Presence and Resistance Profile of Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs.

Background: The objective of this study was to isolate Staphylococcus spp. and to characterize the resistance profile in nasal samples from pigs slaughtered for consumption. Material and Methods: Intranasal swabs were collected from 100 pigs immediately after bleeding in a slaughterhouse located in the largest pork production region in Brazil, these samples were cultured and isolated to identify Staphylococcus spp. in coagulase positive (CoPS) and coagulase negative (CoNS) and molecular identification of Staphylococcus aureus and then subjected to the disk-diffusion test to identify the bacterial resistance profile and search for the mecA gene. Results: Of the 100 samples collected, it was possible to isolate 79 Staphylococcus spp., of these, 72.15% were classified as CoNS and 27.85% of the isolates classified as CoPS. Among the CoPS isolates, 77.27% were identified as S. aureus. Through the disk-diffusion test, it was possible to verify isolates resistant to clindamycin and erythromycin (98.73%), chloramphenicol (93.67%), and doxycycline (89.87%). There was amplification of the mecA gene in 30.38% of Staphylococcus spp. Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the need for the careful use of antibiotics in swine production, in addition to aiming at continuous surveillance in relation to the rate of multiresistant microorganisms within these environments, focused on large industrial centers; such results also indicate the importance of understanding, through future studies, possible pathways to transmission of these microorganisms directly, or indirectly, through meat products derived from these pigs, which can be considered neglected diffusers of variants of Staphylococcus spp. resistant to antibiotics or carriers of important resistance genes related to One Health.

Presence of Staphylococcus spp. carriers of the mecA gene in the nasal cavity of piglets in the nursery phase.

The presence of Staphylococcus spp. resistant to methicillin in the nasal cavity of swine has been previously reported. Considering the possible occurrence of bacterial resistance and presence of resistance genes in intensive swine breeding and the known transmissibility and dispersion potential of such genes, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of resistance to different antibiotics and the presence of the mecA resistance gene in Staphylococcus spp. from piglets recently housed in a nursery. For this, 60 nasal swabs were collected from piglets at the time of their housing in the nursery, and then Staphylococcus spp. were isolated and identified in coagulase-positive (CoPS) and coagulase-negative (CoNS) isolates. These isolates were subjected to the disk-diffusion test to evaluate the bacterial resistance profile and then subjected to molecular identification of Staphylococcus aureus and analyses of the mecA gene through polymerase chain reaction. Of the 60 samples collected, 60 Staphylococcus spp. were isolated, of which 38 (63.33%) were classified as CoNS and 22 (36.67%) as CoPS. Of these, ten (45.45%) were identified as Staphylococcus aureus. The resistance profile of these isolates showed high resistance to different antibiotics, with 100% of the isolates resistant to chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and erythromycin, 98.33% resistant to doxycycline, 95% resistant to oxacillin, and 85% resistant to cefoxitin. Regarding the mecA gene, 27 (45%) samples were positive for the presence of this gene, and three (11.11%) were phenotypically sensitive to oxacillin and cefoxitin. This finding highlights the importance of researching the phenotypic profile of resistance to different antimicrobials and resistance genes in the different phases of pig rearing to identify the real risk of these isolates from a One Health perspective. The present study revealed the presence of samples resistant to different antibiotics in recently weaned production animal that had not been markedly exposed to antimicrobials as growth promoters or even as prophylactics. This information highlights the need for more research on the possible sharing of bacteria between sows and piglets, the environmental pressure within production environments, and the exposure of handlers during their transport, especially considering the community, hospital, and political importance of the presence of circulating resistant strains.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production in Enterobacteria Isolated from Free-Living Primates.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile of antimicrobial resistance in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and to detect strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in free-living Sapajus nigritus. Oral and rectal swabs were collected from 15 primates to isolate and identify bacteria, conduct phenotypic tests to detect antimicrobial sensitivity and ESBL-producing strains, and calculate the multiple antimicrobial resistance index. The least effective antimicrobial was amoxicillin (72.72%) and ampicillin (57.57%), and the samples were considered as high risk for public health. No sample was positive for ESBL production. The results show that this study is relevant to One Health initiatives, considering the possibility of transmission of bacterial resistance and resistant genes originating from direct or indirect interaction of S. nigritus with parkgoers. However, these animals cannot be considered as the only reservoirs and transmitters of resistant bacteria as they can be contaminated by human-origin bacteria that can be extremely harmful and often prove lethal to them that play an important role in relationship to the ecology, spreading seeds and controlling insects.

