Factores de mal pronóstico en 113 pacientes sometidos a duodenopancreatectomía cefálica por colangiocarcinoma distal / Prognostic risk factors in 113 patients undergoing cephalic duodenopancreatectomy for distal cholangiocarcinoma

Introducción El colangiocarcinoma distal es una neoplasia epitelial maligna que afecta a los conductos biliares extrahepáticos, per debajo del conducto cístico. Existe poca evidencia sobre la relación entre factores perioperatorios y peor evolución a largo plazo tras la resección quirúrgica. Objetivo Analizar los factores de riesgo de mortalidad y recidiva a largo plazo del colangiocarcinoma distal de los pacientes resecados. Material y métodos Se ha analizado una base de datos prospectiva unicéntrica de pacientes intervenidos por colangiocarcinoma distal entre los años 1990 y 2021 con la finalidad de investigar los factores de mortalidad y recidiva. Resultados Se han intervenido 113 pacientes, con una supervivencia actuarial media de 100,2 (76-124) meses tras la resección. El estudio bivariante no evidenció diferencias entre los pacientes dependiendo de la edad o variables preoperatorias estudiadas. La presencia de adenopatías afectadas fue un factor de riesgo de mortalidad a largo plazo en el estudio multivariante. La presencia de adenopatías afectadas, la recidiva tumoral y la fístula biliar durante el postoperatorio implicaron peor supervivencia actuarial al comparar las curvas de Kaplan-Meier. Conclusiones La presencia de adenopatías afectadas influyen en el pronóstico de la enfermedad. La aparición de fístula biliar durante el postoperatorio del colangiocarcinoma distal podría agravar los resultados a largo plazo, hallazgo que debe ser reafirmado en futuros estudios. (AU)

Introduction Distal cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant epithelial neoplasia that affects the extrahepatic bile ducts, below the cystic duct. No relevant relationship between perioperative factors and worse long-term outcome has been proved. Objective To analyze the risk factors for mortality and long-term recurrence of distal cholangiocarcinoma in resected patients. Materials and methods A single-center prospective database of patients operated on for distal cholangiocarcinoma between 1990 and 2021 was analyzed in order to investigate mortality and recurrence factors. Results One hundred and thirteen patients have undergone surgery, with mean actuarial survival of 100.2 (76–124) months after resection. The bivariate study did not show differences between patients depending on age or preoperative variables studied. When multivariate analysis was performed, the presence of affected adenopathy was a risk factor for long-term mortality. The presence of affected lymph nodes, tumor recurrence, and biliary fistula during the postoperative period implied worse actuarial survival when comparing the Kaplan–Meier curves. Conclusions The presence of affected lymph nodes influence the prognosis of the disease. The occurrence of biliary fistula during postoperative cholangiocarcinoma distal could aggravate long-term outcomes, a finding that should be reaffirmed in future studies. (AU)

Is long-term follow-up solely by imaging tests safe in non-operated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors?

INTRODUCTION: the diagnosis of asymptomatic sporadic nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PNETs) has increased significantly due to the widespread use of high-resolution imaging tests, which is why the most appropriate management at the time of diagnosis is the subject of debate, as is how to follow-up patients. AIMS: the objective of this study was to analyze the frequency of imaging and endoscopic studies performed during long-term follow-up. METHODS: a retrospective review was performed of a database collected between January 2008 and December 2020 of patients with an incidental diagnosis of small NF-PNETs; follow-up was closed in March 2023. The imaging tests performed at the time of diagnosis and long-term follow-up were recorded. Growing less than 1 mm per year has not been considered as a worrisome feature. Follow-up was performed through imaging tests, considering endoscopic cytology for lesions with a faster grow rate. RESULTS: fifty-eight patients were included; the median age was 69 years. The initial mean size of the lesions studied was 12.79 mm (5-27). Follow-up was carried out only with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The initial size did not influence the behavior of the lesion in a statistically significant manner. Twenty-eight tumors (45 %) increased in size, with a growth equal to or less than 4 mm in 24 cases. The mean follow-up time was 82.41 months (12-164). No patient developed metastasis or died from PNET progression. CONCLUSIONS: the follow-up of neuroendocrine tumors of small size can be performed safely with only imaging tests.

Is long-term follow-up solely by imaging tests safe in non-operated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors?

