Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Acute Toxicity of Caco Seed (Chrysobalanus icaco L.) in Murine Models.

Chysobalanus icaco L. (C. icaco) is a plant that is native to tropical America and Africa. It is also found in the southeast region of Mexico, where it is used as food and to treat certain diseases. This study aimed to carry out a phytochemical analysis of an aqueous extract of C. icaco seed (AECS), including its total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and condensed tannins (CT). It also aimed to examine the antioxidant and metal-ion-reducing potential of the AECS in vitro, as well as its toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect in mice. Antioxidant and metal-ion-reducing potential was examined by inhibiting DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. The acute toxicity test involved a single administration of different doses of the AECS (0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg body weight). Finally, a single administration at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg of the AECS was used in the carrageenan-induced model of subplantar acute edema. The results showed that the AECS contained 124.14 ± 0.32 mg GAE, 1.65 ± 0.02 mg EQ, and 0.910 ± 0.01 mg of catechin equivalents/g dried extract (mg EC/g de extract) for TPC, TFC and CT, respectively. In the antioxidant potential assays, the values of the median inhibition concentration (IC50) of the AECS were determined with DPPH (0.050 mg/mL), ABTS (0.074 mg/mL), and FRAP (0.49 mg/mL). Acute toxicity testing of the AECS revealed no lethality, with a median lethal dose (LD50) value of >2 g/kg by the intragastric route. Finally, for inhibition of acute edema, the AECS decreased inflammation by 55%, similar to indomethacin (59%, p > 0.05). These results demonstrated that C. icaco seed could be considered a source of bioactive molecules for therapeutic purposes due to its antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory activity derived from TPC, with no lethal effect from a single intragastric administration in mice.

Exploring the impact of encapsulation on the stability and bioactivity of peptides extracted from botanical sources: trends and opportunities.

Bioactive peptides derived from plant sources have gained significant attention for their potential use in preventing and treating chronic degenerative diseases. However, the efficacy of these peptides depends on their bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and stability. Encapsulation is a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic use of these compounds. It enhances their stability, prolongs their shelf life, protects them from degradation during digestion, and enables better release control by improving their bioaccessibility and bioavailability. This review aims to analyze the impact of various factors related to peptide encapsulation on their stability and release to enhance their biological activity. To achieve this, it is necessary to determine the composition and physicochemical properties of the capsule, which are influenced by the wall materials, encapsulation technique, and operating conditions. Furthermore, for peptide encapsulation, their charge, size, and hydrophobicity must be considered. Recent research has focused on the advancement of novel encapsulation methodologies that permit the formation of uniform capsules in terms of size and shape. In addition, it explores novel wall materials, including polysaccharides derived from unconventional sources, that allow the precise regulation of the rate at which peptides are released into the intestine.

Health-Related Composition and Bioactivity of an Agave Sap/Prickly Pear Juice Beverage.

In this study, a beverage made from a combination of Agave sap (AS) and prickly pear juice (PPJ) was analyzed for its nutrients and bioactive and potentially health-promoting compounds. The beverage was evaluated for its ability to act as an antioxidant, regulate glycemic properties, and undergo gut bacterial fermentation in vitro. The major mono- and oligosaccharides present in the beverage were galacturonic acid (217.74 ± 13.46 mg/100 mL), rhamnose (227.00 ± 1.58 mg/100 mL), and fructose (158.16 ± 8.86 mg/mL). The main phenolic compounds identified were protocatechuic acid (440.31 ± 3.06 mg/100 mL) and catechin (359.72 ± 7.56 mg/100 mL). It was observed that the beverage had a low glycemic index (<40) and could inhibit digestive carbohydrases. The combination of ingredients also helped to reduce gas production during AS fermentation from 56.77 cm3 to 15.67 cm3. The major SCFAs produced during fermentation were butyrate, acetate, and propionate, with valerate being produced only during the late fermentation of the AS. This beverage is rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols and dietary fiber, which will bring health benefits when consumed.

Isolation of Intestinal Macrophage Subpopulations for High-Quality Total RNA Purification in Zebrafish.

Intestinal macrophages have been poorly studied in fish, mainly due to the lack of specific molecular markers for their identification and isolation. To address this gap, using the zebrafish Tg(mpeg1:EGFP) transgenic line, we developed a fluorescence-activated cell sorting strategy (FACS) that allows us to isolate different intestinal macrophage subpopulations, based on GFP expression and morphological differences. Also, we achieved the purification of high-quality total RNA from each population to perform transcriptomic analysis. The complete strategy comprises three steps, including intestine dissection and tissue dissociation, the isolation of each intestinal macrophage population via FACS, and the extraction of total RNA. To be able to characterize molecularly different macrophage subpopulations and link them to their functional properties will allow us to unravel intestinal macrophage biology.

