Time-efficient germ cell transplantation from goldfish (Carassius auratus) into adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Germ cell transplantation in fish is a promising technique for surrogate broodstock parents with broader application in aquaculture and conserving endangered and valuable genetic resources. Herein, we describe the establishment of an intrapapillary xenogeneic transplant of germ cells from sexually mature goldfish (C. auratus) males into common carp (C. carpio) males cytoablated with a thermochemical treatment (two doses of busulfan at 40 mg/kg at 35°C). To analyze the presence and development of donor germ cells in recipient testes, donor germ cells were labeled with PKH26, a fluorescent cell membrane dye, before transplantation. Our results demonstrated that thermochemical treatment caused effective spermatogenesis suppression and pronounced germ cell loss. Moreover, transplanted spermatogonial cells were able to colonize the recipients' testes, resume spermatogenesis, and generate spermatozoa within eight weeks after germ cell transplantation. These findings suggested that recipient testes provided suitable conditions for the survival, colonization, proliferation, and differentiation of donor spermatogonia from a related species. This study indicated that recipients' testes exhibited a high degree of plasticity to accept and support xenogeneic donor germ cells, which were able to form sperm in a short time frame. This approach has significant implications for assisted animal reproduction, biotechnology, conservation, and the production of valuable genetic resources and endangered fish species.

The Use of Menthol in Skin Wound Healing-Anti-Inflammatory Potential, Antioxidant Defense System Stimulation and Increased Epithelialization.

Wound healing involves inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases, in which various cells and chemical intermediates are involved. This study aimed to investigate the skin wound healing potential of menthol, as well as the mechanisms involved in its effect, after 3, 7, or 14 days of treatment, according to the phases of wound healing. Skin wound was performed in the back of Wistar rats, which were topically treated with vehicle cream; collagenase-based cream (1.2 U/g); or menthol-based cream at 0.25%, 0.5%, or 1.0% over 3, 7, or 14 days. Menthol cream at 0.5% accelerated the healing right from the inflammatory phase (3 days) by decreasing mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and Il-6. At the proliferative phase (7 days), menthol 0.5% increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, GR, and GPx, as well as the level of GSH, in addition to decreasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß and augmenting mRNA expression for Ki-67, a marker of cellular proliferation. At the remodeling phase (14 days), levels of inflammatory cytokines were decreased, and the level of Il-10 and its mRNA expression were increased in the menthol 0.5% group. Menthol presented skin wound healing activity by modulating the antioxidant system of the cells and the inflammatory response, in addition to stimulating epithelialization.

Corrigendum to "Lupeol, a Dietary Triterpene, Enhances Wound Healing in Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats with Modulatory Effects on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Angiogenesis".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2019/3182627.].

Lupeol, a Dietary Triterpene, Enhances Wound Healing in Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats with Modulatory Effects on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Angiogenesis.

Impaired wound healing is a debilitating complication of diabetes that leads to significant morbidity, particularly foot ulcers. Natural products have shown to be effective in treating skin wounds. Lupeol is known to stimulate angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and expressions of cytokines and growth factors involved in wound healing. The study is performed to evaluate the wound healing activity of lupeol in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats by macroscopical, histological, immunohistochemical, immunoenzymatic, and molecular methods. Percentage of wound closure and contraction was increased in the lupeol-treated group when compared to the Lanette group. Histopathological observation revealed decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and increased proliferation of fibroblasts, vascularization, and deposition of collagen fibers after lupeol treatment. Immunohistochemical analyses showed decreased intensity of NF-κB and increased intensity of FGF-2, TGF-ß1, and collagen III. ELISA results revealed downregulated IL-6 levels and upregulated IL-10 levels in response to lupeol. The mRNA expression levels of Hif-1α, Sod-2, and Ho-1 were significantly increased in response to lupeol as compared to Lanette whereas Nf-κb and Vegf-A levels were decreased in relation to insulin and lupeol treatment. These findings indicate that lupeol possesses wound healing potential in hyperglycemic conditions and may be useful as a treatment for chronic wounds in diabetic patients.

Skin Wound Healing Potential and Mechanisms of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Leaves and Oleoresin of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Kuntze in Rats.