Introduction: the diagnosis of asymptomatic sporadic nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PNETs) has increased significantly due to the widespread use of high-resolution imaging tests, which is why the most appropriate management at the time of diagnosis is the subject of debate, as is how to follow-up patients. Aims: the objective of this study was to analyze the frequency of imaging and endoscopic studies performed during long-term follow-up. Methods: a retrospective review was performed of a database collected between January 2008 and December 2020 of patients with an incidental diagnosis of small NF-PNETs; follow-up was closed in March 2023. The imaging tests performed at the time of diagnosis and long-term follow-up were recorded. Growing less than 1 mm per year has not been considered as a worrisome feature. Follow-up was performed through imaging tests, considering endoscopic cytology for lesions with a faster grow rate. Results: fifty-eight patients were included; the median age was 69 years. The initial mean size of the lesions studied was 12.79 mm (5-27). Follow-up was carried out only with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The initial size did not influence the behavior of the lesion in a statistically significant manner. Twenty-eight tumors (45 %) increased in size, with a growth equal to or less than 4 mm in 24 cases. The mean follow-up time was 82.41 months (12-164). No patient developed metastasis or died from PNET progression. Conclusions: the follow-up of neuroendocrine tumors of small size can be performed safely with only imaging tests. (AU)

Prognostic risk factors in 113 patients undergoing cephalic duodenopancreatectomy for distal cholangiocarcinoma. / Factores de mal pronóstico en 113 pacientes sometidos a duodenopancreatectomía cefálica por colangiocarcinoma distal.

INTRODUCTION: Distal cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant epithelial neoplasia that affects the extrahepatic bile ducts, below the cystic duct. No relevant relationship between perioperative factors and worse long-term outcome has been proved. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the risk factors for mortality and long-term recurrence of distal cholangiocarcinoma in resected patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center prospective database of patients operated on for distal cholangiocarcinoma between 1990 and 2021 was analyzed in order to investigate mortality and recurrence factors. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen patients have undergone surgery, with mean actuarial survival of 100.2 (76-124) months after resection. The bivariate study did not show differences between patients depending on age or preoperative variables studied. When multivariate analysis was performed, the presence of affected adenopathy was a risk factor for long-term mortality. The presence of affected lymph nodes, tumor recurrence, and biliary fistula during the postoperative period implied worse actuarial survival when comparing the Kaplan-Meier curves. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of affected lymph nodes influence the prognosis of the disease. The occurrence of biliary fistula during postoperative cholangiocarcinoma distal could aggravate long-term outcomes, a finding that should be reaffirmed in future studies.

Resultados a largo plazo sobre la resección de la cabeza pancreática por pancreatitis crónica: ¿duodenopancreatectomía cefálica o pancreatectomía cefálica con preservación duodenal? / Long-term results of resection of the head of the pancreas due to chronic pancreatitis: Pancreaticoduodenectomy or duodenum-preserving cephalic pancreatectomy?

INTRODUCCIÓN: El dolor crónico en la pancreatitis crónica es de difícil manejo. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es la valoración del control del dolor refractario al tratamiento médico en pacientes afectos de masa inflamatoria en la cabeza pancreática, así como comparar dos técnicas quirúrgicas realizadas. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo sobre pacientes intervenidos entre 1989 y 2011 refractarios al tratamiento médico con predominio inflamatorio en la cabeza pancreática. Se realizó un estudio comparativo a corto y a largo plazo entre los pacientes intervenidos mediante duodenopancreatectomía cefálica (DPC) y/o pancreatectomía cefálica con preservación duodenal (PCPD). RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 22 DPC y 12 PCPD. En el 44% de los casos se presentaron complicaciones posquirúrgicas, siendo las más frecuentes el vaciamiento gástrico retardado (14,7%) y la fístula pancreática (11,7%). No se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas según la técnica quirúrgica. Se consiguió el control del dolor de forma satisfactoria en el 85% de los pacientes, hubo un 43% de diabetes mellitus de novo, y la reincorporación a la actividad laboral fue del 88%. Catorce pacientes fallecieron durante el seguimiento; de ellos, 7 a causa de neoplasias, algunas de ellas relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. La supervivencia global a 5 y 10 años fue del 88 y del 75%, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: La resección cefálica en pacientes con dolor intratable en la pancreatitis crónica es una terapéutica eficaz, con buenos resultados a largo plazo en términos de control del dolor y sin diferencias significativas entre ambas técnicas quirúrgicas. Los pacientes con pancreatitis crónica presentan una elevada mortalidad asociada a neoplasias de novo

INTRODUCTION: Chronic pain in chronic pancreatitis is difficult to manage. The objective of our study is to assess the control of pain that is refractory to medical treatment in patients with an inflammatory mass in the head of the pancreas, as well as to compare the two surgical techniques. METHODS: A retrospective study included patients treated surgically between 1989 and 2011 who had been refractory to medical treatment with inflammation of the head of the pancreas. An analysis of the short and long-term results was done to compare patients who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and/or resection of the head of the pancreas with duodenal preservation (RHPDP). RESULTS: 22 PD and 12 RHPDP were performed. Postoperative complications were observed in 14% of patients, the most frequent being delayed gastric emptying (14.7%) and pancreatic fistula (11.7%). No statistically significant differences were found in terms of surgical technique. Pain control was satisfactory in 85% of patients, 43% presented de novo diabetes mellitus, and 88% returned to their work activities. Fourteen patients died during follow-up, 7 due to malignancies, and some were related to tobacco use and alcohol consumption. The overall 5 and 10 year survival rates were 88% and 75% respectively. CONCLUSIÓN: Cephalic resection in patients with intractable pain in chronic pancreatitis is an effective therapy that provides good long-term results in terms of pain control, with no significant differences between the two surgical techniques. Patients with chronic pancreatitis have a high mortality rate associated with de novo malignancies

