ABSTRACT
Drug allergy has been a research topic within the allergy field for decades. However, many drug reactions presumed to be of allergic nature are not and originate from different mechanisms. Drug-induced reactions can affect numerous organ systems, present with various symptoms, and have more than 1 mechanism of action. In this rostrum article, we want to give an overview of the different allergic and nonallergic reactions that can be expected with the (illicit) use of cannabis, cocaine, opioids, and alcohol. In addition, this article focuses on the different methods available to diagnose allergy related to these 4 drug types and highlight the pitfalls of nonallergic reactions or allergy "mimickers" complicating the diagnosis of true drug allergy. Finally, the impact on current medical practices and future research in support of the allergist in diagnosis and treatment of these medical problems is addressed.
Subject(s)
Cannabis , Cocaine , Drug Hypersensitivity , Illicit Drugs , Substance-Related Disorders , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Cocaine/adverse effects , Drug Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Drug Hypersensitivity/epidemiology , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Spain has been severely affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, with 195,944 persons infected and 20,453 deaths at the time of writing. Older people with respiratory or cardiac conditions are most at risk. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare respiratory symptoms in nursing home residents and patients with uncontrolled asthma, who are considered vulnerable to COVID-19. METHODS: We studied 134 nursing home residents and 139 patients with uncontrolled asthma, groups vulnerable to COVID-19. Demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, outcomes, key laboratory results, and radiological images were collected from medical records. COVID-19 infection was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Thirteen (9.3%) patients with uncontrolled asthma, all receiving inhaled corticosteroids were infected by COVID-19. Eighty (60%) nursing home residents were infected; only 28, all of whom had received inhaled corticosteroids, had a good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with inhaled corticosteroids may be helpful in COVID-19 infection. Persons with an allergy might have some protective mechanisms against coronavirus.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Asthma/drug therapy , COVID-19/prevention & control , Administration, Inhalation , Adolescent , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Asthma/virology , COVID-19/diagnostic imaging , COVID-19/physiopathology , COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nursing Homes , Prognosis , SpainABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Spain has been severely affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, with 195,944 persons infected and 20,453 deaths at the time of writing. Older people with respiratory or cardiac conditions are most at risk. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare respiratory symptoms in nursing home residents and patients with uncontrolled asthma, who are considered vulnerable to COVID-19.METHODS: We studied 134 nursing home residents and 139 patients with uncontrolled asthma, groups vulnerable to COVID-19. Demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, out-comes, key laboratory results, and radiological images were collected from medical records. COVID-19 infection was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).RESULTS: Thirteen (9.3%) patients with uncontrolled asthma, all receiving inhaled corticoste-roids were infected by COVID-19. Eighty (60%) nursing home residents were infected; only 28, all of whom had received inhaled corticosteroids, had a good prognosis CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with inhaled corticosteroids may be helpful in COVID-19 infection. Persons with an allergy might have some protective mechanisms against coronavirus
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Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Internship, Nonmedical/statistics & numerical data , Asthma/drug therapy , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Pandemics , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage , Administration, Inhalation , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mastocytosis involves the abnormal proliferation of mast cells and clinical variability. In the case of anaphylaxis, the triggering antigen, often associated with Hymenoptera allergens, must be identified. The common fig (Ficus carica) requires the fig wasp (Blastophaga psenes) for pollination. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the ingestion of B. psenes as a trigger of anaphylaxis in patients with mastocytosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Skin prick tests (SPTs) and specific immunoglobulin E to the possible involved allergens were carried out in the patient and in 4 controls allergic to Hymenoptera and fig. Given the possibility of hidden allergens, we studied the source (figs of various origins) and possible hypersensitivity to Hymenoptera allergens, including the fig wasp (B. psenes). RESULTS: In all subjects, the SPT resulted in a wheal (larger than with histamine) with the extract of the inferior part of the female fig but not with the male extract (lower pole and stem). Immune detection was made with the stem and inferior part of figs and venom of Polistes and Vespula. Recognition bands were observed at 25 kDa with female fig extracts that were also recognized by the patient with anaphylaxis to Hymenoptera venom. CONCLUSIONS: We cannot exclude the possibility that the ingestion of fig with Blastophaga antigens may have triggered anaphylaxis in our patient.
Subject(s)
Anaphylaxis/etiology , Ficus , Mastocytosis/immunology , Wasp Venoms/immunology , Animals , Humans , Male , Skin TestsABSTRACT
Component resolved diagnosis (CRD) is a microarray-based diagnostic solution capable of simultaneously analysing specific IgE antibodies against 112 allergenic components, providing sensitivity patterns for multi-sensitised or complex patients. The CRD is indicated for these patients, especially those with concomitant respiratory and food allergies. This study reivews the method, its utility, limitations, and our experience in allergic diseases with difficult etiologic diagnosis (eosinophilic esophagitis, occupational asthma and drug allergy).
Subject(s)
Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Microarray Analysis/methods , Humans , Hypersensitivity/etiology , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Hypersensitivity/therapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Adverse reactions to local anesthetics (LAs), especially esters, are not uncommon, but true allergy is rarely diagnosed. To our knowledge, currently there is no reliable method of determining IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to LAs and cocaine. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical value of allergy tests (prick, IgE, challenges, and arrays) in people suffering hypersensitivity reactions (asthma and anaphylaxis) during local anesthesia with cocaine derivatives and drug abusers with allergic symptoms after cocaine inhalation. METHODS: We selected cocaine-dependent patients and allergic patients who suffered severe reactions during local anesthesia from a database of 23,873 patients. The diagnostic yield (sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value) of allergy tests using cocaine and coca leaf extracts in determining cocaine allergy was assessed, taking a positive challenge as the criterion standard. RESULTS: After prick tests, specific IgE, and challenge with cocaine extract, 41 of 211 patients (19.4%) were diagnosed as sensitized to cocaine. Prick tests and IgE to coca leaves (coca tea) had a good sensitivity (95.1% and 92.7%, respectively) and specificity (92.3 and 98.8%, respectively) for the diagnosis of cocaine allergy and LA-derived allergy. CONCLUSIONS: Cocaine may be an important allergen. Drug abusers and patients sensitized to local anesthesia and tobacco are at risk. Both prick tests and specific IgE against coca leaf extract detected sensitization to cocaine. The highest levels were related to severe clinical profiles.
Subject(s)
Allergens/immunology , Anesthetics, Local/immunology , Cocaine-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Cocaine/immunology , Drug Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Coca , Cocaine/analogs & derivatives , Cocaine/therapeutic use , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Immunization , Immunoglobulin E/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Plant Extracts/immunology , Predictive Value of Tests , Sensitivity and Specificity , Skin Tests , Young AdultABSTRACT
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