FLACS (Femtosecond-Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery) combined with pupiloplasty in iris-lens coloboma.

Purpose: To describe the use of FLACS (Femtosecond-Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery) and pupiloplasty technique employed in a cataract surgery associated with iris-lens-zonule coloboma, as well as to report the advantages that FLACS can provide in this type of complicated surgery. Observations: During FLACS (Victus® - TECHNOLAS, Bausch and Lomb Incorporated, USA), after the docking procedure, the parameters of capsulotomy, fragmentation and incisions were manually adjusted. Iris retractors were anchored to the edge of the anterior lens capsule to provide stability to the bag during phacoemulsification maneuvers, and a capsular tension ring and intraocular lens (IOL) were implanted. Iris repair was approached using a modification of the slip-knot technique. For this purpose, a 10.0 Prolene on a straight needle was used and knotted extraocularly, over the conjunctiva. Finally, an anterior vitrectomy was performed as a precaution. Conclusions and importance: In spite of the existing controversy regarding FLACS technology compared to conventional surgery, it seems to be beneficial in complicated cases such as cataracts associated with iris and lens coloboma, since it allows the modification of different parameters that facilitate and ensure surgery safety. On the other hand, the iris repair technique described facilitates manipulation of the iris sutures. In addition, complementary techniques such as the use of a capsular tension ring and pupiloplasty help to center and stabilize the IOL, and to reduce the symptoms derived from iris coloboma, obtaining a better visual quality.

The role of microbiota on rheumatoid arthritis onset.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and pain, which can lead to the loss of normal joint function. Although the exact cause of the disease is not yet fully understood, both environmental factors and genetics may play a role in its development. Moreover, research suggests microbiota contributes to the onset and progression of RA. People with RA show higher quantities of bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella copri, Proteus mirabilis, and Lactobacillus salivarius compared to healthy individuals. Conversely, studies propose that Lactobacillus casei, a probiotic bacterium with immunomodulatory properties, has beneficial effects for RA in murine and human models. Therefore, this work reviews the potential role of the gut microbiota in the development of RA and explores the feasibility of using probiotic bacteria as a supplementary treatment for this disease.

Leveraging Halogen Interactions for a Supramolecular Nanotube.

We demonstrate the formation of supramolecular nanotubes from molecular triangles in a single crystal by balancing the hydrogen bonds and halogen interactions between individual macrocycles. Thereby, we template the supramolecular nanotube growth by intermolecular interactions encoded directly in the macrocycles instead of those provided by the crystallization solvent. Ultimately, we show that replacing bromines for iodines in the macrocycle is necessary to achieve this supramolecular organization by enhancing the strength of the halogen interactions and concomitant reduction of the detrimental hydrogen bonds. We investigated the nature and the interplay of the individual intermolecular interactions by analysis of the experimental single crystal data and quantum chemical calculations. This work enriches the available toolbox of supramolecular interactions and will aid and abet the development of rationally-designed materials with a long-range 1D tubular organization.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation phenotype is regulated by the TRPM7 channel during sepsis

