Psychosocial consequences of growing up as Austrian occupation children in post-World-War II Austria.

Background: During the post-World War II occupation of Austria, approximately 20,000-30,000 'children born of war' (CBOW), also called occupation children were born through intimate contacts between Austrian women and occupation soldiers. Research on other CBOW populations indicates that CBOW mostly grow up under difficult conditions, sometimes with strong long-term mental health consequences.Objective: To examine whether comparable psychosocial consequences can be found in Austrian occupation children (AOC), a first quantitative study was carried out.Method: Child maltreatment, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and somatization, and general life satisfaction were assessed in a sample of 98 AOC using self-report instruments. Results were compared to a sample of German occupation children (GOC; N = 146).Results: High prevalence of above threshold full (10.2%) and partial (14.3%) PTSD, somatic (16.3%) and depressive (11.1%) symptomatology were found in AOC. They were at high risk of child maltreatment (e.g. emotional abuse: 53.6%), which was associated with current symptomatology. Notably, AOC tended to report high levels of general life satisfaction. No differences were found between GOC and AOC.Conclusions: Findings highlight the complex and long-term effects of developmental conditions and childhood maltreatment on mental health of CBOW, even decades later. Findings of high life satisfaction provide evidence of resilience and maturation processes across the lifespan.

Austrian occupation children show a notable vulnerability to childhood maltreatment and its long-term consequences, including a high prevalence of above threshold PTSD, somatic, and depressive symptomatology.Findings on the psychosocial consequences of growing up as occupation children in Austria after World War II are consistent with previous studies in similar populations and can be generalized as more or less typical common experiences of children born of war.Despite psychological distress, occupation children showed surprising levels of life satisfaction, suggesting potential resilience.

How Can a Focal Seizure Lead to a Dacrystic Behavior? A Case Analyzed with Functional Connectivity in Stereoelectroencephalography.

We present a case of a patient with focal non-motor emotional seizures with dacrystic expression in the context of drug-resistant magnetic resonance imaging negative epilepsy. The pre-surgical evaluation suggested a hypothesis of a right fronto-temporal epileptogenic zone. Stereoelectroencephalography recorded dacrystic seizures arising from the right anterior operculo-insular (pars orbitalis) area with secondary propagation to temporal and parietal cortices during the dacrystic behavior. We analyzed functional connectivity during the ictal dacrystic behavior and found an increase of the functional connectivity within a large right fronto-temporo-insular network, broadly similar to the "emotional excitatory" network. It suggests that focal seizure, potentially, from various origins but leading to disorganization of these physiological networks may generate dacrystic behavior.

[Mechanisms of caffeine-induced diuresis]. / Mécanismes de l'effet diurétique de la caféine.

Caffeine is an alkaloid which belongs to the family of methylxanthines and is present in beverages, food and drugs. Caffeine competitively antagonizes the adenosine receptors (AR), which are G protein-coupled receptors largely distributed throughout the body, including brain, heart, vessels and kidneys. Caffeine consumption has a well-known diuretic effect. The homeostasis of salt and water involves different segments of the nephron, in which adenosine plays complex roles depending on the differential expression of AR. Hence, caffeine increases glomerular filtration rate by opposing the vasoconstriction of renal afferent arteriole mediated by adenosine via type 1 AR during the tubuloglomerular feedback. Caffeine also inhibits Na(+) reabsorption at the level of renal proximal tubules. In addition, caffeine perturbs the hepatorenal reflex via sensory nerves in Mall's intrahepatic spaces. Here, we review the physiology of caffeine-induced natriuresis and diuresis, as well as the putative pathological implications.