Sarna demodécica canina e suas novas perspectivas de tratamento- Revisão / Sarna demodécica canina y sus nuevas perspectivas de tratamiento- Revisión / Canine dermodicosis and new treatment perspectives: Review

A sarna demodécica canina, também chamada de demodicose canina ou demodicidose canina, é uma das dermatopatias mais comumente encontradas na clínica veterinária, sendo uma das mais sérias enfermidades encontradas nos cães.O tratamento pode ser insatisfatório e frustrante, fazendo com que muitos cães sejam submetidos a eutanásia, tanto em função da pouca eficácia dos acaricidas disponíveis, quanto de consecutivas recidivas. Atualmente, depois de mais de 20 anos de primazia do ectocida tópico amitraz como droga de eleição para tratamento de cães parasitados pelo Demodex canis, uma nova classe de fármacos de ação sistêmica vem ganhando a confiança dos clínicos e revolucionando conceitos terapêuticos. As lactonas macrocíclicas dividem-se em milbemicinas, como milbemicina oxima e moxidectina, e em avermectinas, como ivermectina, doramectina e abamectina. Algumas delas apresentam grande potencial, e há grande quantidade de relatos positivos sobre seu emprego. Entretanto, a falta de padronização para estudos sobre seu sucesso terapêutico limita a recomendação de protocolos definitivos, de forma que alguns ainda indicam opção primária pelo uso de amitraz, para só depois lançar mão de uma das lactonas macrocíclicas. Novos estudos e novas estratégicas para delineamento de protocolos terapêuticos, como oemprego de cálculos de extrapolação alométrica, podem contribuir grandemente para que essa linha de trabalho continue a evoluir, trazendo os esperados benefícios para médicos veterinários, clientes e pacientes.

Demodicosis, also named demodectic mange, is one of the most common dermatologic diseases in veterinary practice, and its generalized presentation is one of the most severe diseases in dogs. Therapy may be unsatisfactory and frustrating, causing the euthanasia of a lot of dogs because of acaricid inefficacy and consecutive recurrences. Nowadays, after more than 20 years of primacy of the topical ectocide amitraz as drug of choice for demodicosis, a new class of systemic drugs is gaining practitioners’ confidence and revolutionizing therapeutic concepts. Macrocyclic lactones are divided into mylbemycins such as mylbemycin oxime and moxydectin, and avermectins such as ivermectin, doramectin e abamectin. Some of them present great potential and there are a lot of positive reports with respect to their use. However, the lack of patterns for the study of their therapeutic success still limits the indication of definitive protocols, leading some clinicians to indicate the amitraz as their first option, making use of macrocyclic lactones at a later time. New studies and strategies in designing therapeutic protocols, as the use of allometric scaling calculations, may contribute decisively for the evolution of this working line, leading to the expected benefits for veterinarians, clients, and patients.

La sarna demodécica canina, también llamada demodicosis canina o demodicidosis canina, es una de las máscomunes dermatopatias encontradas en la clínica veterinaria, siendo una de las más serias enfermedades encontradas en losperros. El tratamiento puede ser insatisfactorio y frustrante, haciendo con que muchos perros sean sometidos a eutanasia,tanto en función de poca eficacia de los acaricidas disponibles, cuanto de consecutivas recidivas. Actualmente, después demás de 20 años de primacía del ectocida tópico amitraz como droga de elección para tratamiento de perros parasitados por el Demodex canis, una nueva clase de fármacos de acción sistémica viene ganando la confianza de los clínicos y revolucionando conceptos terapéuticos. Las lactonas macrocíclicas se dividen en milbemicinas, como milbemicina oxima y moxidectina, y en avermectinas, como ivermectina, doramectina y abamectina. Algunas de ellas presentan gran potencial, y hay gran cantidad de relatos positivos sobre su empleo. Entretanto, la falta de estandarización para estudios sobre su eficacia terapéutica limitala recomendación de protocolos definitivos, de manera que algunos aún indican opción primaria por el uso de amitraz, para solamente después emplear las lactonas macrocíclicas. Nuevos estudios y nuevas estratégicas para planteamiento de protocolos terapéuticos, como el empleo de cálculos de extrapolación alométrica, pueden contribuir grandemente para que esa líneade trabajo continúe a evolucionar, trayendo los esperados beneficios para médicos veterinarios, clientes y pacientes.