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is an uncontrolled inflammatory response against a systemic infection that results in elevated mortality, mainly induced by bacterial products known as endotoxins, producing endotoxemia. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is frequently observed in septic patients and is associated with organ failure and death. Sepsis activates endothelial cells (ECs), promoting a prothrombotic phenotype contributing to DIC. Ion channel mediated calcium permeability participates in coagulation. The transient reception potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) non-selective divalent cation channel that also contains an α-kinase domain, which is permeable to divalent cations including Ca2+, regulates endotoxin-stimulated calcium permeability in ECs and is associated with increased mortality in septic patients. However, whether endothelial TRPM7 mediates endotoxemia-induced coagulation is not known. Therefore, our aim was to examine if TRPM7 mediates coagulation during endotoxemia. RESULTS: The results showed that TRPM7 regulated endotoxin-induced platelet and neutrophil adhesion to ECs, dependent on the TRPM7 ion channel activity and by the α-kinase function. Endotoxic animals showed that TRPM7 mediated neutrophil rolling on blood vessels and intravascular coagulation. TRPM7 mediated the increased expression of the adhesion proteins, von Willebrand factor (vWF), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and P-selectin, which were also mediated by the TRPM7 α-kinase function. Notably, endotoxin-induced expression of vWF, ICAM-1 and P-selectin were required for endotoxin-induced platelet and neutrophil adhesion to ECs. Endotoxemic rats showed increased endothelial TRPM7 expression associated with a procoagulant phenotype, liver and kidney dysfunction, increased death events and an increased relative risk of death. Interestingly, circulating ECs (CECs) from septic shock patients (SSPs) showed increased TRPM7 expression associated with increased DIC scores and decreased survival times. Additionally, SSPs with a high expression of TRPM7 in CECs showed increased mortality and relative risk of death. Notably, CECs from SSPs showed significant results from the AUROC analyses for predicting mortality in SSPs that were better than the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that sepsis-induced DIC is mediated by TRPM7 in ECs. TRPM7 ion channel activity and α-kinase function are required by DIC-mediated sepsis-induced organ dysfunction and its expression are associated with increased mortality during sepsis. TRPM7 appears as a new prognostic biomarker to predict mortality associated to DIC in SSPs, and as a novel target for drug development against DIC during infectious inflammatory diseases.

Risk factors for severe postoperative complications after gastrectomy for gastric and esophagogastric junction cancers / Fatores de risco para complicações pós-operatórias graves após gastrectomia por câncer do estômago e junção esofagogástrica

ABSTRACT Background: Gastrectomy is the main treatment for gastric and Siewert type II-III esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancer. This surgery is associated with significant morbidity. Total morbidity rates vary across different studies and few have evaluated postoperative morbidity according to complication severity. Aim: To identify the predictors of severe postoperative morbidity. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study from a prospective database. We included patients treated with gastrectomy for gastric or EGJ cancers between January 2012 and December 2016 at a single center. Severe morbidity was defined as Clavien-Dindo score ≥3. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of severe morbidity. Results: Two hundred and eighty-nine gastrectomies were performed (67% males, median age: 65 years). Tumor location was EGJ in 14%, upper third of the stomach in 30%, middle third in 26%, and lower third in 28%. In 196 (67%), a total gastrectomy was performed with a D2 lymph node dissection in 85%. Two hundred and eleven patients (79%) underwent an open gastrectomy. T status was T1 in 23% and T3/T4 in 68%. Postoperative mortality was 2.4% and morbidity rate was 41%. Severe morbidity was 11% and was mainly represented by esophagojejunostomy leak (2.4%), duodenal stump leak (2.1%), and respiratory complications (2%). On multivariate analysis, EGJ location and T3/T4 tumors were associated with a higher rate of severe postoperative morbidity. Conclusion: Severe postoperative morbidity after gastrectomy was 11%. Esophagogastric junction tumor location and T3/T4 status are risk factors for severe postoperative morbidity.

RESUMO Raciona l: A gastrectomia é o tratamento principal para o câncer de junção esofagogástrica (EGJ) e Siewert tipo II-III. Ela está associada à morbidade significativa. As taxas de morbidade total variam entre os diferentes estudos e poucos avaliaram a morbidade pós-operatória de acordo com a gravidade da complicação. Objetivo: Identificar os preditores de morbidade pós-operatória grave. Métodos: Este foi um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de um banco de dados prospectivo. Foram incluídos pacientes tratados com gastrectomia para câncer gástrico ou EGJ em um único centro. A morbidade severa foi definida como escore de Clavien-Dindo ≥3. Análise multivariada foi realizada para identificar preditores de morbidade grave. Resultados: Duzentos e oitenta e nove gastrectomias foram realizadas (67% homens, mediana de idade: 65 anos). A localização do tumor foi EGJ em 14%, o terço superior do estômago em 30%, o terço médio em 26% e o terço inferior em 28%. Em 196 (67%), foi realizada gastrectomia total com dissecção de linfonodos D2 em 85%. Duzentos e onze pacientes (79%) foram submetidos à gastrectomia aberta. O estado T foi T1 em 23% e T3/T4 em 68%. A mortalidade pós-operatória foi de 2,4% e a taxa de morbidade foi de 41%. A morbidade severa foi de 11% e foi representada principalmente por fístula esofagojejunal (2,4%), fístula duodenal (2,1%) e complicações respiratórias (2%). Na análise multivariada, a localização do EGJ e os tumores T3/T4 foram associados com maior morbidade pós-operatória grave. Conclusão: Morbidade pós-operatória severa após gastrectomia foi de 11%. A localização do tumor na junção esofagogástrica e o estado T3/T4 são fatores de risco para a morbidade pós-operatória grave.

