Blood pressure status, trajectories and cardiovascular disease: the CoLaus|PsyCoLaus prospective study.

BACKGROUND: High blood pressure (BP) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Adequate treatment of high BP should reduce the risk of CVD, but this association has seldom been assessed in a general population setting. METHODS: Population-based prospective study conducted in Lausanne, Switzerland, with a follow-up between 2003 and 2021. Participants were categorised as normal BP, untreated high BP, treated and uncontrolled BP and treated and controlled BP. Total and CVD mortality as well as any CVD event were assessed. RESULTS: 5341 participants (65% normal, 17.4% untreated, 8.8% treated and uncontrolled and 8.8% treated and controlled) were included. After a median follow-up of 14 years (IQR: 11-15), 575 CVD events occurred. Relative to participants with normal BP, multivariable-adjusted HRs (and 95% CI) for total CVD were 1.38 (1.11 to 1.72) for untreated, 1.35 (1.04 to 1.76) for treated and uncontrolled and 1.50 (1.15 to 1.95) for treated and controlled. The corresponding HRs for CVD mortality (112 events) were 0.94 (0.52 to 1.70), 1.77 (1.00 to 3.12) and 2.52 (1.50 to 4.23), respectively. For total mortality (677 events), the HRs were 1.24 (1.01 to 1.52), 1.26 (0.99 to 1.60) and 1.27 (0.99 to 1.62), respectively. Sensitivity analysis using BP status during a 5-year period and categorising participants as always normal, always treated and uncontrolled, always treated and controlled and other led to similar findings. CONCLUSION: Over a long follow-up period of 14 years, BP control was not associated with reduction of CVD events, CVD-related or total mortality. This finding should help define further studies on factors affecting CVD and mortality in people treated for hypertension in the general population.

Associations of genetic and infectious risk factors with coronary heart disease.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the most pressing health problems of our time and a major cause of preventable death. CHD results from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Using multiplex serological testing for persistent or frequently recurring infections and genome-wide analysis in a prospective population study, we delineate the respective and combined influences of genetic variation, infections, and low-grade inflammation on the risk of incident CHD. Study participants are enrolled in the CoLaus|PsyCoLaus study, a longitudinal, population-based cohort with baseline assessments from 2003 through 2008 and follow-up visits every 5 years. We analyzed a subgroup of 3459 individuals with available genome-wide genotyping data and immunoglobulin G levels for 22 persistent or frequently recurring pathogens. All reported CHD events were evaluated by a panel of specialists. We identified independent associations with incident CHD using univariable and multivariable stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Of the 3459 study participants, 210 (6.07%) had at least one CHD event during the 12 years of follow-up. Multivariable stepwise Cox regression analysis, adjusted for known cardiovascular risk factors, socioeconomic status, and statin intake, revealed that high polygenic risk (hazard ratio [HR] 1.31, 95% CI 1.10-1.56, p=2.64 × 10-3) and infection with Fusobacterium nucleatum (HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.08-2.45, p=1.99 × 10-2) were independently associated with incident CHD. In a prospective, population-based cohort, high polygenic risk and infection with F. nucleatum have a small, yet independent impact on CHD risk.

Ten-Year Evolution of Statin Eligibility and Use in a Population-Based Cohort.

Studies showing that the management of dyslipidemia is suboptimal are hampered by their cross-sectional design or short follow-up. Using recent data from a population-based cohort with a 10-year follow-up, we assessed the use of statins, including their intensity. We used data from the CoLaus|PsyColaus study, involving 4,655 participants at baseline (2003 to 2006) and 3,587 at 10-year follow-up (2014 to 2017). We assessed the cardiovascular risk of participants according to established guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and from the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology and estimated 10-year cardiovascular risk using corresponding risk scores, Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation risk prediction model and Pooled Cohort Equations. We first determined eligibility for statins and adherence to recommendations at 2 time periods. Additionally, we assessed the prevalence of statin users from 2014 to 2017 in persons without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease at baseline and who developed it during the follow-up (secondary prevention). A total of 219 participants developed a first atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease during follow-up. Statin use in eligible subjects was 25.9% and 24.0% from 2003 to 2006 and 35.9% and 26.3% from 2014 to 2017, according to ESC and American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines, respectively. Per ESC guidelines, only 28.2% of treated persons achieved low-density lipoproteins cholesterol target levels from 2014 to 2017 (15.8% from 2003 to 2006), and women less frequently attained goals. Only 18% of subjects used high-intensity statins from 2014 to 2017, with women less often receiving them (14% vs 22%). In secondary prevention, only 74% of eligible subjects were using statins. In conclusion, based on contemporaneous data, management of dyslipidemia is suboptimal, including in secondary prevention, especially in women who are less frequently treated and, if treated, less frequently receive high-intensity treatment.

