ABSTRACT
Introducción: La ventilación no invasiva (VNI) se ha convertido en un tratamiento habitual de la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (IRA). Nuestro objetivo ha sido identificar factores predictores de fracaso de VNI para detectar precozmente a los pacientes en los que no tendrá éxito. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio de cohortes prospectivo que incluyó a todos los pacientes con IRA que recibieron VNI como tratamiento inicial entre 2005 y 2009, en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos de 14 camas de un hospital universitario de tercer nivel. Se recogieron datos clínicos e información sobre la VNI, previamente a su inicio, a las 2, 8, 12 y 24 horas. La razón entre saturación de hemoglobina y fracción de oxígeno inspirada (S/F) se calculó retrospectivamente. Se definió fallo de VNI como necesidad de intubación o necesidad de rescate con presión binivel (BLPAP). Se realizaron análisis estadísticos univariable y multivariable. Resultados: Un total de n = 282 pacientes recibieron soporte no invasivo, presión continua = 71, BLPAP = 211. El porcentaje de éxito de la muestra global fue 71%. Los pacientes tratados con BLPAP vs. presión continua, aquellos con S/F más elevados a las 2horas (odds ratio 0,991, IC 95%: 0,986-0,996, p = 0,001) y los mayores de 6 meses (hazard ratio 0,375, IC 95% 0,171-0,820, p = 0,014), presentaron menor riesgo de fracaso. Los pacientes con frecuencias cardíacas más altas y mayor presión positiva inspiratoria en vía aérea a las 2horas (odds ratio 1,021, IC 95%: 1,008-1,034, p = 0,001; hazard ratio 1,214, IC 95%: 1,046-1,408, p = 0,011) presentaron mayor riesgo de fracaso. Conclusiones: La edad < 6 meses, S/F, frecuencia cardíaca y presión positiva inspiratoria en la vía aérea a las 2 horas son factores predictores independientes de fracaso de VNI inicial en pacientes con IRA admitidos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos
Introduction: Despite there being limited evidence, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has become a common treatment for acute respiratory failure (ARF). The aim of this study was to identify the predictive factors of NIV failure, in order to enable early detection of patients failing the treatment. Patients and methods: Prospective cohort study was conducted that included all ARF patients that received NIV as the initial treatment between 2005 and 2009 in a fourteen-bed Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary university hospital. Information was collected about the NIV, as well as clinical data prior to NIV, at 2, 8, 12, and 24hrs. The haemoglobin saturation (SpO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio (S/F) was retrospectively calculated. NIV failure was defined as the need for intubation or requiring rescue with bi-level pressure (BLPAP). Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. Results: A total of 282 patients received non-invasive support, with 71 receiving Continuous Pressure (CPAP), and 211 with BLPAP treatment. The overall success rate was 71%. Patients receiving BLPAP vs. CPAP, patients with higher S/F ratios at 2 hours (odds ratio [OR] 0.991, 95% CI 0.986-0.996, P = .001], and patients older than 6 months (Hazard ratio [HZ] 0.375, 95% CI 0.171-0.820, P = .014], were also more likely to fail. Patients with higher heart rates (HR) at 2hours (OR 1.021, 95% CI [1.008-1.034], P = .001) and higher inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) at 2hours were more prone to failure (HZ 1.214, 95% CI [1.046-1.408], P = .011). Conclusions: Age below 6 months, S/F ratio, HR, and IPAP at 2 hours are independent predictive factors for initial NIV failure in paediatric patients with ARF admitted to the PICU
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Noninvasive Ventilation/methods , Cohort Studies , Respiratory Tract Infections , Respiratory Insufficiency/diagnosis , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric/statistics & numerical data , Prospective Studies , Respiratory Insufficiency/complications , Risk Factors , Intubation, Intratracheal/methodsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Despite there being limited evidence, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has become a common treatment for acute respiratory failure (ARF). The aim of this study was to identify the predictive factors of NIV failure, in order to enable early detection of patients failing the treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study was conducted that included all ARF patients that received NIV as the initial treatment between 2005 and 2009 in a fourteen-bed Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary university hospital. Information was collected about the NIV, as well as clinical data prior to NIV, at 2, 8, 12, and 24hrs. The haemoglobin saturation (SpO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio (S/F) was retrospectively calculated. NIV failure was defined as the need for intubation or requiring rescue with bi-level pressure (BLPAP). Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 282 patients received non-invasive support, with 71 receiving Continuous Pressure (CPAP), and 211 with BLPAP treatment. The overall success rate was 71%. Patients receiving BLPAP vs. CPAP, patients with higher S/F ratios at 2hours (odds ratio [OR] 0.991, 95% CI 0.986-0.996, P=.001], and patients older than 6 months (Hazard ratio [HZ] 0.375, 95% CI 0.171-0.820, P=.014], were also more likely to fail. Patients with higher heart rates (HR) at 2hours (OR 1.021, 95% CI [1.008-1.034], P=.001) and higher inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) at 2hours were more prone to failure (HZ 1.214, 95% CI [1.046-1.408], P=.011). CONCLUSIONS: Age below 6 months, S/F ratio, HR, and IPAP at 2hours are independent predictive factors for initial NIV failure in paediatric patients with ARF admitted to the PICU.
