Why are tapeworm carriers so difficult to find? A methodological proposal for their search and recovery.

Neurocysticercosis, caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium, is a life-threatening condition and the most severe form of the disease. Yet, despite being a required link in the parasite life cycle, tapeworm carriers are rarely reported. This study is aimed to find and evaluate T. solium carriers, describing some characteristics of these patients and the treatment. Taeniasis cases were searched for in various Mexican states from 1983 to 2016. Previous informed consent, tapeworm-carrier patients were administered with niclosamide and a saline purge. Parasite specimens were recovered and identified, both morphologically and by PCR. From 117 treated patients, Taenia sp. specimens were obtained from 46 subjects (47.8%). From these, complete parasites were recovered from 42 (90.5%), and only detached proglottids from 4 patients. Cases were more frequent in Morelos, Chiapas, and Guerrero. More than one adult cestode was recovered from 4 patients (9.5%). To improve treatment efficacy and adherence, the drug was administered in late afternoon, resulting a high recovery yield of complete parasites (90.5%). The success rate of deworming campaigns in areas of Mexico and the world that are endemic for Taenia sp. could be improved by administering the treatment at times that do not interfere with the patients' daily activities, and national health authorities could apply this simple strategy to help eradication efforts in endemic areas. The detection of carriers will only be possible through the coordinated efforts of public and private health services, a better education of the general population to improve self-detection, and adequate, personalized diagnostic procedures for suspect cases.

Anti-GK1 antibodies damage Taenia crassiceps cysticerci through complement activation.

Taeniasis-cysticercosis, a zoonosis caused by Taenia solium, is prevalent in underdeveloped countries, where marginalization promotes its continued transmission. Pig cysticercosis, an essential stage for transmission, is preventable by vaccination. An efficient multiepitope vaccine against pig cysticercosis, S3Pvac, was developed. Previous studies showed that antibodies against one of the S3Pvac components, GK-1, are capable of damaging T. solium cysticerci, inhibiting their ability to transform into the adult stage in golden hamster gut. This study is aimed to evaluate one of the mechanisms that could mediate anti-GK-1 antibody-dependent protection. To this end, pig anti-GK-1 antibodies were produced and purified by using protein A. Proteomic analysis showed that the induced antibodies recognized the respective native cysticercal protein KE7 (Bobes et al. Infect Immun 85:e00395-17, 2017) and two additional T. solium proteins (endophilin B1 and Gp50). A new procedure to evaluate cysticercus viability, based on quantifying the cytochrome c released after parasite damage, was developed. Taenia crassiceps cysticerci were cultured in the presence of differing amounts of anti-GK-1 antibody and complement in a saturating concentration, along with the respective controls. Cysticercus viability was assessed by recording parasite motility, trypan blue exclusion, and cytochrome c levels in cysticercal soluble extract. Anti-GK-1 antibody significantly increased cysticercus damage as measured by all three methods. Parasite evaluation by electron microscopy after treatment with anti-GK-1 antibody plus complement demonstrated cysticercus damage as shorter, capsule-severed microtrichia; a decrease in glycocalyx length with respect to untreated cysts; and disaggregated desmosomes. These results demonstrate that anti-GK-1 antibodies damage cysticerci through classic complement activation.

Evaluación de diferentes fluidos corporales de la vaca, como inducores del reflejo e Flehmen en toros Holstein / Evaluation of different cow corporal fluids as Flehmen's reflex inductors in Holstein bulls

Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: 1) Conocer el patrón (duración y frecuencia) del reflejo de Flehmen (RF) del toro en respuesta a mustras de moco cérvicovaginal obtenidas el día 0 del ciclo estral. 2) Conocer el patrón del RF del toro en respuesta a improntas cérvicovaginales obtenidas los días 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 y 21 posestro y determinar si existen diferencias entre estos días. 3) Conocer el patrón del RF del toro en espuesta a muestras de leche obtenidas los días 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, posestro y determinar si existían diferencias entre dichos días. En cada experimento se registró con un cronómetro la duración y frecuencia con que se daba el RF en un tiempo de exposición a la muesta de dos minutos. Se encontró una diferencia estadística significativa (P < 0.05) entre los valores promedio obtenidos respeto a la duración y frecuenia del RF durante los días del ciclo estral evaluados con muesras de moco e impronta cervicovaginal, así como con las muestras de leche. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la capacidad de estos fluidos para inducir el RF en el toro varía según la etapa del ciclo estral en que se encuentran las vacas y que en consecuencia las características olorosas de dichos fluidos varían según la ciclicidad ovárica. Este trabajo concuerda con estudios previos en el sentido de que el toro es capaz de predecir el inicio del estro de la vaca, incluso con varios días de anticipación, por medio del análisis olfativo de olor característico de las excreciones de la hembra.