Survival and perioperative morbidity of totally laparoscopic versus open gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: analysis from a single latin american centre / Comparação da sobrevida e morbidade perioperatória da gastrectomia totalmente laparoscópica vs. laparotômica para tratamento do câncer gástrico precoce em um centro latino-americano

ABSTRACT Background: Laparoscopic gastrectomy has numerous perioperative advantages, but the long-term survival of patients after this procedure has been less studied. Aim: To compare survival, oncologic and perioperative outcomes between completely laparoscopic vs. open gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Methods: This study was retrospective, and our main outcomes were the overall and disease-specific 5-year survival, lymph node count and R0 resection rate. Our secondary outcome was postoperative morbidity. Results: Were included 116 patients (59% men, age 68 years, comorbidities 73%, BMI 25) who underwent 50 laparoscopic gastrectomies and 66 open gastrectomies. The demographic characteristics, tumour location, type of surgery, extent of lymph node dissection and stage did not significantly differ between groups. The overall complication rate was similar in both groups (40% vs. 28%, p=ns), and complications graded at least Clavien 2 (36% vs. 18%, p=0.03), respiratory (9% vs. 0%, p=0.03) and wound-abdominal wall complications (12% vs. 0%, p=0.009) were significantly lower after laparoscopic gastrectomy. The lymph node count (21 vs. 23 nodes; p=ns) and R0 resection rate (100% vs. 96%; p=ns) did not significantly differ between groups. The 5-year overall survival (84% vs. 87%, p=0.31) and disease-specific survival (93% vs. 98%, p=0.20) did not significantly differ between the laparoscopic and open gastrectomy groups. Conclusion: The results of this study support similar oncologic outcome and long-term survival for patients with early gastric cancer after laparoscopic gastrectomy and open gastrectomy. In addition, the laparoscopic approach is associated with less severe morbidity and a lower occurrence of respiratory and wound-abdominal wall complications.

RESUMO Racional: A gastrectomia laparoscópica tem numerosas vantagens perioperatórias, mas a sobrevivência em longo prazo após este procedimento tem sido menos estudada. Objetivo: Comparar resultados de sobrevivência, oncológica e perioperatória entre a gastrectomia completamente laparoscópica vs. aberta para câncer gástrico precoce. Método: Este estudo foi retrospectivo e os principais resultados foram a sobrevivência global e específica de cinco anos, contagem de linfonodos e taxa de ressecção R0. Resultado secundário foi a morbidade pós-operatória. Resultados: Foram incluídos 116 pacientes (59% homens, idade 68 anos, comorbidades 73%, IMC 25) que foram submetidos a 50 gastrectomias laparoscópicas e 66 gastrectomias abertas. As características demográficas, a localização do tumor, o tipo de operação, a extensão da dissecção dos linfonodos e do estágio não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. A taxa geral de complicações foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (40% vs. 28%, p=ns) e complicações classificadas Clavien 2 (36% vs. 18%, p=0,03), respiratórias (9% vs. 0%, p=0,03) e as da parede abdominal (12% vs. 0%, p=0,009) foram significativamente menores após a gastrectomia laparoscópica. A contagem de linfonodos (21 contra 23, p=ns) e a taxa de ressecção R0 (100% vs. 96%; p=ns) não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. A sobrevida global de cinco anos (84% vs. 87%, p=0,31) e a sobrevida específica (93% vs. 98%, p=0,20) não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos de gastrectomia laparoscópica e aberta. Conclusão: Estes resultados suportam resultados oncológicos similares e sobrevida em longo prazo para pacientes com câncer gástrico precoce após gastrectomia laparoscópica e gastrectomia aberta. Além disso, a abordagem laparoscópica está associada com morbidade menos grave e menor ocorrência de complicações respiratórias e da parede abdominal.

Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica, perspectivas de uso en oftalmología. Revisión bibliográfica / Optical Coherence Tomography, perspectives for use in ophtalmology. Literature review

Introducción: la tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT por sus siglas en inglés) es un tipo de examen de imagen no invasivo que usa ondas de luz para obtener imágenes digitales de alta resolución de tejidos, a nivel microscópico. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer las perspectivas de uso en el ámbito de la oftalmología de la OCT. Metodología: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica narrativa usando artículos científicos relacionados al tema, tanto en inglés como en español, extraídos de Pubmed, Latindex, Scielo y Lilacs. La información más relevante según el criterio de los autores fue extraída y sintetizada en el presente artículo. Resultados y Discusión: nuestros hallazgos resaltan la importancia de la OCT en oftalmología, especialmente en el diagnóstico temprano y siguimiento terapeútico de pacientes con patologías oculares. Conclusiones: se debe considerar el uso rutinario de OCT en la consulta de oftalmología, ya que constituye un examen de imagen confiable, no invasivo y con una amplitud de usos.

Introduction: optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a type of non­invasive imaging test that uses light waves to obtain digital high resolution images of tissues at a microscopical level. Objective: the objective of the present study was to know more about perspectives of use in ophtalmology of OCT. Methodology: we performeda a narrative literature review, using cientific articles related to the topic, both in English and Spanish; the articles were extracted from Pubmed, Latindex, Scielo and Lilacs. The most relevant information according to the criterion of the authors was extracted and synthesized and in the present article. Results and Discussion: our findings highlilght the importance of OCT in ophtalmology, spcially in relation to diagnosis and therapeutic follow­up of patients with ocular pathologies. Conclusions: it is worth to consider the routine use of OCT in ophtalmogy consultations since it is relible imaging test, non­invasive and with amplitude of uses.

Experiencia inicial con esofagectomia mínimamente invasiva transtorácica en posición semiprono por cáncer esofágico / Initial experience with minimally invasive transtoraxic esophagectomy in semiprone position for esophageal cancer

Resumen Introducción El tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer esofágico se asocia a una alta morbimortalidad. El abordaje mínimamente invasivo se ha introducido con el objetivo de disminuir la morbilidad postoperatoria. Objetivo Describir la técnica y los resultados de la esofagectomía mínimamente invasiva (EMI) transtorácica en posición semiprono. Métodos Estudio de cohorte descriptivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con una EMI electiva por cáncer entre abril de 2013 y mayo de 2017. Se registraron variables demográficas, perioperatorias, anatomía patológica y la sobrevida. Resultados Incluimos 33 pacientes (24 hombres, edad 69 años, 91% con comorbilidades). La ubicación predominante del tumor fue en los tercios medio e inferior del esófago (90%). Quince (45%) pacientes recibieron neoadyuvancia. No existieron casos de conversión a toracotomías. La reconstrucción se realizó con estómago en un 93%. Se realizó anastomosis cervical en 66% y torácica en 30%. El tiempo operatorio fue de 420 (330-570) minutos y el sangrado de 200 (20-700) cc. La mortalidad a 90 días fue de 0%. La morbilidad global fue de 78%, se registró un 15% de neumonía y un 9% requirió una reoperación. La estadía hospitalaria fue de 23 (11-81) días. La histología fue carcinoma escamoso en 51% y adenocarcinoma en 45%. Los márgenes fueron RO en 87%. El recuento ganglionar alcanzó 30 (9-45) ganglios. La sobrevida global a 2 años es 68%. Conclusión Los resultados preliminares de esta técnica son favorables; sin ningún caso de mortalidad postoperatoria. Los resultados oncológicos demuestran un alto porcentaje de cirugía RO y adecuado recuento ganglionar.

Introduction Surgical treatment of esophageal cancer is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The minimally invasive approach has been introduced with the aim of reducing postoperative morbidity. Aim To describe the surgical technique and the results of transthoracic minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) in semiprone position. Material and Methods Descriptive cohort study. Patients with an elective MIE for cancer were included between April 2013 and May 2017. Demographic, perioperative, pathology and survival variables were recorded. Results We included 33 patients (24 men, age 69 years, 91% with comorbidities). The predominant location of the tumor was in the middle and lower thirds of the esophagus (90%). Fifteen (45%) patients received neoadjuvant treatment. There were no cases of conversion to thoracotomy. The reconstruction was performed with stomach in 93%. Cervical anastomosis was performed in 66% and thoracic anastomosis in 30%. The operative time was 420 (330-570) minutes and bleeding 200 (20-700) cc. The 90-day mortality rate was 0%. Overall morbidity was 78%, there was a 15% occurrence of pneumonia and 9% required a reoperation. The hospital stay was 23 (11-81) days. The histology was squamous carcinoma in 51% and adenocarcinoma in 45%. Margins were RO at 87%. The lymph node count reached 30 (9-45) lymph nodes. Overall 2-year survival is 68%. Conclusion The preliminary results of this technique are favorable, without any case of postoperative mortality. The oncological results demonstrate a high percentage of RO surgery and adequate lymph node count.

