Seroprevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens among malaria patients in an endemic area of southern Venezuela.

BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a leading public health problem worldwide. Co-infections with other pathogens complicate its diagnosis and may modify the disease's clinical course and management. Similarities in malaria clinical presentation with other infections and overlapping endemicity result in underdiagnosis of co-infections and increased mortality. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens among diagnosed malaria patients in malaria-endemic areas in Venezuela. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on malaria patients attending three reference medical centres in Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela. Clinical evaluation and laboratory tests for dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), viral hepatitis [hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV)], and leptospirosis (LEP) were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Previous exposure to these pathogens was defined by the presence of specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G, and co-infection or recent exposure (CoRE) was determined by the presence of specific IgM alone or IgM + IgG. Data analysis considered descriptive statistics. Parameter distribution was statistically evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the necessary comparison tests. Odds ratio (OR) for complications was determined according to CoRE presence with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: A total of 161 malaria patients were studied, 66% infected with Plasmodium vivax, 27% with P. falciparum, and 7.5% harboured P. vivax/P. falciparum mixed infection. Previous exposure to DENV (60%) and CHIKV (25%) was frequent. CoRE was confirmed in 55 of the 161 malaria patients (34%) and were more frequent in P. falciparum (49%) than in P. vivax (29%) and mixed malaria patients (25%) (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.39-4.25, P = 0.018). The most frequent CoRE was DENV (15%), followed by HAV (12%), HBV (6.2%), CHIKV (5.5%), and LEP (3.7%); HCV CoRE was absent. Complicated malaria was significantly more frequent in patients with CoRE (56%) than those without CoRE (36%; OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.18-4.92, P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: We found high CoRE prevalence in malaria patients as determined by serology in the study region; cases were associated with a worse clinical outcome. Further prospective studies with samples from different infection sites and the use of molecular tools are needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings.

Reproductive response of crossbred Bos taurus × Bos indicus cows to biostimulation by pre-pubertal and pubertal teasers.

Although the beneficial effect of biostimulation on reproduction has been reported, the influence of selectivity and social factors on the response to biostimulation has not received sufficient research attention in both Bos indicus and Bos indicus influenced cattle. Furthermore, 'green and cheap' strategies to improve cattle reproduction are currently in demand while Bos indicus influenced cattle with inferior reproductive performance, and farmers with economic limitations are common in tropical zones. Hence, to assess the reproductive response of crossbred taurus × indicus cows to biostimulation by pre-pubertal (PPM) or pubertal (PM) teasers males, two trials of 2 years each were conducted. Trial 1 n = 187 cows (Year 1:85 cows exposed to PPM and Year 2:102 cows exposed to PM). Trial 2 n = 196 cows (Year 1:101 cows exposed to PPM and Year 2:95 cows exposed to PM). The effect of exposing cows to PPM and PM on the intervals calving to first service (ICFS), calving to conception (ICC) and economic cost of days open (ECDO) was analysed using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and the effect of exposing cows to PPM and to PM on reproductive status at 90 days (RS90) and proportion of cows requiring hormonal protocols (PRH) was compared using χ2 analysis. Both ICFS and ICC were shorter (p < .0001) for PM-exposed females (96.12 ± 4.1 and 110.93 ± 2.9 days; respectively) compared with those PPM-exposed (134.41 ± 3.3 and 135.64 ± 2.4 days; respectively). With RS90, more (p < .0001) PM-exposed cows (50.7%) were pregnant compared with PPM-exposed cows (16.1%). The PRH was greater (p < .0001) in PPM-exposed cows (79.0%) compared with PM-exposed (27.9%). The ECDO was less (p < .0001) in PM-exposed cows (US$ 142.9 ± 3.8) compared with PPM-exposed (US$ 176.3 ± 2.9). In conclusion, cows exposed to PM had shorter ICFS and ICC compared with cows exposed to PPM. More cows exposed to PM were pregnant after 90 days, and PRH was less than cows exposed to PPM. Cows exposed to PM had a reduced ECDO than those exposed to PPM.

