ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Caries is a public health problem, given that it prevails in 60 to 90% of the school-age global population. Multiple factors interact in its etiology, among them dental plaque is necessary to have lactic acid producing microorganisms like Streptococcus from he Mutans group. Existing prevention and treatment measures are not totally effective and generate adverse effects, which is why it is necessary to search for complementary strategies for their management. AIM: The study sought to evaluate the eradication capacity of Streptococcus mutans biofilms and the toxicity on eukaryotic cells of Lippia alba and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils. METHODOLOGY: Essential oils were extracted from plant material through steam distillation and then its chemical composition was determined. The MBEC-high-throughput (MBEC-HTP) (Innovotech, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) assay used to determine the eradication concentration of S. mutans ATCC 35668 strain biofilms. Cytotoxicity was evaluated on CHO cells through the MTT cell proliferation assay. RESULTS: The major components in both oils were Geraniol and Citral; in L. alba 18.9% and 15.9%, respectively, and in C. citratus 31.3% and 26.7%. The L. alba essential oils presented eradication activity against S. mutans biofilms of 95.8% in 0.01mg/dL concentration and C. citratus essential oils showed said eradication activity of 95.4% at 0.1, 0.01mg/dL concentrations and of 93.1% in the 0.001mg/dL concentration; none of the concentrations of both essential oils showed toxicity on CHO cells during 24h. CONCLUSION: The L. alba and C. citratus essential oils showed eradication activity against S. mutans biofilms and null cytotoxicity, evidencing the need to conduct further studies that can identify their active components and in order to guide a safe use in treating and preventing dental caries.
Subject(s)
Biofilms/drug effects , Cymbopogon/chemistry , Lippia/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Plant Preparations/pharmacology , Acyclic Monoterpenes , Animals , CHO Cells , Cell Line , Cricetulus , Dental Caries/drug therapy , Dental Caries/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Monoterpenes/chemistry , Monoterpenes/pharmacology , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Plant Oils/chemistry , Plant Preparations/chemistry , Streptococcus mutans/drug effects , Terpenes/chemistry , Terpenes/pharmacologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate if the salivary levels of IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, and its ratio regarding salivary IFN-γ may be linked with the periodontal clinical status. DESIGN: One hundred and five chronic periodontitis (CP) subjects and 44 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Periodontal status was assessed based on full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements. Cytokine salivary levels were analyzed by ELISA. The association between the analytes with CP was analyzed using a binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in salivary levels of IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-22 ratio in CP group could be detected, but there was no significant domination of any Th17 cytokine that could be of predictive value for health/disease status. Univariate and binary logistic regression analyses revealed a strong and independent association of IFN-γ salivary levels and IFN-γ/IL-22 ratio with disease status. An interaction effect of ageing on IFN-γ levels also could be noted. CONCLUSION: While salivary levels of IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-22 ratio may act as strong/independent indicators of the amount and extent of periodontal breakdown, the low detection frequency of Th17 cytokines in saliva samples make these determinations useless for the detection of disease presence and/or its severity.
Subject(s)
Chronic Periodontitis/metabolism , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Interleukin-17/metabolism , Interleukins/metabolism , Saliva/chemistry , Adult , Biomarkers/metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Predictive Value of Tests , Reproducibility of Results , Interleukin-22ABSTRACT
AIM: To evaluate the salivary carriage of Treponema denticola and its association with demographic variables in the etiopathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-seven chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and a control group of 51 healthy subjects (HC) were selected. Periodontal status was assessed by criteria based on probing depth, attachment loss, extent, and severity of periodontal breakdown. A polymerase chain reaction method was used to determine the occurrence of T. denticola in saliva samples. Risk indicators for CP were assessed individually and adjusted for confounding and/or interaction using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Although univariate analysis revealed a positive association of age >or=30 years, smoking, and salivary carriage of T. denticola with CP, after logistic regression analysis, the association between age >or=30 years/smoking and CP persisted, whereas salivary carriage of T. denticola failed to achieve statistical significance. An interaction effect was significantly detected between these three variables. CONCLUSION: Although salivary carriage of T. denticola may be a risk indicator for CP, its pathogenicity should not be exclusively endorsed to its detection in saliva, but it might be associated with the synergistic biological interaction of the bacterium with some demographic characteristics of the susceptible host.
Subject(s)
Carrier State/microbiology , Chronic Periodontitis/microbiology , Saliva/microbiology , Treponema denticola/pathogenicity , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Analysis of Variance , Case-Control Studies , Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic , Cross-Sectional Studies , DNA, Bacterial/analysis , Disease Susceptibility , Female , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Reproducibility of Results , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Smoking , Statistics, Nonparametric , Treponema denticola/isolation & purification , Young AdultABSTRACT
AIM: To assess the concentration of soluble CD14 receptor in saliva of people with periodontal disease and healthy patients and its relationship with periodontal status. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Unstimulated whole saliva samples from patients with chronic periodontitis (n = 34), aggressive periodontitis (n = 19) and healthy controls (n = 17) were obtained for the study. The periodontal status of each subject was assessed by criteria based on probing depth, clinical attachment loss and the extent of periodontal breakdown. The levels of sCD14 were measured in saliva samples with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Although no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found for salivary sCD14 levels between periodontitis groups, they were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those detected for healthy controls. Furthermore, Spearman's correlation analysis showed statistically significant correlations (P < 0.01) between data from salivary sCD14 levels and clinical measurements. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study reemphasize the importance of whole saliva as sampling method in terms of immunological purposes in periodontal disease and suggest that the elevated sCD14 concentration may be one of the host-response components associated with the clinical manifestations of periodontal disease.