Aplicación de la ingeniería de tejidos y nuevas tecnologías a los implantes faciales / Application of tissue engineering and new technologies for implants facials

El presente artículo analiza los biomateriales destinados a la estética facial, sus aplicaciones terapéuticas, y expone los sintetizados por los autores. En los últimos años, el manejo del envejecimiento facial ha sufrido una verdadera revolución, gracias a la introducción de nuevas técnicas de rejuvenecimiento, y el desarrollo de biomateriales seguros y efi caces. El envejecimiento es un proceso cronológico, con una alteración intrínseca en todos los planos faciales determinada por factores genéticos e infl uenciada por factores ambientales. Esto provoca el inicio de arrugas fi nas, que dan lugar a fi suras o surcos en diferentes zonas del rostro. Su tratamiento requiere sustancias de relleno, que se utilizan para ocupar o expandir el espacio disminuido y otorgan aumento de volumen. Los implantes representan alternativas, que cuentan con diferentes formas, clasifi cadas de acuerdo con su duración en el organismo. En la actualidad, la posibilidad de la aplicación de la ingeniería de tejidos y los biomateriales a la estética permite la creación de prótesis o implantes personalizados para cada paciente. Esta sinergia tecnológica tiene la capacidad de estimular los procesos reparativos, integrar el implante al huésped, o incluso sembrarlo con células madre autólogas. Todo esto es completamente viable en la Argentina actual.

The present article analyzes the biomaterials destined to facial aesthetics, their therapeutic applications, and exposes the synthetized by authors. In recent years, the management of facial rejuvenation has undergone a real revolution, with the introduction of new techniques for rejuvenation, and the development of safe and eff ective biomaterials. Aging is a chronological process, which is identifi ed as intrinsic alteration in all the facial planes, determined by genetic factors, and infl uenced by environmental factors, causing the start of fi ne of lines, that result in fi ssures or furrows in forehead, eyebrows, mouth and naso-genian furrow. The grafts or implants represent alternatives, which account with diff erent forms, classifi ed by their lasting in organism. To this respect, the possibility of the application of tissue and biomaterial engineering to aesthetics, allow the creation of costume made prostheses and implants. This technological synergy have the capability of stimulate the repairing processes and integrate the implant to host, and inclusive, seeding it with stem cells. All these aspects are completely viable in the actual Argentina.

Ley caótica exponencial de los sistemas dinámicos cardiacos para evaluación del Holter: 16 horas / Exponential chaotic law of cardiac dynamical systems for Holter evaluation: 16 hours

Introducción. En un estudio previo se realizó una reducción a 16 horas en la evaluación de la ley exponencial de la dinámica cardiaca caótica, mostrando su efectividad en la caracterización de enfermedad y normalidad. Objetivo. Confirmar la aplicabilidad clínica de la ley matemática exponencial para evaluar la dinámica cardiaca caótica a partir de los registros Holter en 16 horas, observando su utilidad diagnóstica al disminuir su tiempo de evaluación. Diseño. Estudio observacional de corte trasversal donde se avaluó los parámetros electrocardiográficos mediante metodologías físico matemáticas inductivas con una confirmación estadística. Metodología. Se tomaron 100 registros Holter con diferentes tipos de patología, y 40 Holter que fueron diagnosticados como normales. Para cada Holter se construyó un atractor caótico, y midiendo sus espacios de ocupación y dimensión fractal se aplicó la evaluación matemática para diferenciar normalidad de enfermedad. Finalmente se realizaron medidas de concordancia diagnostica respecto al estándar de oro. Resultados. La ocupación espacial de todos los atractores estuvieron dentro de los valores esperados; los registros normales presentaron en la rejilla Kp valores entre 205 y 423. Para los registros con enfermedad aguda, estos valores oscilaron entre 21 y 65; y para los registros de enfermedad crónica estos valores estuvieron entre 104 y 195. Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad fueron de 100% y el coeficiente Kappa fue de 1. Conclusión. El presente estudio muestra la aplicabilidad clínica de esta metodología para la evaluación en 16 horas de registros electrocardiográficos continuos o Holter.

