistic and cultural differences in three Spanish-speaking countries. Methods: 921 university students from Spain, Argentina and Uruguay participated in the study. The USEI, which consists of 15 statements grouped into three dimensions of engagement -behavioral, cognitive, emotional- was administered. Results: After three translators made the linguistic adaptation of the instrument, nine expert judges analyzed the content of the items, retaining as a result the totality of the items. Subsequently, the internal structure of the instrument was analyzed and verified -confirmatory factor analysis, cross-validation, factorial invariance, internal consistency-. Adequate evidence of concurrent external validity between USEI dimensions and learning approaches was also obtained. Conclusion: A Spanish version of the USEI was obtained with adequate psychometric properties that can be used in the field of application with the purpose of identifying students' academic engagement and proposing actions aimed at improving their learnings.

Relationship between Attention to Body Shape, Social Physique Anxiety, and Personal Characteristics of Brazilians: A Structural Equation Model.

People can develop eating disorders due to excessive body image concerns. The primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between attention to body shape, social physique anxiety, and personal characteristics in a sample of Brazilians. The secondary objective was to evaluate the correlation of the constructs with the participants' body composition. First, 1795 individuals (70% female; Mage = 25.5 ± 6.6 years) completed the Attention to Body Shape Scale, the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Then, 286 participants (58% female; Mage = 25.3 ± 5.7 years) underwent a bioimpedance exam to identify body composition. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the relationship between the variables. The greater the attention to body shape, the greater the expectations of negative physical evaluation and the less comfort with physical presentation. Younger age, female gender, consumption of supplements/substances for body change, restrictive diets, physical inactivity, poor self-assessment of food quality, and overweight/obesity were related to negative body concerns. An expectation of negative physical evaluation was positively correlated with body fat and negatively with muscle mass. Comfort with physical presentation was negatively correlated with fat and positively with muscle. These results can support preventive strategies aimed at reducing eating disorders resulting from body image concerns.

Impact of body and orofacial appearance on life satisfaction among Brazilian adults.

AIMS: 1. to elaborate a general model of physical appearance taking into account body image (BI) and orofacial appearance (OA) components; and 2. to evaluate the impact of BI and OA on life satisfaction among Brazilian adults. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study. The cognitive, behavioral, affective, and satisfaction/dissatisfaction aspects of BI, the satisfaction and psychosocial impact of OA, and life satisfaction were evaluated by self-reported psychometric scales. Principal Component Analysis and Parallel Analysis were performed. Structural equation models were elaborated to estimate the impact of BI and OA on life satisfaction. The fit of the models was verified and the significance of the path estimates (ß) was evaluated using z-tests (α = 5%). RESULTS: A total of 1,940 individuals participated in the study (age: mean = 24.8, standard deviation = 5.7 years; females = 70.1%). In the male sample, three physical appearance factors were retained (OA, cognitive and behavioral components of BI, and affective and satisfaction/dissatisfaction components of BI). In the female sample, two factors were retained (OA and all components of BI). All factors had significant impact on life satisfaction (ß = |0.26|-|0.48|, p<0.001) in both samples. Individuals dissatisfied with BI and OA had lower levels of life satisfaction. For men, the affective and satisfaction components of BI had a greater impact on life satisfaction (ß = 0.48, p<0.001) than the other factors (ß =] -0.30;-0.25[, p<0.001). For women, both BI and OA had a similar impact (BI: ß = -0.30, p<0.001; OA: ß = -0.32, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: BI and OA formed distinct clusters in the physical appearance evaluation. Physical appearance was perceived differently by men and women, fostering discussion about the sociocultural construction of the body. BI and OA had a significant impact on life satisfaction and should be considered in assessment and treatment protocols.

Investigating method effects associated with the wording direction of items of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale.

PURPOSE: The use of psychometric instruments to measure latent concepts is common. The development of these instruments usually involves mechanisms to reduce response bias, such as the inclusion of reversed items. The aim of this study was to investigate method effects related to the wording direction of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS) items, a one-dimensional instrument that assesses individual's level of anxiety when others observe their body. METHODS: In total, 152 Brazilian adults (65.8% female) answered 2 formats of the SPAS: the original with 12 items (7 regular and 5 reversed); and a new format with all items written in the same direction (i.e., regular). Both formats were filled out at different times and alternately. Differential item functioning analysis (DIF) and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. RESULTS: The original SPAS did not fit the data, but after allowing covariances between all reversed items, the fit improved. The wording effect was supported by the DIF, indicating a better fit to the data for the new format with all items worded in the same direction. CONCLUSION: The wording of the SPAS items had effect on the psychometric properties of instrument. When the wording of the reversed items was modified, the factor model fitted the data. Future studies should take these findings into account and evaluate the SPAS with all items worded in the same direction in different contexts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Descriptive (cross-sectional) study, Level V.