Intuitive Eating Behavior, Diet Quality and Metabolic Health in the Postpartum in Women with Gestational Diabetes.

Little is known regarding intuitive eating (IE), diet quality and adherence. We investigated the associations between IE, diet quality and metabolic health after gestational diabetes (GDM), who have an increased diabetes risk. Data from 179 women with GDM from MySweetheart trial (NCT02872974) were analyzed. IE was assessed using the eating for physical rather than emotional reasons (EPR) and reliance on hunger and satiety cues (RHSC) subscales of the French Intuitive Eating Scale-2. Metabolic outcomes included weight, central body fat and insulin resistance. Diet quality was calculated using the Alternative Health Eating Index (AHEI) and compliance with national recommendations was evaluated. Both IE subscales were associated with lower BMI and fat mass (BIA) at 1-year postpartum (all p ≤ 0.034). The EPR subscale inversely correlated with fat mass (DXA) and visceral adipose tissue (both p ≤ 0.028), whereas RHSC with higher insulin sensitivity (Matsuda, p = 0.034). RHSC during pregnancy predicted increased AHEI (p = 0.043) at 1-year postpartum, whilst EPR predicted lower fat mass and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (all p ≤ 0.04). In longitudinal analyses, both subscales were associated with increased adherence to dairy and fiber intake recommendations (both p ≤ 0.023). These data suggest IE may be an interesting approach to improve diet quality and metabolic outcomes in women with GDM.

Computed Tomography Angiography in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Comparison of Three Image Acquisition Techniques to Optimize Vascular Enhancement-Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives: To prospectively compare three image acquisition techniques in lower extremity CT angiography: the "standard" anterograde technique (SA), the adaptive anterograde technique (AA), and the retrograde acquisition technique (RA). Materials and Methods: Sixty consecutive patients were prospectively enrolled and randomized into three acquisition groups: 20 patients were evaluated with SA, 20 with AA as described by Qanadli et al., and 20 with caudocranial acquisition from the feet to the abdominal aorta (RA). Quantitative image quality was assessed by measuring the intraluminal attenuation at different levels of interest, with a total of 536 levels. Qualitative image quality was assessed by two radiologists in consensus using a Likert scale to rate the arterial enhancement and venous return. For each patient and limb, the presence of occlusive or aneurysmal disease was documented. Results: In quantitative analysis, RA showed lower attenuation values than SA and AA (p < 0.01). AA showed the highest and most homogeneous attenuation along the arterial tree. In qualitative analysis, AA had the lowest rate of non-diagnostic vascular segments (3.9%) compared to SA and RA (4.7 and 13.1%, respectively, p < 0.01). The influence of venous return was significantly different among the different techniques; venous contamination was particularly prevalent at the aortic level with RA (9.4% of patients, 0% with SA and AA, p < 0.01). The presence of stenosis or occlusion had no significant influence on the attenuation values across all levels and acquisition techniques. Conversely, the presence of aneurysmal disease had a significant effect on the luminal attenuation in AA (higher attenuation) and RA (lower attenuation) at the iliac (p = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively) and femoral levels (p = 0.02 and <0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Considering both quantitative and qualitative analysis, AA performed better than SA and RA, providing the highest percentage of optimal vascular enhancement. AA should be recommended as the technique of choice, specifically in the presence of aneurysmal disease. Alternatively, SA can be useful in case of renal failure, as the test bolus is unnecessary. Finally, the increasing availability of fast CT systems will likely overcome the limitations of RA.

Preoperative Clinical Factors Associated with Short-Stay Laparoscopic Appendectomy.

