Facing Racism and Sexism in Science by Fighting Against Social Implicit Bias: A Latina and Black Woman's Perspective.

The editors of several major journals have recently asserted the importance of combating racism and sexism in science. This is especially relevant now, as the COVID-19 pandemic may have led to a widening of the gender and racial/ethnicity gaps. Implicit bias is a crucial component in this fight. Negative stereotypes that are socially constructed in a given culture are frequently associated with implicit bias (which is unconscious or not perceived). In the present article, we point to scientific evidence that shows the presence of implicit bias in the academic community, contributing to strongly damaging unconscious evaluations and judgments of individuals or groups. Additionally, we suggest several actions aimed at (1) editors and reviewers of scientific journals (2) people in positions of power within funding agencies and research institutions, and (3) members of selection committees to mitigate this effect. These recommendations are based on the experience of a group of Latinx American scientists comprising Black and Latina women, teachers, and undergraduate students who participate in women in science working group at universities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. With this article, we hope to contribute to reflections, actions, and the development of institutional policies that enable and consolidate diversity in science and reduce disparities based on gender and race/ethnicity.

[Factors associated with condom use and knowledge about STD/AIDS among teenagers in public and private schools in São Paulo, Brazil]. / Fatores associados ao uso de preservativo masculino e ao conhecimento sobre DST/AIDS em adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas do Município de São Paulo, Brasil.

This study aimed to compare knowledge about STD/AIDS and identify the factors associated with adequate knowledge and consistent use of male condoms in teenagers from public and private schools in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. We selected 1,594 adolescents ranging 12 to 19 years of age in 13 public schools and 5 private schools to complete a questionnaire on knowledge of STD/AIDS and use of male condoms. Prevalence ratios were computed with a 95% confidence interval. The score on STD knowledge used a cutoff point corresponding to 50% of correct answers. Statistical tests were chi-square and Poisson multiple regression. Consistent use of male condoms was 60% in private and 57.1% in public schools (p > 0.05) and was associated with male gender and lower socioeconomic status. Female gender, higher schooling, enrollment in private school, Caucasian race, and being single were associated with higher knowledge of STDs. Teenagers from public and private schools have adequate knowledge of STD prevention, however this does not include the adoption of effective prevention. Educational programs and STD/AIDS awareness-raising should be expanded in order to minimize vulnerability.

Conhecimento sobre métodos anticoncepcionais por estudantes adolescentes / Knowledge of contraceptive methods among adolescent students

OBJETIVO: Comparar o conhecimento sobre métodos anticoncepcionais e identificar os fatores associados ao conhecimento adequado dos adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal, do qual participaram 1.594 adolescentes entre 12 e 19 anos, de 13 escolas públicas e cinco privadas do Município de São Paulo entre junho e dezembro de 2003. As escolas foram selecionadas aleatoriamente e os alunos responderam um questionário sobre características sociodemográficas, reprodutivas e métodos anticoncepcionais. As razões de prevalência foram calculadas com intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento para cada questão sobre conhecimento de métodos e o tipo de escola. Atribuiu-se meio ponto para cada questão correta sobre conhecimento de anticoncepcionais, o ponto de corte foi 50 por cento de acerto. Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram o qui-quadrado, o Wilcoxon-Gehan e a regressão múltipla de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Dentre os adolescentes, 61 por cento eram do sexo feminino nos dois grupos de escolas. Predominou nível socioeconômico baixo nas escolas públicas e alto nas privadas (p<0,001). Cerca de 18,6 por cento dos adolescentes nas escolas privadas e 28,6 por cento nas públicas tinham atividade sexual (p<0,002). Quanto ao conhecimento, 25,7 por cento dos adolescentes das escolas públicas e 40,8 por cento das privadas apresentaram escore superior ou igual a cinco. Os fatores associados ao maior conhecimento foram ser do sexo feminino, estudar em escola privada, estar no ensino médio, ter nível socioeconômico alto, ter relação sexual e ter maior idade. CONCLUSÕES: O nível de conhecimento adequado sobre métodos anticoncepcionais foi baixo para os adolescentes de ambos os tipos de escolas. Os resultados revelam que, assim como os mais desfavorecidos, os adolescentes de maior nível socioeconômico necessitam de informações adequadas sobre planejamento familiar, visando a melhorar esse conhecimento para mudança seu comportamento.

Fatores associados ao uso de preservativo masculino e ao conhecimento sobre DST/AIDS em adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas do Município de São Paulo, Brasil / Factors associated with condom use and knowledge about STD/AIDS among teenagers in public and private schools in São Paulo, Brazil

Comparar o conhecimento sobre DST/AIDS e avaliar fatores associados ao conhecimento adequado e ao uso consistente do preservativo masculino, em adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas do Município de São Paulo. Participaram 1.594 adolescentes entre 12 e 19 anos, de 13 escolas públicas e 5 privadas, que responderam um questionário sobre DST/AIDS e uso de preservativo. Calcularam-se as razões de prevalência com intervalo de confianca de 95 por cento. O escore de conhecimento sobre DST teve o ponto de corte equivalendo a 50 por cento de acerto. Os testes estatísticos foram qui-quadrado e Wilcoxon-Gehan. Realizou-se regressão múltipla de Poisson. O uso consistente de preservativo foi 60 por cento nas escolas privadas e 57,1 por cento nas públicas (p > 0,05) e esteve associado ao sexo masculino e menor nível sócio-econômico. O sexo feminino, maior escolaridade, escola privada, cor branca e estado marital solteiro associaram-se ao maior conhecimento sobre DST. Os adolescentes de escola pública e privada apresentam conhecimento adequado sobre prevencão de DST, entretanto esse conhecimento não determina adocão de atitudes efetivas de prevencão. Programas de conscientizacão sobre DST/AIDS devem ser ampliados visando minimizar as vulnerabilidades.

[Knowledge of contraceptive methods among adolescent students]. / Conhecimento sobre métodos anticoncepcionais por estudantes adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the knowledge of contraceptive methods as well as to identify factors associated with adequate knowledge among public and private school adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study comprising 1,594 adolescents aged between 12 and 19 years old from 13 public and five private schools in the city of São Paulo city, Brazil, was carried out from June to December 2003. Schools were randomly selected and students filled out a questionnaire about sociodemographic, reproductive and contraceptive methods. The prevalence ratios were estimated with a 95% confidence interval for each question on their knowledge of contraceptive methods and by school group. Each question correctly answered received a half score, and the cut-off value was 50% of correct answers. Statistical tests utilized were Chi-square and Wilcoxon-Gehan tests and Poisson multiple regression model. RESULTS: Of all respondents, 61% were of females in both school groups. Most students had low socioeconomic condition in public schools while they had mostly high socioeconomic condition in private schools (p<0.001). Nearly 18.6% private and 28.6% public school students were sexually active (p<0.002). In regard to their knowledge, 25.7% of public and 40.8% of private school students had a score equal to or above five. Factors associated with higher knowledge were: being female, at high school of a private school, having high socioeconomic condition, having had sexual intercourse and being older. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of contraceptive methods was low in both public and private school students. The study results show that both underprivileged as well as high socioeconomic adolescents need to have adequate information about family planning to improve their knowledge and change their behavior.