Introduction: In a previous study, a 16-hour reduction in the evaluation of the exponential law of chaotic cardiac dynamics was done, showing its effectiveness in the characterization of disease and normality. Objective: To confirm the clinical applicability of the exponential mathematical law to evaluate chaotic cardiac dynamics from the Holter registers in 16 hours, observing its diagnostic utility when reducing its evaluation time. Design: Cross-sectional observational study where the electrocardiographic parameters were evaluated using inductive mathematical methodologies with statistical confirmation. Methodology: We obtained 100 Holter records from patients with different types of pathology, and 40 Holter that were diagnosed as normal. For each Holter, a chaotic attractor was constructed, and measuring their spaces of occupation and fractal dimension, the mathematical evaluation to differentiate normality of disease was applied. Finally, we calculated measures of diagnostic concordance in accordance with the gold standard. Results: The spatial occupation of all the attractors was within the expected values; the normal records had values in the Kp grid between 205 and 423. For the records with acute disease, these values ranged from 21 y 65; and for chronic disease registries these values ranged from 104 y 195. The values of sensitivity and specificity were 100% and the Kappa coefficient was 1. Conclusion: The present study shows the clinical applicability of this methodology for the evaluation in 16 hours of continuous electrocardiographic or Holter registers.

Caracterización física, nutricional y no nutricional de las semillas de Inga paterno / Physical, nutritional and non nutritional characterization of Inga paterno seeds

Inga paterno is a tree legume present in various states of Mexico whose sheath is consumed in someplaces as a fruit due seed coat is sweet (Aryl). Seeds are not commonly consumed and there are few studies about its composition. The physical characteristics, nutritional and non-nutritional composition of Inga paterno seeds from México State and Puebla were analyzed. The seeds showed a significant proportion of protein and lipid. The oil from the seeds showed higher proportion of palmitic acid. Non-nutritional compounds such as phenolics, tannins, phytates, saponins and trypsin inhibitors were quantified. The seeds of the two sources of origin showed no statistically significant difference in their physical, chemical and non-nutritional characteristics; however, unlike other legumes, they exhibit high saponins content and high inhibitory trypsin activity.

Inga paterno es una leguminosa arbórea, que crece varios estados de México. La vaina se consume como fruto, debido a la cubierta dulce (Arilo) de la semilla. Ésta última, no es comúnmente consumida. Las características físicas, composición nutricional y el contenido de compuestos no nutricionales presentes en las semillas de Inga paterno provenientes de los Estados de México y Puebla fueron analizados, mostrando que las semillas son de 1.6 y 1.9 cm largo y 0.9 y 1.08 cm de ancho. Los componentes químicos principales son: proteína (20.42 y 21.59 g/100 g), carbohidratos (28.99 y 36.15 g/100 g), lípidos (9.62 y 8.55 g/100 g) para las procedentes de Ozumba y Tochimilco, respectivamente. Los aceites de las semillas de Inga paterno presentaron una proporción importante de ácido palmítico, así como ácidos 7-octadecanoico, oleico, linoleico y alfa linolénico. Se cuantificaron los compuestos no nutricionales como fenólicos (0.55 y 0.54 mg eq. de ácido gálico/g), taninos (1.46 y 1.51 mg eq. de (+)-catequina/g), fitatos (2.66 y 2.04 mg de ácido fítico/g), saponinas (32.35 y 33.38 mg de diosgenina/g) e inhibidores de tripsina (311.97 y 351.21 mg de tripsina pura inhibida/g de muestra). Ambas semillas analizadas no presentaron diferencia estadísticamente significativa en sus características físicas, químicas y no nutricionales; sin embargo, éstas presentan una elevada actividad inhibitoria de tripsina comparada con otras leguminosas.

Disminución de la grasa corporal mediante ejercicio físico intermitente de alta intensidad y consejería nutricional en sujetos con sobrepeso u obesidad / Effects of 12 sessions of high intensity intermittent training and nutrition counseling on body fat in obese and overweight participants

Background: The search of efficient exercise alternatives to treat obesity is worthwhile. Aim: To demonstrate the effect of high intensity intermittent exercise on body fat reduction in overweight and obese subjects. Material and Methods: A group of 65 overweight and obese adult subjects (25 men), aged 18-65 years, participated during 12 sessions in a high intensity physical exercise program, 3 days/week. Weight, height and body fat was measured before and after the intervention by bioimpedance. Each session consisted of 1 min stationary cycling exercise at high intensity, followed by 2 min inactive rest. This cycle was repeated 10 times, thus the method is called 1*2*10. Results: There was a significant reduction of body fat of -1.88 ± 2.8 and -3.44 ± 2.7 kg, in women and men, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The 1*2*10 training protocol lasting 12 weeks in association with nutrition counseling is effective in reducing body fat in overweight persons.

