The relationship between sleep- and circadian rhythm-related parameters with dietary practices and food intake of sedentary adults: a cross-sectional study.

We aimed to explore the link between sleep-related parameters and dietary practices. This cross-sectional exploratory study includes sedentary individuals between 20 and 59 years of age. We applied exigent inclusion and exclusion criteria, such as weight stability and without humor- or sleep-related diseases. Also, shift workers were not included. We evaluated sleep quality (by Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index; PSQI), sleepiness (by Epworth Sleepiness Scale), chronotype (by Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire; MEQ), and social jetlag from sleep dairy. Moreover, Food Practices Measurement Scale was used to assess dietary practices. Food intake estimates (i. e., energy, eating window, and late-night dinner eating) were derived from two 24-h food recalls (R24h). For analysis, dietary practices and energy intake from R24h were considered dependent variables, while PSQI, ESS, MEQ, STJ, EW, and LNDE were considered independent variables. Our sample comprises 42 adults (21 women and 21 men; 35.4 (12.5) y; 25.6 (5.21) kg/m2 BMI; 26.5 (7.97) % body fat). We verified that persons with poor sleep quality showed lower dietary practice scores (MD - 6.68; p = 0.021). Besides, in regression analysis, chronotype (ß = 0.266; p = 0.039) was positively associated with dietary practices, and eating window was positively associated with energy intake (ß = 267 kcal; p = 0.023). In contrast to our hypothesis, other sleep- and circadian-related variables were not associated with dietary practices or energy intake. In summary, we conclude that morning chronotype appears to be related to better dietary practices from the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population guide and that higher eating window was positively associated with energy intake.

Prevalence of dietary supplement consumption among CrossFit practitioners.

Purpose: We aimed to verify the prevalence of dietary supplements among CrossFit practitioners (CFPs), considering gender and training status. Still, we aimed to determine the type, reasons, and associated factors of dietary supplement utilization among CFPs. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and descriptive study with the snowball sampling method. Data were collected through online questionnaires using the Google Forms® tool. We included CFPs aged 18-64 years, from Aug 1, 2020, to Sept 31, 2020. The questionnaire contained questions to assess the prevalence, type, and reasons for supplement use; also, we assessed information about sociodemographic variables and the prevalence of the main chronic morbidities. To analyze aspects of eating behavior and sleep-related parameters, we applied the three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ)-R21 and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire (PSQI), respectively. Results: We assessed one hundred twelve (n = 112; 57 men; 55 women) CFPs (28.9 ± 7.64 years old; body mass index (BMI), 25.5 ± 4.83 kg/m2). Eighty-seven (50 men; 37 women; 28.2 ± 6.66 years old; BMI, 25.4 ± 4.55 kg/m2) reported using dietary supplements. Whey protein was the most used supplement (n = 70), followed by creatine (n = 54). Cognitive restraint (a dimension of eating behavior) score was higher in supplement users than in non-users (51.7 ± 18.6 vs. 42.6 ± 20.5; p = 0.040). Sleep-related parameters did not differ between supplement users and non-users. The most associated factors to supplement use were sex (being man; OR, 7.99; p = 0.007), sleep quality (poor; OR, 5.27; p = 0.045), CrossFit level (as prescribed (RX); OR, 4.51; p = 0.031), and cognitive restraint (OR, 1.03; p = 0.029). Conclusion: The CFPs, especially RX and Elite ones, showed a higher prevalence of supplement utilization. Anabolic-related supplements (i.e., whey protein and creatine) were the most used; moreover, several CFPs used supplements not supported by scientific evidence. Cognitive restraint score was higher in supplement users than in non-users. RX level, being men, and poor sleep quality were associated with supplement utilization. These data draw attention to the necessity of nutritional education for CrossFit coaches and athletes. Broader studies are necessary to confirm our findings.

Does Modern Lifestyle Favor Neuroimmunometabolic Changes? A Path to Obesity.

Factors linked to modern lifestyles, such as physical inactivity, Western diet, and poor sleep quality have been identified as key contributors to the positive energy balance (PEB). PEB rises adipose tissue hypertrophy and dysfunction over the years, affecting cells and tissues that are metabolically critical for energy homeostasis regulation, especially skeletal muscle, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and gut microbiota. It is known that the interaction among lifestyle factors and tissue metabolic dysfunction increases low-grade chronic systemic inflammation, leading to insulin resistance and other adverse metabolic disorders. Although immunometabolic mechanisms are widely discussed in obesity, neuroimmunoendocrine pathways have gained notoriety, as a link to neuroinflammation and central nervous system disorders. Hypothalamic inflammation has been associated with food intake dysregulation, which comprises homeostatic and non-homeostatic mechanisms, promoting eating behavior changes related to the obesity prevalence. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated and integrated perspective on the effects of Western diet, sleep debt, and physical exercise on the regulation of energy homeostasis and low-grade chronic systemic inflammation. Subsequently, we discuss the intersection between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation and how it can contribute to energy imbalance, favoring obesity. Finally, we propose a model of interactions between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, providing new insights into preventive and therapeutic targets for obesity.