The wound healing is a complex process which, sometimes, can be a problem in public health because of the possibility of physical disability or even death. Due to the lack of a gold standard drug in skin wound treatment and aiming at the discovery of new treatments in skin repair and the mechanisms involved in the process, we used oleoresin (OR) from Copaifera langsdorffii and hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves (EH) to treat rat skin wounds. For that, male Wistar rats were divided into groups (n = 8): Lanette, Collagenase, 10% EH, or 10% OR and, after anesthesia, one wound of 2 cm was made in the back of animals. The wounds were treated once a day for 3, 7, or 14 days and the wound areas were measured. The rats were euthanized and skin samples destined to biochemical, molecular, and immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed a macroscopic retraction of the wounds of 10% EH and 10% OR creams and both treatments showed anti-inflammatory activity. Molecular and immunohistochemical results demonstrated the activity of Copaifera langsdorffii creams in angiogenesis, reepithelialization, wound retraction, and remodeling mechanisms.

Karyotype description of possible new species of the Hypostomus ancistroides complex (Teleostei: Loricariidae) and other Hypostominae / Descrição cariotípica de possíveis novas espécies do complexo Hypostomus ancistroides e outros Hypostominae

Cytogenetic analyses were performed in four species of the Hypostominae subfamily, three from Hypostomus (Hypostomini) genus and Rhinelepis aspera (Rhinelepini). Three populations of Hypostomus ancistroides were analyzed, which had 2n=68 chromosomes, but presented different karyotype formulas. Hypostomus regani and H. strigaticeps, both from Ivaí river, showed 2n=72 chromosomes with two distinct cytotypes. In turn, R. aspera of the upper Paraná river basin presented 2n=54 chromosome. Multiple Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) have been evidenced by silver nitrate staining in species of Hypostomus and single NOR in R. aspera. The observed variation in the chromosome number and the marked variability in karyotype formulas and NORs reveal a certain amount of karyotype variation in the genus Hypostomus suggesting the probable existence of cryptic species with independent chromosome traits. Therefore, our data can be of great value in discriminating species and understanding their chromosomal evolution.

Foram analisadas três populações de peixes identificadas como Hypostomus ancistroides, as quais apresentaram 2n=68 cromossomos, com distintas fórmulas cariotípicas. Hypostomus regani e H. strigaticeps, ambas do rio Ivaí, apresentaram 2n=72 cromossomos com citótipos distintos. Rinelepis aspera da bacia do alto rio Paraná apresentou 2n=54 cromossomos. Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) múltiplas foram evidenciadas por nitrato de Prata para as espécies do gênero Hypostomus e NOR simples para R. aspera. A variação de número cromossômico observada, como também a acentuada variação nas fórmulas cariotípicas e nas NORs, são discutidas, sugerindo a existência de possíveis espécies crípticas com caracteres cromossômicos independentes. Portanto, nossos dados podem ser de grande valia na discriminação das espécies e no entendimento de sua evolução cromossômica.

Cytogenetic analysis of five Hypostomus species (Siluriformes, Loricariidae).

In this work, we analyzed the karyotypes of five Hypostomus species. Hypostomus cf. heraldoi, from the Mogi-Guaçu River, had 2n = 72 chromosomes, with a nucleolar organizer region (NOR) in one chromosomal pair. Hypostomus regani, from the Mogi-Guaçu River had 2n = 72 chromosomes with NORs in two chromosomal pairs. Hypostomus sp., from the Mogi-Guaçu River basin, had 2n = 68 chromosomes, with NORs in two chromosomal pairs. Hypostomus aff. agna, from Cavalo Stream, had 2n = 74 chromosomes with NORs in two chromosomal pairs. Hypostomus cf. topavae, from Carrapato Stream, had 2n = 80 chromosomes, with NORs in two chromosomal pairs. Hypostomus species showed marked diversity in the karyotypic formula, which suggested the occurrence of several Robertsonian rearrangements and pericentric inversions during the evolutionary history of this genus. This hypothesis was supported by the occurrence of a large number of uniarmed chromosomes and multiple NORs in a terminal position in most species and may be a derived condition in the Loricariidae.