Subject(s)
Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Noninvasive Ventilation , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Logistic Models , Male , Proportional Hazards Models , Prospective Studies , Treatment FailureABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: In primary immunodeficiencies there is a failure in the anti-tumor defense. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is one of the most common primary immunodeficiencies characterized by an alteration in the differentiation of B lymphocytes (BL). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an ubiquitous virus that selectively infects the BL. In patients with immunodeficiency, uncontrolled proliferation of infected BL and the action of viral proteins promote the development of lymphomas. Clinical cases: At the University Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, 28 patients were diagnosed with CVID from 2000 to 2013. This paper describes four patients who developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The lymphoma was associated with EBV in two of the cases. Patients were < 18 years old, diagnosed with lymphoma between 4 and 13 years old. Two patients were treated with rituximab as monotherapy and achieved complete remission. Two patients were treated with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone) and radiotherapy or rituximab and achieved complete remission. Conclusions: Early detection of EBV infections and NHL in all patients diagnosed with CVID is recommended, regardless of age at diagnosis.
Resumen Introducción: En las inmunodeficiencias primarias existe un fallo en la defensa antitumoral. La inmunodeficiencia variable común (IDVC) es una de las inmunodeficiencias primarias más frecuentes. Se caracteriza por una alteración en la diferenciación de linfocitos B (LB). El virus de Epstein-Barr (EBV) es un virus ubicuo que infecta de manera selectiva los LB. En pacientes con inmunodeficiencias, la proliferación incontrolada de LB infectados y la acción de proteínas virales promueve la aparición de linfomas. Casos clínicos: En el Hospital Universitario Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, se han diagnosticado 28 pacientes con IDVC del 2000 al 2013. En este trabajo se describen cuatro que desarrollaron linfoma no Hodgkin (NHL). El linfoma fue asociado a EBV en dos de ellos. Los pacientes eran menores de 18 años, con el linfoma diagnosticado entre los 4 y 13 años de edad. Dos de los pacientes fueron tratados con rituximab como monoterapia, y lograron la remisión completa. Dos fueron tratados con CHOP (ciclofosfamida, doxorrubicina, vincristina y prednisolona) y radioterapia o rituximab y también alcanzaron la remisión completa. Conclusiones: Se recomienda realizar la detección precoz de las infecciones por EBV y los NHL en todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de IDVC, independientemente de la edad del diagnóstico.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In primary immunodeficiencies there is a failure in the anti-tumor defense. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is one of the most common primary immunodeficiencies characterized by an alteration in the differentiation of B lymphocytes (BL). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an ubiquitous virus that selectively infects the BL. In patients with immunodeficiency, uncontrolled proliferation of infected BL and the action of viral proteins promote the development of lymphomas. CLINICAL CASES: At the University Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, 28 patients were diagnosed with CVID from 2000 to 2013. This paper describes four patients who developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The lymphoma was associated with EBV in two of the cases. Patients were<18 years old, diagnosed with lymphoma between 4 and 13 years old. Two patients were treated with rituximab as monotherapy and achieved complete remission. Two patients were treated with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone) and radiotherapy or rituximab and achieved complete remission. CONCLUSIONS: Early detection of EBV infections and NHL in all patients diagnosed with CVID is recommended, regardless of age at diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Severe invasive pneumococcal disease (SIPD) has high morbidity and mortality, conditioned by pneumococcus and host factors, such as Toll-like receptors and their Toll-IL1R common signaling pathway. The objectives of this study are (1) to correlate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in some Toll-IL1R signaling pathway proteins (IRAK1, IRAK4, IRAKM and MyD88) with SIPD by comparing patients versus healthy controls. (2) To determine whether these SNPs influence SIPD outcome. METHODS: Case-control prospective observational study: 60 pediatric patients with IPD and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and 120 healthy volunteers. Well-known immunodeficiencies were excluded. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: SNPs genotypes and alleles. Other variables: demographic, previous infections, and clinical, analytical and microbiological evolution data. RESULTS: We have detected significant disequilibrium of SNPs frequencies between SIPD patients and controls in rs1059701-CC (IRAK1; P = 0.0067), rs4251513-CC (IRAK4; P < 0.0001), rs1461567-T (IRAK4; P = 0.0158) and rs6853-AA (MyD88; P < 0.0001). SIPD patients showed significant association between: leukocytosis > 15,000/mmc and rs1059702-nonTT (IRAK1; P = 0.0460), pleuropneumonia and rs1624395-G (IRAKM; P = 0.0147), and rs1370128-C (IRAKM; P = 0.0055), sequelae, and rs4251513-nonGG (IRAK4; P = 0.0055), death and rs6853-nonAA (P = 0.0054) and rs6853-G (P = 0.0065; MyD88). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to show an association between SNPs in IRAK1, IRAK4 and MyD88, and the presence of SIPD. Our data showed that some SNPs may lead to a higher risk of developing SIPD while other are related with the outcome in SIPD patients. Following PIRO score (predisposition, insult, response, organ dysfunction), identifying SNPs predisposing to infectious diseases, such as SIPD might help stratify patients with severe infectious diseases and design specific treatments.
Subject(s)
Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases/genetics , Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics , Pneumococcal Infections/pathology , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Sepsis/pathology , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pneumococcal Infections/genetics , Prospective Studies , Sepsis/geneticsABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous primary immunodeficiency associated with an increased risk of malignancy in adulthood, with lymphoma as one of the major causes of death. The aim of this study is to describe those malignancies detected in our cohort of pediatric CVID patients. We reviewed the clinical and laboratory data and the treatments and their outcomes in all pediatric CVID patients from our institution that developed a neoplasia. Four malignancies were diagnosed in three out of 27 pediatric CVID patients. Three malignancies were non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) of B cell origin (mean age at diagnosis: 8 years old), and the remaining was a low-grade astrocytoma. Among NHL, two were mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas and one was associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. NHL developed before CVID diagnosis in two patients. CVID patients showed different clinical phenotypes and belonged to different groups according Euroclass and Pediatric classification criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Malignancies, especially lymphoma, may develop in pediatric CVID patients with no previous signs of lymphoid hyperplasia and even before CVID diagnosis. Consequently, strategies for cancer prevention and/or early diagnosis are required in pediatric CVID patients.
Subject(s)
Astrocytoma/diagnosis , Common Variable Immunodeficiency/complications , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/diagnosis , Adolescent , Astrocytoma/etiology , Astrocytoma/immunology , Child , Common Variable Immunodeficiency/immunology , Early Diagnosis , Female , Humans , Incidence , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/etiology , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology , Male , PhenotypeABSTRACT
The data of the ISAAC project in Spain show a prevalence of childhood asthma ranging from 7.1% to 15.3%, with regional differences; a higher prevalence, 22.6% to 35.8%, is described for rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis is found in 4.1% to 7.6% of children. The prevalence of food allergy is 3%. All children in Spain have the right to be visited in the National Health System. The medical care at the primary level is provided by pediatricians, who have obtained their titles through a 4-yr medical residency training program. The education on pediatric allergy during that period is not compulsory and thus very variable. There are currently 112 certified European pediatric allergists in Spain, who have obtained the accreditation of the European Union of Medical Specialist for proven skills and experience in pediatric allergy. Future specialists in pediatric allergy should obtain their titles through a specific education program to be developed in one of the four accredited training units on pediatric allergy, after obtaining the title on pediatrics. The Spanish Society of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology (SEICAP) gathers over 350 pediatric allergists and pediatricians working in this field. SEICAP has a growing activity including yearly congresses, continued education courses, elaboration of technical clinical documents and protocols, education of patients, and collaboration with other scientific societies and associations of patients. The official journal of SEICAP is Allergologia et Immunophatologia, published every 2 months since 1972. The web site of SEICAP, http://www.seicap.es, open since 2004, offers information for professionals and extensive information on pediatric allergic and immunologic disorders for the lay public; the web site is receiving 750 daily visits during 2011. The pediatric allergy units are very active in clinical work, procedures as immunotherapy or induction of oral tolerance in food allergy, contribution to scientific literature, and collaboration in international projects.