ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Microalgae are a diverse source of bioactive molecules, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and omega-3 fatty acids, with beneficial properties in biomarkers of metabolic diseases. Unlike the rest of the microalgae genera, Arthrospira sp., commonly called spirulina, has been widely studied. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to describe the current knowledge about microalgae, besides spirulina, focusing on their beneficial properties against metabolic diseases. DATA SOURCES: A systematic research of MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane, and Scopus databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published after January 2012. In vivo animal studies including microalgae consumption, except for spirulina, that significantly improved altered biomarkers related to metabolic diseases were included. These biomarkers included body weight/composition, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, oxidative damage, inflammation markers, and gut microbiota. DATA EXTRACTION: After the literature search and the implementation of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 37 studies were included in the revision out of the 132 results originally obtained after the application of the equation on the different databases. DATA ANALYSIS: Data containing 15 microalgae genera were included reporting on a wide range of beneficial results at different levels, including a decrease in body weight and changes in plasma levels of glucose and lipoproteins due to molecular alterations such as those related to gene expression regulation. The most reported beneficial effects were related to gut microbiota and inflammation followed by lipid and glucose metabolism and body weight/composition. CONCLUSIONS: Microalgae intake improved different altered biomarkers due to metabolic diseases and seem to have potential in the design of enriched foodstuffs or novel nutraceuticals. Nevertheless, to advance to clinical trials, more thorough/detailed studies should be performed on some of the microalgae genera included in this review to collect more information on their molecular mechanisms of action.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of individuals who inject drugs, to explore use trends in the past 25 years, and to review the profile of users of various drugs, both legal and illegal, that have been used intravenously without medical prescription in Mexico City. METHODS: Information was drawn from the Drug Information Reporting System (SRID, 1987-2015) and data from the National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV/aids (CENSIDA, 1983-2018). SRID is based on two 30-day cross-sectional evaluations carried out during June and November. It has served as an uninterrupted epidemiological surveillance system for 32 years, operating both in health and justice institutions in Mexico City and the metropolitan area. The timely identification of changes in use patterns is regarded as the most consistent tool to track the trajectory of the phenomenon. CENSIDA cases were analyzed based on the number of HIV and aids positive injectable drug users during the same period of time in Mexico City. RESULTS: Cocaine users represented the highest number of cases, with a total of N = 293. Back in 2000, the use of this substance showed a significant increase of up to 50%. In turn, heroine and opiates user trends by sex increased from being almost non-existent in 1987 to 13% in 1994. Results provide evidence of the changes in the number of users over the years, with the largest increases being recorded in 1996 (16.5%), 1999 (17%), and 2010 (13%). CONCLUSIONS: The increase observed in the results coincides with domestic and world political situations that have caused an upturn in the use of some substances over the years. It is not far-fetched to think that in the coming years there will be an increase in the number of individuals who inject drugs due to the high production and availability of heroin in Mexico and the emergence of fentanyl use as indicated by ethnographic research in Mexico City and the deaths linked to its consumption. The latest reports, published in 2018, documented at least five cases of fentanyl users.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/epidemiology , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Cocaine-Related Disorders/complications , Cocaine-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , HIV Infections/complications , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Young AdultABSTRACT
Introducción En la Ciudad de México, de acuerdo con los resultados del Sistema de Reporte de Información en Drogas SRID, los primeros reportes del uso de poppers datan de 1988 y paulatinamente ha ido incrementado su consumo. Objetivo Dado que una de las finalidades del SRID es identificar nuevas drogas y áreas que requieren investigación más detallada, se realizará un estudio descriptivo a fin de conocer las características asociadas a su consumo. Material y método Para evaluar el consumo de poppers se analizaron los datos recopilados por el Sistema de Reporte de Información en Drogas durante el periodo 2000-2012 I; así como las tendencias de uso durante 24 años. El instrumento utilizado es la Cédula "Informe Individual sobre Consumo de Drogas" que se aplica en Instituciones de Salud y de Justicia del Distrito Federal durante los meses de junio y noviembre de cada año. Resultados Entre los resultados más relevantes se destaca que el consumo de poppers se presenta en el grupo de adolescentes de 15 a 19 y en los adultos jóvenes de 20 a 24 años. Otro de los datos sobresalientes son las edades de inicio del consumo de esta sustancia, así como la frecuencia con la que se consume. Conclusiones A partir de los resultados encontrados, es necesario plantear líneas de investigación que permitan conocer el consumo de esta sustancia en población joven.
Introduction In Mexico City, according to the results of the Information Report System in Drug SRID, the first reports about the use of poppers date from 1988. The consumption of poppers has gradually increased throw on the years. Objective Given that one of the purposes of the SRID is to identify new drugs and areas that require further investigation, a descriptive study was performed to determine the characteristics associated with the consumption of poppers. Materials and methods To evaluate the use of poppers, data collected by the Information Reporting System on Drugs will be analyzed, during the period 20002012 I, as well as the trends in use for 24 years. The instrument used is the card "Individual Report on Consumption of Drugs", which is applied in health and justice institutions of the Federal District during the months of June and November of each year. Results The most relevant results among poppers consumption occurs in the group of adolescents from 15 to 19 and young adults aged 20-24 years. Another outstanding data are the ages of first use of this substance, and the frequency with which it is consumed. Conclusions From the results, it is necessary to propose research lines that reveal the use of poppers in young people.