BACKGROUND: Outpatient appendectomy for acute appendicitis is a feasible, yet not widely performed procedure, as there are no universally accepted criteria for patient selection. The aim of this study was to assess preoperative clinical factors associated with successful short-stay appendectomy (SSA) and establish a predictive score to help with patient selection. METHODS: All consecutive laparoscopic appendectomies performed in our institution between January 2013 and June 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Several preoperative clinical and biological variables were compared between patients with SSA, defined as a postoperative stay <24 h, and those needing inpatient care. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables independently associated with SSA, and these variables were then used to create a predictive score. RESULTS: A total of 578 patients were included, 303 (53%) in the SSA group and 275 (48%) in the long-stay appendectomy (LSA) group. In multivariate analysis, male gender (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.12-2.31, p = 0.010), ASA class I-II (OR 9.52, 95% CI 1.65-180.69, p = 0.037), absence of generalized guarding (OR 3.55, 95% CI 1.30-11.41, p = 0.019), C-reactive protein <100 mg/dl (OR 3.09, 95% CI 1.81-5.42, p < 0.001) and leukocyte count <20 g/l (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.02-4.30, p = 0.046) were independently associated with SSA. These five parameters were used to construct a predictive score, whereby ≥17 (range 0-21) was defined as the optimal threshold to predict SSA with a high sensitivity (95.6%) and negative predictive value (82.2%). CONCLUSIONS: A purely clinical predictive score based on five widely used preoperative parameters can be used to identify eligible patients for short-stay appendectomy.

GLI 2012 equations define few spirometric anomalies in the general population: the PneumoLaus study.

BACKGROUND: Reduced lung function predicts increased mortality, but its prevalence may vary depending on definition considered, use of bronchodilation and applied reference values. We aimed to assess lung function abnormalities in Lausanne, Switzerland, and their association with clinical history. METHODS: In a general population sample, spirometry was performed and bronchodilation applied if the ratio forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) / forced vital capacity (FVC) or the FVC was below the lower limit of normal (LLN) according to Global Lung Function Initiative 2012 references. Results for FEV1/FVC according to the LLN were compared to the 0.7 fixed ratio. Respiratory risk factors, symptoms and self-reported respiratory diagnoses were recorded through a questionnaire. RESULTS: Out of the 3342 included subjects, 3.8% had chronic obstruction and 2.5% reversible obstruction when using the LLN; possible lung restriction alone was present in 1.8%, and associated with chronic obstruction in 0.4%. Ever smokers had a higher prevalence of abnormal spirometry, chronic obstruction and reversible obstruction; there was no difference with regard to possible restriction. Overall, chronic airway obstruction was found in 8.9% of current smokers, 4.6% of former smokers and 1.5% of never smokers. Only one third of participants with chronic obstruction were aware of a respiratory disease. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of abnormal lung function in the population of Lausanne is low. This may be due to a low rate of ever-smokers, the application of a full bronchodilation dose, but also to inherent characteristics of this population.

Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61): a novel soluble biomarker of acute myocardial injury improves risk stratification after acute coronary syndromes.

AIMS: We aimed to identify a novel biomarker involved in the early events leading to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and evaluate its role in diagnosis and risk stratification. METHODS AND RESULTS: Biomarker identification was based on gene expression profiling. In coronary thrombi of ACS patients, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61, CCN1) gene transcripts were highly up-regulated compared with peripheral mononuclear cells. In a murine ischaemia-reperfusion model (I/R), myocardial Cyr61 expression was markedly increased compared with the controls. Cyr61 levels were determined in human serum using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cohorts of ACS (n = 2168) referred for coronary angiography, stable coronary artery disease (CAD) (n = 53), and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) patients (n = 15) served to identify and evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic performance of the biomarker. Cyr61 was markedly elevated in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients compared with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction/unstable angina or stable CAD patients, irrespective of whether coronary thrombi were present. Cyr61 was rapidly released after occlusion of a septal branch in HOCM patients undergoing transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy. Cyr61 improved risk stratification for all-cause mortality when added to the reference GRACE risk score at 30 days (C-statistic 0.88 to 0.89, P = 0.001) and 1 year (C-statistic 0.77 to 0.80, P < 0.001) comparable to high-sensitivity troponin T (30 days: 0.88 to 0.89, P < 0.001; 1 year: 0.77 to 0.79, P < 0.001). Similar results were obtained for the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality or myocardial infarction. Conversely, in a population-based case-control cohort (n = 362), Cyr61 was not associated with adverse outcome. CONCLUSION: Cyr61 is a novel early biomarker reflecting myocardial injury that improves risk stratification in ACS patients.

