ABSTRACT
Essential and fixed oils have been researched as alternatives to chemical acaricides. The activity of volatile compounds from essential oils (1,8-cineole, citral and eugenol) at 1.0% (w/v) and fixed oil (castor oil) at 0.3% (w/v) dissolved in 2.0% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + 0.2% (w/v) Tween 80® was assessed against Rhipicephalus microplus using immersion tests. 1,8-cineole (29.0%) and castor oil (30.2%) had the highest reproductive inhibition rate. A second experiment was performed to verify the effect of the 1,8-cineole (10.0% w/v) and, or castor oil (0.3% w/v) on tick reproduction using different solubilizing agents. The highest reproductive inhibition was observed for the combination of 1,8-cineole/castor oil (94.1%) and 1,8-cineole in 2.0% (w/v) sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) (92.8%). A third experiment showed morphological changes in R. microplus oocytes at different stages of development, as well as in pedicel cells. The most intense effects were observed when ticks were immersed in the formulation containing 1,8-cineole (10.0% w/v) and castor oil (0.3% w/v) dissolved in 2% (w/v) SLES. These findings highlight the potential of this formulation as an alternative for managing cattle ticks as their cytotoxic effects can reduce R. microplus reproductive success.
Subject(s)
Acaricides , Castor Oil , Eucalyptol , Rhipicephalus , Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate , Tick Control , Animals , Female , Larva/growth & development , Ovary/drug effects , Ovary/physiology , Reproduction/drug effects , Rhipicephalus/growth & developmentABSTRACT
A tartaruga-verde, Chelonia mydas, apresenta distribuição cosmopolita. No Brasil, ocorre na costa, porém desova em ilhas oceânicas. A helmintofauna de tartarugas-verdes é diversificada, podendo-se dizer que tem a maior diversidade comparada com outras espécies de tartarugas. Objetivou-se avaliar aspectos ecológicos da comunidade de helmintos gastrointestinais e relacionar com a condição corporal de tartarugas-verdes recolhidas no litoral do Espírito Santo. Foram utilizados 36 exemplares juvenis da espécie C. mydas. O trato gastrointestinal foi separado e dividido em porções: esôfago/estômago, intestino delgado e intestino grosso. Cada porção foi inspecionada à procura de parasitos, e os exemplares encontrados foram separados para posterior identificação. Das 36 tartarugas avaliadas, 34 estavam parasitadas por helmintos (94,44%), com um total de 10.734 helmintos. Foram encontradas 18 espécies de trematodas pertencentes a quatro famílias. A riqueza de espécies encontrada foi de 4,29±2,19 (1-10) e a intensidade média de infecção foi de 315,64±281,83 (2-994) helmintos. Os parasitos mais prevalentes foram Cricocephalus albus, Metacetabulum invaginatum e Neoctangium travassosi, ambos com 61,11% (22/36), Pronocephalus obliquus com 33,33% (12/36), e Glyphicephalus lobatus com 30,55% (11/36). O helminto mais abundante foi M. invaginatum com 70,63 helmintos/animal, seguido de C. albus com 58,77 helmintos/animal e N. travassosi com 41,75 helmintos/animal.(AU)
The green turtle, Chelonia mydas has worldwide distribution. In Brazil, it is found on the coast, but spawning occurs on oceanic islands. The helminth fauna of green turtles is diverse and has the greatest diversity when compared with other species of turtles. This study aims to evaluate ecological aspects of gastrointestinal helminth community and connect to the body condition of green turtles collected on the coast of Espírito Santo. A total of 36 juvenile specimens of the species C. mydas were used. The gastrointestinal tract was removed and divided into portions: esophagus/stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Each portion was inspected looking for parasites and the specimens found were separated for later identification. Of the 36 turtles evaluated, 34 were parasitized by helminths (94.44%), with a total of 10,734 helminths. Results include findings of 18 species of trematodes belonging to four families. The species richness was 4,29 ± 2,19 (1-10) and the mean intensity of infection was 315,64 ± 281,83 (2-994) helminths. The prevalent parasites were Cricocephalus albus, Metacetabulum invaginatum and Neoctangium travassosi, both with 61,11% (22/36), Pronocephalus obliquus with 33,33% (12/36), and Glyphicephalus lobatus with 30,55% (11/36). The abundant helminth was Metacetabulum invaginatum with helminths 70,63/animal, followed by C. albus with helminths 58,77/animal and N. travassosi with helminths 41,75/animal.