Effect of acute caffeine supplementation before intermittent high-intensity exercise on cytokine levels and psychobiological parameters: A randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial.

The present study aimed to verify the effects of caffeine supplementation on psychobiological parameters and its relationship with inflammatory cytokines in non-athlete subjects. We hypothesized that IL-10 may be responsible for the reduction in fatigue perception in response to caffeine supplementation. It was a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. Ten non-athlete subjects (26.9 ± 4.01 years old; 73.44 ± 9.57 kg; 15.94 ± 4.32 body fat kg) were evaluated. Sixty-min after caffeine (6 mg-1.kg-1 body mass) or placebo supplementation, high-intensity interval exercise test (1 min at 90% of Wmax and 2 min at 50% of Wmax) was performed to maximum voluntary exhaustion. Cytokine concentrations and psychobiological parameters were evaluated before (BE), immediately after (post-PE) and 1 h after exercise (1 h post-PE). We verify that IL-6 (0.35; 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.56; z = 3.24; p = 0.001; d = 1.14) and IL-10 (9.06; 95% CI 0.41 to 17.70; z = 2.05; p = 0.04; d = 1.12) increases post-PE in CAF group versus PLA group. Still, IL-10 levels were higher in CAF group 1 h post-PE (25.04; 95% CI: 8.95 to 41.31; z = 3.05; p = 0.002; d = 1.9) than PLA group. Moreover, 1 h post-PE vigor level was higher in the CAF group versus PLA group (4.53; 95% CI: 1.27 to 7.80; z = 2.72; p = 0.006; d = 0.46), and fatigue was lower in CAF group than PLA group (-5.08; 95% CI: -9.93 to -0.227; z = -2.05; p = 0.040; d = 0.67). We conclude that 1 h post-PE caffeine was able to decrease fatigue and increase vigor perception. IL-10 levels were higher 1 h post-PE in CAF group, suggesting, according to our hypothesis, that IL-10 may be associated with decrease fatigue perceptions after exercise.

Emotional eating, binge eating, physical inactivity, and vespertine chronotype are negative predictors of dietary practices during COVID-19 social isolation: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged and rapidly spread worldwide. Several countries have imposed lockdown and isolation in attempt to mitigate viral spread. However, social isolation has a negative effect on psychological aspects, increasing stress, fear, anxiety, anger and emotional disturbance, as well as affecting sleep pattern and the practice of physical activity. Negative emotions and lifestyle changes trigger overeating, consequently affecting dietary practices. The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of lifestyle factors (i.e., sleep time/quality and practice of physical exercise), eating behavior dimensions, chronotype, and association with dietary practices (planning, domestic organization, food choice, ways of eating) in home confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted between April 27 and May 25, 2020. An anonymous online questionnaire (Microsoft Forms) was used for data collection by the snowball method. We verified dietary practices (outcome), eating behavior, physical exercise practice, sleep quality and duration, and chronotype (exposure variables). Sex, age, educational and social status were assessed as covariates and confounders. We evaluated 724 adults (585 women and 139 men). Mean age was 32.6 y (±11.3) for women and 33.5 y (±10.5) for men. RESULTS: Emotional eating (EE) and binge eating (BE) were positively correlated (r = 0.66; P <0.001). Dietary practices were negatively correlated with BE (r = -0.41; P <0.001), EE (r = -0.33; P <0.001) and body mass index (r = -0.24; P <0.001). Linear regression demonstrated that EE (ß = -0.1351; t = -2.841; P = 0.005; ηp2 = 0.013), BE (ß = -0.2580; t = -5.612; P < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.050), no practice of physical exercise at home (ß = -0.4271; t = -5.933; P < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.055), being vespertine (ß = -0.3435; t = 2.076; P = 0.038; ηp2 = 0.019), and age (ß = -0.082; t = -2.210; P = 0.027; ηp2 = 0.008) are negative predictors of dietary practices. Finally, cognitive restraint (ß = 0.1407; t = 3.858; P < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.024), better sleep quality (ß = 0.1768; t = 2.506; P = 0.012; ηp2 = 0.010), receiving 4-10 wages per month (according to a minimum wage in Brazil that corresponds to US $ 183.01) (ß = 0.2568; t = 2.573; P = 0.10; ηp2 = 0.027) and 10 - 20 wages per month (ß = 0.4490; t = 3.726; P < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.027) are positive predictors of dietary practices. CONCLUSION: Eating behavior, physical exercise, sleep, and social factors can be important predictors for dietary practices during COVID-19 social confinement. Longitudinal studies in Brazil are needed to confirm these findings.