Impact of the Ultrasonic scalpel on the amount of drained lymph after axillary or inguinal lymphadenectomy.

BACKGROUND: Seroma formation and lymphoedema are frequently encountered complications after radical lymph node dissection (RLND). Attempts to reduce the lymphatic morbidity include the use of Ultrasonic Scalpel. The aim of the present analysis was to assess the impact of the ultrasonic scalpel on the amount of drained lymph after lymph node dissection. METHODS: Patients listed for a RLND or completion lymph node dissection (CLND) were enrolled in a prospective randomized trial to compare the impact of two surgical dissection techniques (USS versus control) on the amount of drained lymph. The lymph drained in 24 h was collected. Our primary endpoint was to compare the daily amount of drained lymph between the two groups. Secondary endpoints were the comparison of drained lymph with the BMI of the patients, the gender and the surgical site (axilla, groin). RESULTS: Eighty patients were randomly assigned to the USS group or the Control (C) group. No difference was measured in the total amount of lymph drained (USS: 2908 ± 2453 ml vs. C: 3898 ± 5791 ml; p-value = 0.382). The result was also similar after adjusting for gender, age, and BMI. A significant higher amount of lymph was measured after inguinal dissection with USS compared to axillary (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The study suggests that the use of Harmonic scalpel did not influence the amount of lymph drained after RLND and not support the theory that USS induces oversealing of lymphatics. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial NCT02476357 . Registered 20 of February 2015.

The Benefit of Menopausal Hormone Therapy on Bone Density and Microarchitecture Persists After its Withdrawal.

CONTEXT: Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) favorably affects bone mineral density (BMD). Whether MHT also affects bone microarchitecture, as assessed by trabecular bone score (TBS), has never been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess the effect of MHT on TBS and BMD before and after its withdrawal. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. SETTING: This study included the general community. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected from the OsteoLaus cohort (1500 women aged 50-80 years). After exclusion of women with bone-modulating treatments, 1279 women were categorized according to MHT status into current (CU), past (PU), and never (NU) users. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Spine TBS and BMD at lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip were assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Age- and body mass index-adjusted analysis showed higher TBS values in CU vs PU or NU (1.31 ± 0.01, 1.29 ± 0.01, and 1.27 ± 0.01, respectively; P < .001). All BMD values were significantly higher in CU vs PU or NU. Compared to NU, PU exhibited higher lumbar spine (0.94 ± 0.01 vs 0.91 ± 0.01 g/cm2; P = .017) and total hip (0.86 ± 0.01 vs 0.84 ± 0.01 g/cm2; P = .026) BMD and a trend for higher TBS (P = .066). The 10-year loss of TBS and BMD at lumbar spine and total hip was significantly lower for both CU and PU vs NU. MHT duration had no effect on bone parameters. In PU, the residual effect on TBS and BMD was significantly more prominent in early discontinuers (<2 years). CONCLUSION: MHT is associated with bone microarchitecture preservation, as assessed by TBS. The effect of MHT on TBS and BMD persists at least 2 years after withdrawal.

Assessment of skinfold thickness equations in estimating body composition in children with inflammatory bowel disease.

AIM: To assess the agreement of commonly used skinfold thickness equations to estimate percentage of Fat Mass (FM%) in paediatric patients with IBD, in comparison with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). METHODS: Twenty-one paediatric IBD patients were included: 11 females and 10 males; mean age for the entire group: 14.3 years, range 12-16 years, 16 with Crohn's disease, five with ulcerative colitis. The FM% was calculated using six established paediatric skinfold thickness equations and compared to the results obtained by DEXA. The statistical analysis was performed using Spearman's correlation, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient and corresponding 95% confidence interval, Bland-Altman's limits of agreement method and the Bradley-Blackwood test. RESULTS: Correlation between skinfold and DEXA values ranged between 0.85 (Deurenberg) and 0.92 (Durnin and Rahaman and Johnston), all P < 0.001. Lin's concordance correlation coefficients and (95% confidence interval) ranged between 0.702 (0.512-0.891) for the Deurenberg equation and 0.876 (0.779-0.972) for the Brook equation. Average differences between skinfold and DEXA values ranged between -3.6% (Deurenberg) and 2.5% (Weststrate). Bland-Altman limits of agreement were wide, spanning over 10%. Finally, the Bradley-Blackwood test of equality of means and variances was significant in all but the Durnin and Rahaman equation. CONCLUSION: In adolescents with IBD, fat mass calculated from six skinfold thickness equations showed good correlation but poor agreement with reference values from DEXA. Assessment of body composition using skinfold thickness equations cannot be recommended in paediatric patients with IBD.