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Helminths , Turtles/parasitology , TrematodaABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of this study was to monitor the population density of Lymnaea columella, an intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, in various aquatic habitats and in drinking water in the area of the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo, on Caparaó Microregion, municipality of Alegre, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Monthly samplings were performed at certain points between drainage areas and drinking water in cattle and goat production systems during the years 2010 to 2013. The mean temperature, precipitation and the frequency of samples of L. columella were analysed graphically according the monthly average during the study period. A total of 2,038 molluscs were collected, 1558 of which were L. columella, that predominated in all sampled points. The highest average of specimens observed for L. columella was in the years 2010 and 2013 (51.0), and occurred decreased in 2011 (19.8). The temperature and precipitation averaged is 23.7 °C and 141 mm/year, respectively. Rainfall peak occurred in March (2011, 2013) and November (2012), during these periods the population of L. columella growth. There was no significant difference in the relationship between the specimens observed with seasons (dry-wet), thus the population of L. columella remained stable and can be found throughout the year.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi acompanhar a variação da densidade populacional de Lymnaea columella, hospedeiro intermediário de Fasciola hepatica, em diferentes tipos de coleções hídricas e bebedouros na área do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo, na microrregião do Caparaó, município de Alegre, estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram realizadas coletas mensais em pontos determinados entre áreas de drenagem e bebedouros de animais nos setores de bovinocultura e caprinocultura durante os anos de 2010 a 2013. As médias de temperatura, precipitação e a frequência de exemplares de L. columella foram analisadas graficamente de acordo com a média mensal ao longo do período avaliado. Foram coletados 2.038 moluscos, sendo 1558 de L. columella, espécie predominante em todos os pontos amostrados. A maior média de espécimes observadas para L. columella foi nos anos de 2010 e 2013 (51,0), ocorrendo um decréscimo em 2011 (19,8). A temperatura apresentou média de 23,7°C e precipitação de 141 mm/ano. Picos de precipitação ocorreram em Março (2011, 2013) e Novembro (2012), nestes períodos foi observado aumento populacional de L. columella. Não houve diferença significativa na relação entre as espécimes observadas com as estações do ano (seca-chuvosa), dessa forma, a população de L. columella se mostrou estável, podendo ser encontrada durante todo ano.
Subject(s)
Animals , Food Chain , Fasciola hepatica/physiology , Lymnaea/physiology , Seasons , Drinking Water/analysis , Drinking Water/parasitology , Brazil , Cattle , Goats , Population Density , Ecological and Environmental Phenomena , Hydrobiology/methods , Host-Parasite Interactions , Animal Husbandry/methodsABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to monitor the population density of Lymnaea columella, an intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, in various aquatic habitats and in drinking water in the area of the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo, on Caparaó Microregion, municipality of Alegre, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Monthly samplings were performed at certain points between drainage areas and drinking water in cattle and goat production systems during the years 2010 to 2013. The mean temperature, precipitation and the frequency of samples of L. columella were analysed graphically according the monthly average during the study period. A total of 2,038 molluscs were collected, 1558 of which were L. columella, that predominated in all sampled points. The highest average of specimens observed for L. columella was in the years 2010 and 2013 (51.0), and occurred decreased in 2011 (19.8). The temperature and precipitation averaged is 23.7 °C and 141 mm/year, respectively. Rainfall peak occurred in March (2011, 2013) and November (2012), during these periods the population of L. columella growth. There was no significant difference in the relationship between the specimens observed with seasons (dry-wet), thus the population of L. columella remained stable and can be found throughout the year.