Coping Strategies and Their Relationship With Subjective Distress due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the strategies used by Brazilian adults for coping with the COVID-19 pandemic and to verify the effect of these strategies on subjective distress. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study with online data collection in May/June 2020, November/December 2020, and May/June 2021. The BriefCOPE Inventory and the Impact of Event Scale (IES-R) were used. The prevalence of strategies used at different time points was estimated with a 95% confidence interval and compared with a z-test. A multiple logistic regression model was constructed and the odds ratio (OR, 95%CI) was calculated to verify the probability of subjective distress according to the coping strategy used. RESULTS: Younger individuals had a lower prevalence of adaptive strategies, which increased significantly with age. Participants with higher income levels had a higher prevalence of adaptive strategies, as did those who were never diagnosed with a mental health disorder. The prevalence of using only maladaptive strategies ranged from 6.1% to 5.4% (p > 0.05). The use of problem-centered strategies (Active Coping and Planning), venting of emotions, and substance use increased with time, while acceptance and behavioral disengagement decreased. In general, the population used problem-centered strategies, but the high prevalence of problem avoidance was striking. Positive reinterpretation and acceptance were protective factors for subjective distress, whereas maladaptive strategies increased the chance of distress. The presence of a negative valence component (problem- or emotion-centered) increased the chance of subjective distress, whereas strategies based on Problem Solving acted as a protective factor. CONCLUSION: Coping strategies were significantly associated to subjective distress and have changed since the beginning of the pandemic. Strategies focused on emotion regulation may be relevant to minimize distress.

Self-perception of orofacial appearance: Brazil-Finland cross-national study.

OBJECTIVE: (i) To study the measurement invariance of Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES) and Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ), (ii) to compare the perception of orofacial appearance (OA) and (iii) to study the frequency of individuals who have sought or received aesthetic dental treatment between Brazil and Finland. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study with snowball non-probability sample selection. Students and staff from universities in Finland and Brazil were invited to participate. Data were collected online using a demographic questionnaire, OES and PIDAQ. The samples consisted of 3636 Finns (75.0% female; age: 32.0 years) and 1468 Brazilians (72.6% female; age: 33.2 years). The frequency of receiving aesthetic dental treatment was estimated. If configurational invariance was observed, cross-national measurement invariance was verified by multigroup analysis. When measurement invariance was attested, factor scores were compared using Welch's t-test. RESULTS: OES showed configurational and measurement invariance and no significant difference between the countries. Despite similarity in satisfaction with OA, 71.9% of Brazilians had received aesthetic dental treatment, while 59.4% of Finns had never sought such treatments. PIDAQ did not present configurational invariance between the countries. CONCLUSION: Although there is no difference in satisfaction with OA, seeking and receiving aesthetic dental treatment is significantly greater for Brazilians. Psychosocial impact of OA is perceived differently in the studied countries.

Psychometric investigation of the Attention to Body Shape Scale in Brazilian adults.

The objectives of the study were to develop a Portuguese version of Attention to Body Shape Scale (ABS), estimate the psychometric properties of the ABS for Brazilian data, and compare the ABS scores between the sexes and the different sample characteristics. The Portuguese version was developed following a standardized protocol. The factorial and convergent validity were evaluated using goodness-of-fit parameters and average variance extracted. Composite reliability and ordinal coefficient alpha were calculated. The invariance of the fitted model was investigated across independent subsamples using multigroup analysis. The scores were compared between variables using two-way ANOVA. A total of 1,056 individuals (71% female) with a mean age of 26.1 (SD=6.4) years participated in the study. Item 3 was removed due to low factor loading. The refined model presented good psychometric properties for the data. Different characteristics contributed to greater attention to body shape. The Portuguese version of the ABS will be useful to investigate attention to body shape in Brazil. The validity and reliability of the data supported the adequacy of the refined model. Specific characteristics influenced attention to body shape, and therefore, should be considered in future protocols.