Relationship of hyperactivity/inattention with adiposity and lifestyle characteristics in preschool children.

We performed a cross-sectional study in 450 nonreferred preschool children aged 4 to 6 years to assess the association between hyperactivity/inattention with adiposity and lifestyle characteristics. Measurements included scores of hyperactivity/inattention, adiposity, objectively measured physical activity, television viewing, and eating habits. Higher scores of hyperactivity/inattention were associated with lower percentage body fat, higher levels of physical activity, and less time spent in sedentary activity (all P ≤ .01). However, higher scores of hyperactivity/inattention were also associated with more television viewing and less healthy eating habits (all P ≤ .04). Except for some selected eating habits (P ≥ .07), those relationships remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and sociodemographic confounders. To conclude, higher scores of hyperactivity/inattention are linked to different lifestyle characteristics that may in part contribute to a future development of overweight/obesity. Precise mechanisms explaining these associations and possible preventive approaches should be further investigated.

Hyperhomocysteinemia is independently associated with albuminuria in the population-based CoLaus study.

BACKGROUND: Increased serum levels of homocysteine and uric acid have each been associated with cardiovascular risk. We analyzed whether homocysteine and uric acid were associated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria independently of each other. We also investigated the association of MTHFR polymorphisms related to homocysteine with albuminuria to get further insight into causality. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional population-based study in Caucasians (n = 5913). Hyperhomocysteinemia was defined as total serum homocysteine ≥ 15 µmol/L. Albuminuria was defined as urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g. RESULTS: Uric acid was associated positively with homocysteine (r = 0.246 in men and r = 0.287 in women, P < 0.001). The prevalence of albuminuria increased across increasing homocysteine categories (from 6.4% to 17.3% in subjects with normal GFR and from 3.5% to 14.5% in those with reduced GFR, P for trend < 0.005). Hyperhomocysteinemia (OR = 2.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.60-3.08, P < 0.001) and elevated serum uric acid (OR = 1.27, 1.08-1.50, per 100 µmol/L, P = 0.004) were significantly associated with albuminuria, independently of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The 2-fold higher risk of albuminuria associated with hyperhomocysteinemia was similar to the risk associated with hypertension or diabetes. MTHFR alleles related to higher homocysteine were associated with increased risk of albuminuria. CONCLUSIONS: In the general adult population, elevated serum homocysteine and uric acid were associated with albuminuria independently of each other and of renal function.

Public health impact of statin prescribing strategies based on JUPITER.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the public health impact of statin prescribing strategies based on the Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin Study (JUPITER). METHODS: We studied 2268 adults aged 35-75 without cardiovascular disease in a population-based study in Switzerland in 2003-2006. We assessed the eligibility for statins according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) guidelines, and by adding "strict" (hs-CRP≥2.0 mg/L and LDL-cholesterol <3.4 mmol/L), and "extended" (hs-CRP≥2.0 mg/L alone) JUPITER-like criteria. We estimated the proportion of CHD deaths potentially prevented over 10 years in the Swiss population. RESULTS: Fifteen percent were already taking statins, 42% were eligible by ATPIII guidelines, 53% by adding "strict," and 62% by adding "extended" criteria, with a total of 19% newly eligible. The number needed to treat with statins to avoid one CHD death over 10 years was 38 for ATPIII, 84 for "strict" and 92 for "extended" JUPITER-like criteria. ATPIII would prevent 17% of CHD deaths, compared with 20% for ATPIII+"strict" and 23% for ATPIII + "extended" criteria (+6%). CONCLUSION: Implementing JUPITER-like strategies would make statin prescribing for primary prevention more common and less efficient than it is with current guidelines.

[Statin prescription in primary prevention: which cardiovascular risk score should be used in Switzerland?]. / Prescription de statines en prévention primaire: quel score de risque cardiovasculaire faut-il utiliser en Suisse?

Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease by physicians is achieved by management of individual risk factors. The eligibility for treatment with statins is based on both an estimate of the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and the LDL-cholesterol. Three risk scores are commonly used: the PROCAM score, the Framingham score, and the European score. In Switzerland, the Swiss Group Lipids and Atherosclerosis (GSLA) recommends to use the PROCAM score with an adjustment of the level of risk for Switzerland. A survey also showed that PROCAM is the most used in Switzerland. In this article, the differences of these scores and their practical applications regarding the prescription of statins in primary prevention are discussed. The consequences and potential benefits of applying these scores in Switzerland are also discussed.

[Reducing dietary salt intake: an important public health strategy in Switzerland]. / Réduction de la consommation de sel: une mesure importante de santé publique en Suisse.

Current dietary salt (sodium chloride) intake largely exceeds physiological needs (about 1.5 g salt per day, or 550 mg sodium per day) in most countries (> 8 g salt per day). The main sources of dietar salt intake are breads, cheeses, products derived from meat and ready-to-eat meals. On average, a high-salt diet is associated with higher blood pressure levels. In Switzerland, one out of three adults suffers from arterial hypertension. Half of cerebrovascular events and ischaemic cardiac events are attributable to elevated blood pressure. The Swiss Federal Office of Public Health is currently running a strategy aiming at reducing dietary salt intake in the Swiss population to less than 5 g per day on the long run (Salz Strategie 2008-2012).

Variability of ascending aorta diameter measurements as assessed with electrocardiography-gated multidetector computerized tomography and computer assisted diagnosis software.

Recently, morphometric measurements of the ascending aorta have been done with ECG-gated multidector computerized tomography (MDCT) to help the development of future novel transcatheter therapies (TCT); nevertheless, the variability of such measurements remains unknown. Thirty patients referred for ECG-gated CT thoracic angiography were evaluated. Continuous reformations of the ascending aorta, perpendicular to the centerline, were obtained automatically with a commercially available computer aided diagnosis (CAD). Then measurements of the maximal diameter were done with the CAD and manually by two observers (separately). Measurements were repeated one month later. The Bland-Altman method, Spearman coefficients, and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to evaluate the variability, the correlation, and the differences between observers. The interobserver variability for maximal diameter between the two observers was up to 1.2 mm with limits of agreement [-1.5, +0.9] mm; whereas the intraobserver limits were [-1.2, +1.0] mm for the first observer and [-0.8, +0.8] mm for the second observer. The intraobserver CAD variability was 0.8 mm. The correlation was good between observers and the CAD (0.980-0.986); however, significant differences do exist (P<0.001). The maximum variability observed was 1.2 mm and should be considered in reports of measurements of the ascending aorta. The CAD is as reproducible as an experienced reader.

Association between C-reactive protein and adiposity in women.

CONTEXT: The link between C-reactive protein (CRP) and adiposity deserves to be further explored, considering the controversial diabetogenic role of CRP. OBJECTIVE: We explored the potential causal role of CRP on measures of adiposity. DESIGN: We used a Mendelian randomization approach with the CRP and LEPR genes as instrumental variables in a cross-sectional Caucasian population-based study comprising 2526 men and 2836 women. Adiposity was measured using body mass index (BMI), fat and lean mass estimated by bioelectrical impedance, and waist circumference. RESULTS: Log-transformed CRP explained by the rs7553007 single-nucleotide polymorphism tagging the CRP gene was significantly associated with BMI [regression coefficient: 1.22 (0.18; 2.25), P = 0.02] and fat mass [2.67 (0.65; 4.68), P = 0.01] but not with lean mass in women, whereas no association was found in men. Log-transformed CRP explained by the rs1805096 LEPR single-nucleotide polymorphism was also positively associated, although not significantly, with BMI or fat mass. The combined CRP-LEPR instrument explained 2.24 and 0.77% of CRP variance in women and men, respectively. Log-transformed CRP explained by this combined instrument was significantly associated with BMI [0.98 (0.32; 1.63), P = 0.004], fat mass [2.07 (0.79; 3.34), P = 0.001], and waist [2.09 (0.39; 3.78), P = 0.01] in women but not men. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that CRP is causally and positively related to BMI in women and that this is mainly due to fat mass. Results on the combined CRP-LEPR instrument suggest that leptin may play a role in the causal association between CRP and adiposity in women. Results in men were not significant.