Long-term results of resection of the head of the pancreas due to chronic pancreatitis: Pancreaticoduodenectomy or duodenum-preserving cephalic pancreatectomy? / Resultados a largo plazo sobre la resección de la cabeza pancreática por pancreatitis crónica: ¿duodenopancreatectomía cefálica o pancreatectomía cefálica con preservación duodenal?

INTRODUCTION: Chronic pain in chronic pancreatitis is difficult to manage. The objective of our study is to assess the control of pain that is refractory to medical treatment in patients with an inflammatory mass in the head of the pancreas, as well as to compare the two surgical techniques. METHODS: A retrospective study included patients treated surgically between 1989 and 2011 who had been refractory to medical treatment with inflammation of the head of the pancreas. An analysis of the short and long-term results was done to compare patients who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and/or resection of the head of the pancreas with duodenal preservation (RHPDP). RESULTS: 22 PD and 12 RHPDP were performed. Postoperative complications were observed in 14% of patients, the most frequent being delayed gastric emptying (14.7%) and pancreatic fistula (11.7%). No statistically significant differences were found in terms of surgical technique. Pain control was satisfactory in 85% of patients, 43% presented de novo diabetes mellitus, and 88% returned to their work activities. Fourteen patients died during follow-up, 7 due to malignancies, and some were related to tobacco use and alcohol consumption. The overall 5 and 10 year survival rates were 88% and 75% respectively. CONCLUSION: Cephalic resection in patients with intractable pain in chronic pancreatitis is an effective therapy that provides good long-term results in terms of pain control, with no significant differences between the two surgical techniques. Patients with chronic pancreatitis have a high mortality rate associated with de novo malignancies.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del adenocarcinoma pancreático mediante duodenopancreatectomía cefálica (Parte 1). Complicaciones postoperatorias en 204 casos en un centro de referencia / Surgical treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by cephalic duodenopancreatectomy (Part 1). Post-surgical complications in 204 cases in a reference hospit

Introducción: La duodenopancreatectomía cefálica (DPC) es el tratamiento de elección en el adenocarcinoma de cabeza de páncreas. Sin embargo, sigue presentando elevada morbilidad y mortalidad posquirúrgica. El objetivo de este estudio es definir las variables que influyen en la morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria tras la duodenopancreatectomía cefálica por adenocarcinoma de páncreas (ADCP). Material y métodos: Se han recogido prospectivamente las variables de los pacientes intervenidos entre 1991–2007, con el fin de investigar los factores asociados a una mayor morbilidad. Resultados: Se han intervenido 204 pacientes por ADCP, de ellos 57 eran mayores de 70 años. Se han realizado 119 DPC, 11 con linfadenectomía extendida, 66 DPC con preservación pilórica y 8 con ampliación a pancreatectomía total por afectación del margen de sección. Treinta y cinco casos asociaron resección venosa portal o mesentérica. Se han detectado complicaciones postquirúgicas en el 45% de casos, las más frecuentes: vaciado gástrico lento (20%), infección incisional (17%), fístula pancreática (10%), y complicaciones médicas graves (8%). El 13% fue reintervenido y la mortalidad postoperatoria global fue del 7%. La edad del paciente superior a 70 años, el hemoperitoneo postoperatorio, la dehiscencia gastroentérica, y la presencia de complicaciones médicas graves fueron factores de riesgo de mortalidad postquirúgica en el estudio multivaviante. La fístula pancreática no fue un factor relacionado con la mortalidad posquirúrgica. Conclusiones: La duodenopancreatectomía cefálica es una técnica segura pero con morbilidad considerable. Los pacientes con edad superior a 70 años deben ser seleccionados cuidadosamente antes de intervenirlos. Las complicaciones médicas graves deben tratarse de forma agresiva para evitar una evolución desfavorable (AU)