Subject(s)
Fasciola hepatica/physiology , Food Chain , Lymnaea/physiology , Animal Husbandry/methods , Animals , Brazil , Cattle , Drinking Water/analysis , Drinking Water/parasitology , Ecological and Environmental Phenomena , Goats , Host-Parasite Interactions , Hydrobiology/methods , Population Density , SeasonsABSTRACT
A morphological and immunohistochemical study of larval migration patterns was performed in gerbils that were infected once (primary infected group) or twice (secondary infected group) with 1500 eggs of Toxocara canis. Animals from the primary infected and the re-infected group were killed at different times after infection, and larvae were counted in the intestines, liver, lungs and brain. Fragments of all organs were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded for histology and immunohistochemistry analyses (using polyclonal anti-Toxocara serum raised in rabbits infected with T. canis). In the primary infected group, larvae were more abundant in the intestine at 24 h, in the liver and lungs between 24 and 72 h and in the brain after 96 h; larvae predominated in the brain for up to 60 days after infection. In the re-infected group, an increase in the number of larvae in the liver and a reduction in the number of larvae in the brain was observed up to 60 days after re-infection. Inflammatory reactions were absent or limited. Eosinophils and loose granulomata were observed around the larvae and their antigens in the primary infected group and were more severe. Many eosinophils and typical epithelioid granulomata were observed around larvae in the re-infected group. These results demonstrate that the migration pattern of T. canis larvae in gerbils is similar to that in mice and rats, exhibiting a late neurotropic stage. In the re-infected group, there was histological evidence of an adaptive T-helper 2 (Th-2) response, and larvae were apparently retained within granulomata in the liver, without obvious signs of destruction.
Subject(s)
Gerbillinae/parasitology , Toxocara canis/physiology , Toxocariasis/pathology , Toxocariasis/parasitology , Animal Structures/parasitology , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Histocytochemistry , Immunohistochemistry , Larva/physiology , Microscopy , Parasite Load , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Fasciolosis is a disease that affects the liver parenchyma and bile ducts of numerous animals, including humans, which causes economic losses and threatens public health. The present work aimed at reporting the distribution and factors connected with Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle in ten municipalities in southern Espírito Santo, Brazil, between 2008 and 2009. During this period, 50 rural properties in ten cities were analyzed and fecal samples from 10 percent of the cattle on each farm were collected. Of the 717 samples analyzed, 154 (21.33 percent) presented Fasciola hepatica eggs. As for the 50 rural properties studied, 32 (64 percent) had animals positive for fasciolosis. Throughout the evaluation, it was observed that 42 (84 percent) rural properties had flooded areas, 33 (66 percent) were located at altitudes less than 226 meters, in 36 (72 percent) mollusks were found, 47 (94 percent) had other definitive hosts (horses, sheep, goats) and 25 (50 percent) had previous cases of bovine fasciolosis. The present results showed a high rate of bovine fasciolosis in the analyzed region whereas infected animals are present in all the municipalities. Based on statistical analysis, it was concluded that there was an association between the presence of flooded areas and other definitive hosts in rural properties where bovine fasciolosis was detected.
Subject(s)
Animals, Domestic/parasitology , Fascioliasis/diagnosis , Fascioliasis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The serum levels of Gamma-GT in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi were evaluated. Two groups of animals were used: the first with 41 naturally infect dogs and the second with 14 uninfect animals. The results showed 17.1% (7/41) dogs presented high levels of gamma-GT, but no difference between groups was observed. So, the serum level of gamma-GT is not a tool for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs.
Subject(s)
Animals , Adult , Dogs , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Leishmania/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/blood , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , gamma-Glutamyltransferase/bloodABSTRACT
Estudou-se a ocorrência sazonal de formas larvares e adultas de estrongilídeos nas mucosas do estômago, intestino delgado, ceco, colon ventral, colon dorsal e reto de 30 eqüídeos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os grandes estrongilídeos foram encontrados em todas as mucosas e duas alíquotas de 5% do conteúdo foram retiradas para a procura de pequenos estrongilídeos. Artéria mesentérica, fígado, pâncreas e peritônio foram também examinados para larvas de estrongilídeos. As mucosas foram examinadas pela técnica de transiluminação. Larvas de Strongylus equinus (P<0,10) e adultos de Strongylus vulgaris (P<0,05) foram mais abundantes na estação seca. Larvas escistadas de ciatostomíneos o foram na estação chuvosa (P<0,02).