Cytogenetic analysis of five Hypostomus species (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

In this work, we analyzed the karyotypes of five species. Hypostomus cf. heraldoi, from the Mogi-Guaçu River, had 2n = 72 chromosomes, with a nucleolar organizer region (NOR) in one chromosomal pair. Hypostomus regani, from the Mogi-Guaçu River had 2n = 72 chromosomes with NORs in two chromosomal pairs. Hypostomus sp., from the Mogi-Guaçu River basin, had 2n = 68 chromosomes, with NORs in two chromosomal pairs. Hypostomus aff. agna, from Cavalo Stream, had 2n = 74 chromosomes with NORs in two chromosomal pairs. Hypostomus cf. topavae, from Carrapato Stream, had 2n = 80 chromosomes, with NORs in two chromosomal pairs. Hypostomus species showed marked diversity in the karyotypic formula, which suggested the occurrence of several Robertsonian rearrangements and pericentric inversions during the evolutionary history of this genus. This hypothesis was supported by the occurrence of a large number of uniarmed chromosomes and multiple NORs in a terminal position in most species and may be a derived condition in the Loricariidae.

Cytogenetic analysis of three sea catfish species (Teleostei, Siluriformes, Ariidae) with the first report of Ag-NOR in this fish family.

Despite their ecological and economical importance, fishes of the family Ariidae are still genetically and cytogenetically poorly studied. Among the 133 known species of ariids, only eight have been karyotyped. Cytogenetic analyses performed on Genidens barbus and Sciades herzbergii revealed that both species have 2n = 56 chromosomes and Cathorops aff. mapale has 2n = 52 chromosomes: Genidens barbus has 10 Metacentrics (M), 14 Submetacentrics (SM), 26 Subtelocentrics (ST), and 6 Acrocentrics (A), Sciades herzbergii has 14M, 20SM, 18ST and 4A, whereas Cathorops aff. mapale has 14M, 20SM, and 18ST. The nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were found in a single chromosome pair on the short arm of a large-sized ST pair in Genidens barbus and on the short arm of a middle-size SM pair in Cathorops aff. mapale. Multiple NORs on the short arms of two large-sized ST pairs were found in Sciades herzbergii. The occurrence of diploid numbers ranging from 2n = 52 through 56 chromosomes and the presence of different karyotypic compositions, besides the number and position of NORs suggest that several numeric and structural chromosome rearrangements were fixed during the evolutionary history of this fish family.

Cytogenetic analysis of three sea catfish species (Teleostei, Siluriformes, Ariidae) with the first report of Ag-NOR in this fish family

Despite their ecological and economical importance, fishes of the family Ariidae are still genetically and cytogenetically poorly studied. Among the 133 known species of ariids, only eight have been karyotyped. Cytogenetic analyses performed on Genidens barbus and Sciades herzbergii revealed that both species have 2n = 56 chromosomes and Cathorops aff. mapale has 2n = 52 chromosomes: Genidens barbus has 10 Metacentrics (M), 14 Submetacentrics (SM), 26 Subtelocentrics (ST), and 6 Acrocentrics (A), Sciades herzbergii has 14M, 20SM, 18ST and 4A, whereas Cathorops aff. mapale has 14M, 20SM, and 18ST. The nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were found in a single chromosome pair on the short arm of a large-sized ST pair in Genidens barbus and on the short arm of a middle-size SM pair in Cathorops aff. mapale. Multiple NORs on the short arms of two large-sized ST pairs were found in Sciades herzbergii. The occurrence of diploid numbers ranging from 2n = 52 through 56 chromosomes and the presence of different karyotypic compositions, besides the number and position of NORs suggest that several numeric and structural chromosome rearrangements were fixed during the evolutionary history of this fish family.

Cytogenetic analysis of three catfish species of the family Pseudopimelodidae (Teleostei, Siluriformes)

Cytogenetic analyses performed in Cephalosilurus apurensis, Microglanis aff. cottoides and Pseudopimelodus bufonius revealed that the three species have 2n = 54 chromosomes: C. apurensis presented six metacentric (M), 28 submetacentric (SM), 14 subtelolocentric (ST), and six acrocentric (A) chromosomes, while M. aff. cottoides showed 10M, 32SM, 10ST and 2A, and P. bufonius had 12M, 30SM and 12ST. The nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were present on the short arm of a middle-sized ST pair, identified as pair 19, in C. apurensis NORs were found on the short arm of a middle-sized ST (pair 23) and on the long arm of a middle-sized ST (pair 22) in M. aff. cotttoides and on the short arm of three middle-sized ST pairs, identified as pairs 9, 10 and 11, in P. bufonius. C-banding revealed a very small amount of constitutive heterochromatin in the chromosomes of all species, including the NORs. The occurrence of 2n = 54 in all species of the family Pseudopimelodidae and its absence among species of the closely related Pimelodidae and Heptapteridae may be important in identifying Pseudopimelodidae species.