Introduction: Cephalic duodenopancreatectomy (CDP) is the treatment of choice in cancer of the head of the pancreas. However, it continues to have a high post-surgical morbidity and mortality. The aim of this article is to define variables that influence post-surgical morbidity and mortality after cephalic duodenopancreatectomy due to pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) cancer of the head of the pancreas (CHP). Material and methods: The variables were prospectively collected form patients operated on between 1991 and 2007, in order to investigate the factors of higher morbidity. Results: A total of 204 patients had been intervened due to PA, of whom 57 were older than 70 years. Of these patients, 119 had a CPD, 11 extended lymphadectomy, 66 with pyloric conservation, and 8 with extension to total pancreatectomy due to involvement of the section margin. Portal or mesenteric vein resection was included in 35 cases. Post-surgical complications were detected in 45% of cases, the most frequent being: slow gastric emptying (20%), surgical wound infection (17%), pancreatic fistula (10%), and serious medical complications (8%). Further surgery was required in 13%, and the over post-surgical mortality was 7%. A patient age greater than 70 years, post-surgical haemoperitoneum, gastroenteric dehiscence, and the presence of medical complications were post-surgical mortality risk factors in the multivariate analysis. Pancreatic fistula was not a factor associated with post-surgical mortality. Conclusions: Cephalic duodenopancreatectomy is a safe technique but with a considerable morbidity. Patients over 70 years of age must be carefully selected before considering surgery. Serious medical complications must be treated aggressively to avoid an unfavourable progression (AU)

[Surgical treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by cephalic duodenopancreatectomy (Part 1). Post-surgical complications in 204 cases in a reference hospital]. / Tratamiento quirúrgico del adenocarcinoma pancreático mediante duodenopancreatectomía cefálica (Parte 1). Complicaciones postoperatorias en 204 casos en un centro de referencia.

INTRODUCTION: Cephalic duodenopancreatectomy (CDP) is the treatment of choice in cancer of the head of the pancreas. However, it continues to have a high post-surgical morbidity and mortality. The aim of this article is to define variables that influence post-surgical morbidity and mortality after cephalic duodenopancreatectomy due to pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) cancer of the head of the pancreas (CHP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The variables were prospectively collected form patients operated on between 1991 and 2007, in order to investigate the factors of higher morbidity. RESULTS: A total of 204 patients had been intervened due to PA, of whom 57 were older than 70 years. Of these patients, 119 had a CPD, 11 extended lymphadenectomy, 66 with pyloric conservation, and 8 with extension to total pancreatectomy due to involvement of the section margin. Portal or mesenteric vein resection was included in 35 cases. Post-surgical complications were detected in 45% of cases, the most frequent being: slow gastric emptying (20%), surgical wound infection (17%), pancreatic fistula (10%), and serious medical complications (8%). Further surgery was required in 13%, and the over post-surgical mortality was 7%. A patient age greater than 70 years, post-surgical haemoperitoneum, gastroenteric dehiscence, and the presence of medical complications were post-surgical mortality risk factors in the multivariate analysis. Pancreatic fistula was not a factor associated with post-surgical mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Cephalic duodenopancreatectomy is a safe technique but with a considerable morbidity. Patients over 70 years of age must be carefully selected before considering surgery. Serious medical complications must be treated aggressively to avoid an unfavourable progression.

Spontaneous pyogenic facet joint infection.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical features, approaches to management, and outcome of spontaneous pyogenic facet joint infection (PFJI) in adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Case series of 10 adults with microbiologically proven PFJI diagnosed during a 10-year period in a teaching hospital, plus a review of 32 additional cases previously reported (PubMed 1972 to 2003). Patients with prior spinal instrumentation or surgery and injection drug users were excluded. Only cases that were sufficiently detailed to be individually analyzed were included. These 32 cases, together with our 10 patients, form the basis of the present analysis. RESULTS: PFJI represented nearly 20% of all spontaneous pyogenic spinal infection diagnosed in our hospital during a 10-year period. This data suggest that PFJI is more common than was previously thought. Of the 42 patients with PFJI, 26 (62%) were men and 16 (38%) were women, with ages ranging from 20 to 86 years (mean age, 59+/-15 years); 55% of patients were older than 60 years. The most common location of infections was the lumbosacral region (86%). All patients presented with severe back pain; fever was noted in 83% of the cases and neurological impairment in nearly 48%. In 38% of patients a systemic predisposing factor for infection was present; the most common conditions were diabetes mellitus, malignancies, and alcoholism. In almost 36% of cases, one or more concomitant infectious processes due to the same microorganism was found, mainly arthritis, skin and soft-tissue infections, endocarditis, and urinary tract infections. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common etiologic microorganism (86% of cases). Bacteremia was documented in 81% of the cases. The diagnosis of PFJI was based mainly on imaging study findings. Paraspinal and/or epidural extension was frequent (81% of cases), but its presence did not indicate a worse prognosis. Medical treatment alone was usually successful. The overall prognosis of PFJI was good, with a mortality rate of only 2%. The great majority of patients were cured without functional sequelae. CONCLUSION: Incidence data from our institution reveal that PFJI is not a rare condition, representing approximately 20% of all pyogenic spinal infections. This entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with low back pain, especially in the presence of fever, whatever the patient's immunological status.