Recuperación cardiovascular durante ejercicio intermitente en pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes tipo 2 altamente adherentes / Cardiovascular recovery during intermittent exercise in highly-adherent partic pants with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Despite the evidence supporting metabolic benefits of high intensity interval exercise (HIIT), there is little information about the cardiovascular response to this type of exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension (HTA). Aim: To analyze the changes in heart rate at rest, at the onset and at the end of each interval of training, after twelve weeks of a HIIT program in T2D and HTA patients. Material and Methods: Twenty-three participants with T2D and HTA (20 women) participated in a controlled HIIT program. Fourteen participants attended 90% of more session of exercise and were considered as adherent. Adherent and non-adherent participants had similar body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure. A “1x2x10” (work: rest-time: intervals) HIIT exercise protocol was used both as a test and as training method during twelve weeks. The initial and finishing heart rate (HR) of each of the ten intervals before and after the intervention were measured. Results: After twelve weeks of HIIT intervention, adherent participants had a significant reduction in the heart rate at the onset of exercise, and during intervals 4, 5, 8 and 10. A reduction in the final heart rate was observed during intervals 8 and 10. In the same participants the greatest magnitude of reduction, at the onset or end of exercise was approximately 10 beats/min. No significant changes in BMI, resting heart rate and blood pressure were observed. Conclusions: A HIIT program reduces the cardiovascular effort to a given work-load and improves cardiovascular recovery after exercise.

Interacción entre farmacoterapia hipotensiva y terapia con ejercicio físico requiere regulación farmacológica en pacientes hipertensos / Interaction between antihypertensive therapy and exercise training therapy requires drug regulation in hypertensive patients

Background: Exercise training could interact with the pharmacological therapy of hypertension, increasing the effects of these medications. Aim: To assess the effects of 12 weeks of physical training on blood pressure of hypertensive or diabetic patients, already receiving pharmacological therapy. Material and methods: Twelve participants with diabetes and hypertension, 16 participants with hypertension and 18 healthy participants were studied. During six weeks no intervention was carried out, except the treatment for their underlying conditions. During the ensuing six weeks, participants were subjected 12 sessions of physical training. Blood pressure was measured at baseline and after six and twelve weeks of intervention. Results: During the period without physical training, no changes in blood pressure were observed. After the physical training intervention systolic blood pressure decreased by 16, 17 and 20 mm Hg in participants with diabetes and hypertension, participants with hypertension and healthy participants, respectively. Diastolic blood pressure decreased by 9 and 6 mmHg in participants with diabetes and hypertension and hypertension alone, respectively. Conclusions: There is a decrease in blood pressure among hypertensive participants receiving pharmacological therapy, after a period of physical training.

Gastrectomía totalmente laparoscópica por neoplasias gástricas: Experiencia en un centro público / Totally laparoscopic gastrectomy for the treatment of gastric tumors

Background: The laparoscopic approach for the treatment of gastric tumors has many advantages. Aim: To evaluate the results of a laparoscopic gastrectomy program developed in a public hospital. Patients and Methods: Retrospective review of epidemiological, perioperative and follow-up data of patients who were treated with a laparoscopic gastrectomy due to gastric tumors between 2006 and 2013. A totally laparoscopic technique was used for all cases. Complications were evaluated according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Results: Fifty one patients, aged 65 (36-85) years, underwent a laparoscopic gastrectomy. In 22 patients a total gastrectomy was performed. Conversion rate to open surgery was 8%. Operative time was 330 (90-500) min and bleeding was 200 (20-500) ml. Median hospital stay was 7 (3-37) days. Postoperative morbidity was present in 17 (33%) patients, 3 (6%) patients had complications grade 3 or higher and one patient died (1.9%). Tumor pathology was adenocarcinoma in 39 patients. A complete resection was achieved in 97%. Twenty nine patients (74%) with gastric adenocarcinoma had early gastric cancer and 84% of patients were in stage one. Median lymph node count was 24. Median follow-up was 26 (1-91) months. There was no cancer related mortality among patients subjected to a curative resection. Overall survival for patients with adenocarcinoma was 92% at 3 years. Conclusions: This study supports the feasibility and safety of a laparoscopic gastrectomy program in a public hospital; with low morbidity, adequate lymph node dissection and long-term survival. This approach must be considered an option for selected patients with gastric cancer.