Income inequality and entrepreneurship: Lessons from the 2020 COVID-19 recession.

We study entry into entrepreneurship during the COVID-19 recession of 2020 using new data from an extensive survey of more than 24,000 Spanish households, conducted between June and November 2020. We find that while the overall decline in the startup rate in 2020 was large, and of a similar magnitude as that during the Great Recession, the differential impact depending on ex ante income was starkly different. During 2020, the drop in firm entry was entirely concentrated among low- and medium-income households. We show that the entrepreneurship gap between these households and their high-income counterparts is not directly explained by social distancing, since it is mostly driven by the sectors not directly affected by lockdown measures, and it is larger among households that did not suffer a negative income shock during the pandemic. Our results instead indicate that high-income households performed relatively better during the COVID-19 recession because they had the means to exploit new business opportunities, thanks to their larger wealth and better access to external finance.

Dispositional optimism and business recovery during a pandemic.

A large literature at the crossroads of biology and cognitive psychology has shown that individuals hold generally positive expectations about future events. Despite this evidence, to date it remains unclear whether optimism has positive or negative implications for entrepreneurial activities. We examine this question in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, which provides a unique way to study the role of optimism on the (in)ability of firms to overcome exogenous shocks. Using a large-scale longitudinal survey covering 1,632 UK firms, we find that entrepreneurs who score high on optimism were more likely to innovate and make organizational changes to their firms during the Covid-19 outbreak. Moreover, optimistic entrepreneurs experienced higher revenue growth during the pandemic. Collectively, our study sheds light on one of the psychological factors explaining why some firms can prosper and some others struggle in the wake of an external shock.

Síntomas y signos de la hipofunción vestibular unilateral y bilateral / Symptoms and signs of unilateral and bilateral vestibular hypofunction

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: La disfunción vestibular periférica implica a los órganos vestibulares o a los nervios vestibulares, produciendo una gran variedad de síntomas y signos clínicos. MÉTODO: Revisión narrativa. DISCUSIÓN: El otoneurólogo es el encargado de realizar una evaluación exhaustiva para llegar a identificar el trastorno que presenta el paciente que acude con vértigo o desequilibrio. La clave diagnóstica es la anamnesis profunda completada con un cuidadoso examen otoneurológico. Además, las nuevas tecnologías de estudio que han surgido en este campo permiten un cambio en la definición, caracterización y tratamiento de estas patologías. CONCLUSIONES: En la presente revisión narrativa se describirán los dos grandes grupos de deficiencia vestibular periférica: la vestibulopatía unilateral y bilateral

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Peripheral vestibular dysfunction involve the vestibular organs or the vestibular nerve producing a wide variety of symptoms and clinical signs. METHOD: Narrative revision. DISCUSSION: The otoneurologist is responsible for conducting an exhaustive evaluation to identify the pathology presented by the patient who has vertigo or imbalance. The key to the diagnosis is the deep history completed with a careful otoneurological examination. CONCLUSIONS: In the present narrative review, the two large groups of peripheral vestibular deficiency will be described: unilateral and bilateral vestibulopathy

Compensación vestibular / Vestibular compensation

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: La compensación vestibular es el conjunto de procesos que se ponen en marcha cuando tiene lugar una lesión a nivel vestibular sea cual sea el origen y la magnitud de la misma. a vez establecida la lesión los mecanismos de compensación del daño son variados y se establecen diferentes líneas de actuación. Para conocer cómo mejorar el estado de nuestros pacientes es importante saber cómo funciona la compensación vestibular y a qué niveles podemos actuar para acelerar el proceso de recuperación. CONCLUSIONES: Es importante conocer los mecanismos de compensación vestibular para adecuar la terapia a cada paciente y así mejorar su calidad de vida

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Vestibular compensation is the term used to describe the mechanisms triggered when there is damage in the vestibular system regardless of its origin. When suffering from an injure in vestibular area there are a wide range of compensatory responses that will involve different approaches. In order to improve the quality of life for our patients and to correctly work with them to accelerate the restoration process it is important to become acquainted with how vestibular compensation works. CONCLUSIONS: Vestibular compensation mechanisms are important to adapt the therapy to each patient and thus improve their quality of life

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most frequent peripheral vertigo in the elderly. It is a well-characterized entity and generally easy to treat. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the main symptoms, time to consult for the problem, vertigo characteristics, treatment and follow-up in patients over 70 with BPPV. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. Four hundred and four patients were diagnosed to have BPPV (between January 2006 and December 2012); 211 of them were ≥70 years old (mean 77.7 years) and 193 <70 years old (mean 53.82 years). RESULTS: Patients over 70 with BPPV took longer to consult for the problem (Spearman rho, p = 0.01). The frequency of a clinical presentation consisting of unsteadiness or imbalance without vertigo sensation is higher among elderly patients (χ(2), p = 10(-6)). The effectiveness of the repositioning maneuver is lower than in patients under 70 (χ(2), p = 0.002), and the recurrences are more frequent (χ(2), p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: BPPV is a frequent entity in the elderly, and it is necessary to take it into account when older patients complain about imbalance. An appropriate treatment with repositioning maneuvers and prolonged follow-up are required in order to detect recurrences.

Vertigo as the first sign of chronic myeloid leukemia: a case report and literature review.

Acute vestibular deficit as the first sign of leukemia is extremely rare. The literature shows some cases of sudden hearing loss accompanied by instability and associated with hyperviscosity syndrome. We present the case of a patient who presents a harmonic vestibular deficit of the right ear. The complementary studies revealed an abnormally high level of leukocytes. A peripheral blood cytogenetic analysis is performed due to a high suspicion of leukemia, and the results show BCR/ABL fusion gene with a cut point in the M-BCR region, which confirms the diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia. In this case we detail the importance of taking hematological disorders into consideration in the differential diagnosis of patients with otoneurological symptoms, and we also review the etiopathogenic mechanisms, symptoms, diagnosis, and therapeutic options for chronic myeloid leukemia with sudden hearing loss and vertigo.

Is benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood a migraine precursor?

INTRODUCTION: Benign Paroxysmal Vertigo of Childhood (BPVC) is a common cause of vertigo in children and it is characterized by recurrent attacks of vertigo without warning resolving spontaneously after minutes to hours. It has been considered the equivalent of migraine in childhood. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients diagnosed with BPVC were recruited between 1991 and 1997 with a follow up of at least 15 years. The incidence of migraine, inner ear disorders and family medical history is analyzed. RESULTS: The average age for the onset of the attacks of BPVC was 3 years and 11 months, and for spontaneous resolution, it was around 5 years and 7 months. The average age for follow up was 18 years. Nine patients developed migraine during adulthood. Nineteen of them had a family history of migraine. CONCLUSION: We have observed that the prevalence of migraine in patients that had been diagnosed with BPVC is higher than in the general population, which leads us to propose BPVC as a precursor of migraine during childhood.