The clinical-epidemiological profile of malaria patients from Southern Venezuela, a critical hotspot in Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Venezuela accounted for 55% of the cases and 73% of the malaria deaths in the Americas in 2019. Bolivar state, in the southeast, contributes > 60% of the country's Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum cases every year. This study describes the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of clinical malaria patients in this high-transmission area. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on patients seeking medical attention in three medical centres in the state capital, Ciudad Bolivar, between June and October 2018. Malaria diagnosis was carried out using microscopy following national standards. Malaria-positive patients were examined for clinical symptoms, and haematological tests were performed at the time of diagnosis. Patients were followed up by telephone to evaluate malaria recurrences. RESULTS: Out of 287 patients, 200 (69.7%) were positive for P. vivax, 69 (24%) for P. falciparum, and 18 (6.3%) had mixed (P. vivax/P. falciparum) infections. Patients' median age was 33 years (IQR 20), 168 (69%) were men, and 40% practiced gold mining as the main occupation. Fever (96.5%), chills (91.3%), and headaches (90.6%) were the most frequent symptoms. At least one symptom associated with severe malaria was observed in 69 out of 161 patients with complete clinical evaluation (42.9%). Plasmodium vivax infections were found in 42 out of 69 (60.9%) severe cases; by contrast, P. falciparum and mixed malaria caused 34.8% (24/69) and 4.4% (3/69) of infections, respectively. Two patients died of cerebral malaria. Mean hemoglobin was lower in the patients infected with P. falciparum than those infected with P. vivax. Regardless of the parasite causing the infection, patients presented high levels of total bilirubin, aminotransferases (AST, ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Out of the 142 patients followed up by phone for three months (49.5% of the 287 patients), 35 (24.7%) reported recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: The high malaria prevalence among young male adults practicing gold mining suggests that this occupation is a significant risk factor. The unexpected high prevalence of P. vivax patients with at least one criteria of severe clinical disease is a matter of concern. Whether it is the result of a lack of timely diagnosis and effective treatment should be explored.

Malaria in pregnancy complications in Southern Venezuela.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to malaria infections, increasing the risk of maternal-fetal complications, mainly in high-endemicity areas. However, few studies of malaria in pregnancy (MiP) have been carried out in Latin America, a region with low endemicity and transmission of both, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Despite the high malaria burden in Venezuela in the last years, no recent studies of MiP have been conducted. Hence, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pregnant women with malaria in southern Venezuela are described herein. METHODS: A retrospective study in pregnant women attending at the "Ruíz y Páez" University Hospital Complex, Bolivar state, Venezuela, was carried out between February and October, 2019. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory information was analysed. RESULTS: Thirty-seven out of 52 pregnant women analysed were infected with P. vivax. Age ranged between 15 and 39 years, and adolescent pregnancies were common. Malaria infection was diagnosed mainly during the third trimester of pregnancy (63.4%). The distribution of symptoms and signs as well as clinical laboratory values was similar among Plasmodium spp. Although uncomplicated malaria was most frequent, 30% (13/52) had severe anaemia. A high proportion of studied women (44%) presented at least one complication during the pregnancy or delivery. Spontaneous abortion was recorded in four women, and three fetal deaths were observed. Six women had preterm delivery without any further complication. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of maternal-fetal complications was found in the studied population, highlighting the requirement for a careful medical follow up during the prenatal check-ups, which should include routinary malaria tests. Preventive measures as distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito net for pregnant women at risk should also be implemented. Those measures can help to reduce the negative impact of malaria on the newborn and mother.

Tumor seroso borderline de ovarios tratamiento preservador de fertilidad: caso clínico revisión de la literatura / Borderline ovarian serous tumor fertility preservative treatment. clinical case literature review

Los tumores de ovario borderline representan 10 %-20 % de los tumores malignos de ovario, y son reconocidos como una categoría independiente de los tumores epiteliales de ovario sin invasión al troma. Actualmente la cirugía laparoscópica se ha convertido en el gold standard en el tratamiento de esta afección. Paciente de 21 años de edad con tumor de ovario seroso borderline en estadio IA. Se realizó protocolo conservador de ovario por vía laparoscópica (un solo puerto umbilical). pacientes que no tienen una laparotomía clasificadora o protocolo de ovario, son asociados a una tasa mayor de recurrencia en comparación con los que sí fueron tratados con laparotomía clasificadora (11,8 % vs. 7,1 %, respectivamente). La indicación de cirugía clasificadora a pacientes sin protocolo, se mantiene controversial. La laparoscopia con portal único cada día cobra más terreno en cirugía, y la cirugía oncológica no escapa de ello. El empleo de técnicas menos invasivas, con menores efectos adversos, presentan una propuesta interesante para el tratamiento de esta patología(AU)

The borderline ovarian tumors account for 10 % - 20 % of the malignant ovarian tumors, and are recognized as a separate category of the epithelial ovarian tumors without invasion of the stroma. urrently the laparoscopic surgery has become the gold standard in the treatment of this condition. We presented a female patient of 21 years of age with diagnostic of serous borderline ovarian tumor classified as stage IA. The ovarian conservative protocol was performed laparoscopically (single umbilical port). DISCUSION: The patients, who do not have a staging surgery, are associated with a higher rate of recurrence compared with those that were treated with the staging surgery (11.8 % vs 7.1 %, respectively). Re staging surgery to this patients without protocol, remains controversial. The laparoscopy with the single port every day becomes more ground in the surgery and the oncological surgery does not escape to it. The use of the less invasive techniques, with fewer adverse effects, has an interesting proposal for the treatment of this disease(AU)

Caracterización fenotípica y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de cepas clínicas de Stenotrophomonas maltophilia / Phenotypic characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility in clinical strains of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, anteriormente conocida como Xanthomonas maltophilia y Pseudomonas maltophilia es un bacilo Gram negativo no fermentador de la glucosa, reconocido como agente causal de diversas infecciones nosocomiales, además de presentar resistencia a múltiples agentes antimicrobianos. El objetivo del presente estudio fué identificar y caracterizar fenotípicamente cepas clínicas de S. maltophilia así como también establecer un patrón de actividad in vitro a diferentes antimicrobianos. Los aislados bacterianos, fueron suministrados por el laboratorio de Bacteriología del Hospital de Cumaná para ser identificadas a través de pruebas bioquímicas convencionales y de un método comercial empleando las galerias API ID32GN. Se determinó la CMI de los antimicrobianos mediante la técnica de dilución en agar Mueller Hinton siguiendo las normas del CLSI. Se identificaron fenotípicamente 24 cepas de S. maltophilia. La identificación fue 100 por ciento coincidente con ambas técnicas. Se mantuvo un patrón uniforme entre las cepas excepto para oxidasa donde 17 (70,83 por ciento) fueron positivas y 7 (29,17 por ciento) negativas. Los resultados de las pruebas de identificación mostraron la presencia de 5 fenotipos prevaleciendo el patrón típico del microorganismo (fenotipo I, 14 aislados). Las cepas mostraron 10 por ciento de resistencia a Imipenem, cefepime, amikacina y ácido nalidixico, 95,83 por ciento a cefotaxima, ceftazidima y ampicilina sulbactam, 91,67 por ciento a ceftriaxona y ciprofloxacina y 75 por ciento a piperacilina tazobactam, siendo más susceptibles a trimetoprim sulfametoxazol (91,67 por ciento), levofloxacina (75 por ciento) y rifampicina (95,83 por ciento)

Parámetros de frescura de moluscos / Freshness parameters of mollusks

Los moluscos son muy apreciados como alimento para el hombre y en Venezuela se aprovechan comercialmente almejas (Asaphis deflorata), ostras (Pinctada imbricata y Cassostrea rhizophore), pepitonas (Arca zebra), pulpos (Optopus vulgaris), calamares (Loligo plei), vieiras (Amusium papyraceum), mejillones (Perna perna y P. viridis). Proceden de capturas artesanales e inductriales. Pepitonas, pulpos, calmares y vieiras son los de mayor interés comercial, ya que son materia prima para las industrias conserveras y congeladoras. También suelen ser utilizados artesanalmente para la elaboración de marinados. La importancia de estos recursos demandaron la revisión de los parámetros de frescura y nutricionales para profundizar en su conocimiento y ofrecer herramientas como tablas de evaluación sensorial para su inspección en fábricas, establecimientos de ventas y en laboratorio de investigación. Los resultados demuestran que los valores de proteínas se mantuvieron en un rango de 10,29 a 16,62 por ciento para guacuco y calamar respectivamente. Los parámetros de frescura establecidos pueden ser utilizados y se convierten en el perfil físico y químico que estos organismos deberán presentar como materia prima para proceso

Herpes simple crónico: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Chronic herpes simplex: report of a case and review literature

Durante los últimos años diversos estudios epidemiológicos han establecido una estrecha relación entre las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS) que se presentan con úlceras genitales y la transmisión del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH). El virus del Herpes Simple tipo 2 (VSH-2) ha sido reconocido como la causa más frecuente de úlcera genital en los países desarrollados mientras que en nuestro país es la segunda causa después de la Sifilis, además de ser un importante factor de riesgo para el contagio del VIH

El PH de los jabones / The PH of the soups

Se cuantificó el pH de 29 jabones tanto de marcas comerciales así como de laboratorios médicos. Se observaron grados de alcalinidad, en la mayoría de ellos. Asimismo confirmamos la neutralidad de algunos jabones medicados o especiales, que se recomiendan para la piel muy sensible