Short hookwire placement under imaging guidance before thoracic surgery: A review.

During video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), localization is sometimes needed to detect a target lesion that is too small and/or too far from the pleura. In 1995, Kanazawa et al. developed short hookwire and suture system. Since then, this system has been placed often for selected targets before VATS in Japan. This short hookwire and suture system is a representative preoperative localization method and the placement procedure is well-established. Its placement success rates are very high (range: 97.6%-99.6%), and dislodgement of this short hookwire rarely occurs with an incidence of 0.4%-2.5%. The most common complication of short hookwire placement is pneumothorax (incidence: 32.1%-68.1%), followed by pulmonary hemorrhage (incidence: 8.9%-41.6%). Complications are frequent; however, most complications are minor and asymptomatic.

CT fluoroscopy-guided core needle biopsy of anterior mediastinal masses.

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively evaluate the safety, diagnostic yield, and risk factors of diagnostic failure of computed tomography (CT) fluoroscopy-guided biopsies of anterior mediastinal masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biopsy procedures and results of anterior mediastinal masses in 71 patients (32 women/39 men; mean [±standard deviation] age, 53.8±20.0years; range, 14-88years) were analyzed. Final diagnoses were based on surgical outcomes, imaging findings, or clinical follow-up findings. The biopsy results were compared with the final diagnosis, and the biopsy procedures grouped by pathologic findings into diagnostic success and failure groups. Multiple putative risk factors for diagnostic failure were then assessed. RESULTS: Seventy-one biopsies (71 masses; mean size, 67.5±27.3mm; range 8.6-128.2mm) were analyzed. We identified 17 grade 1 and one grade 2 adverse events (25.4% overall) according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. Sixty-nine biopsies (97.2%) provided samples fit for pathologic analysis. Diagnostic failure was found for eight (11.3%) masses; the 63 masses diagnosed successfully included thymic carcinoma (n=17), lung cancer (n=14), thymoma (n=12), malignant lymphoma (n=11), germ cell tumor (n=3), and others (n=6). Using a thinner needle (i.e., a 20-gauge needle) was the sole significant risk factor for diagnostic failure (P=0.039). CONCLUSION: CT fluoroscopy-guided biopsy of anterior mediastinal masses was safe and had a high diagnostic yield; however, using a thinner biopsy needle significantly increased the risk of a failed diagnosis.

The amygdala of patients with Parkinson's disease is silent in response to fearful facial expressions.

We previously found that patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were impaired with respect to recognition of fear and disgust in facial expressions. To investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie this impairment, we recorded visual event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to the viewing of fearful facial expressions. Ten normal elderly volunteers and nine patients with PD were studied. Fearful, surprised, and neutral facial expressions were presented randomly for 500 ms each, with a probability of 0.1, 0.1, and 0.8, respectively. The locations of the components of the ERPs were analyzed using a scalp-skull-brain/dipole tracing method. The ERPs elicited in response to the facial stimuli consisted of a negative peak (N1), two positive peaks, and a subsequent slow negative shift. For N1, the equivalent current dipoles were concentrated in the fusiform gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate cortex, and cerebellum, in normal subjects. In response to the fearful stimulus, dipoles were also generated from the amygdala in seven out of 10 normal subjects. In contrast, in patients with PD, N1 was centered bilaterally in the angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus, and there was no neuronal activity in the amygdala. After N1, dipoles moved toward the frontal region in normal subjects, whereas they remained in the parietal lobes in patients with PD. These results suggest that neither the amygdala nor the temporal visual-associated cortices are involved in responding to fearful expressions in patients with PD. Corticostriatal connections may be variably affected by a lack of dopamine or by pathological changes in the amygdala. Thus, somatosensory recruitment may overcome the mild cognitive emotional deficits that are present in patients with PD owing to a dysfunction of the amygdala.

Comparison of source localization of interictal epileptic spike potentials in patients estimated by the dipole tracing method with the focus directly recorded by the depth electrodes.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the accuracy of location of equivalent current dipoles estimated by the dipole tracing method (DT) utilizing a realistic 3-shell (scalp-skull-brain) head model (SSB-DT). Three patients with intractable complex partial seizures, diagnosed as having typical temporal seizures were investigated. We recorded the interictal spike potentials with surface electrodes (International 10/20 system) and with intracerebral depth electrodes simultaneously. We compared the location of dipoles of the spikes estimated by the SSB-DT with the focus of the spikes determined by the recording from the depth electrodes. We found that the location of the dipoles estimated by SSB-DT corresponded to the location of the depth electrodes, which could record the epileptic spikes. This finding proved that SSB-DT is reliable and valid for estimating neural activity in deep locations such as the limbic system.

The effect of anticipatory anxiety on breathing and metabolism in humans.

Respiratory patterns are influenced by cortical and limbic factors and generated by a complex interaction between metabolic requirements and their behavioral effects. Our previous results showed that the temporal pole and the amygdala in the limbic system are related to anxiety and associated with an increase of respiratory frequency, especially in high trait anxiety subjects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between respiratory patterns and metabolic output during the production of anticipatory anxiety. In all subjects, fR increased without changes in V(O(2)), V(CO(2)) and HR; and PET(CO(2)) decreased during anticipatory anxiety. In the subjects with high trait anxiety, the increase of fR and the decrease of TE were larger than those in the subjects with low trait anxiety. These results suggest that an increase in respiratory frequency is not related to metabolic factors and is consistent with a mechanism involving the limbic system modulating respiratory drive.

Inhibitory effects of crude salts on the induction and development of colonic aberrant crypt foci in F-344 rats given azoxymethane.

The present study was designed to investigate the modifying effects of dietary exposure to NaCl and four kinds of crude salts on the induction and development of aberrant crypt foci in Fischer 344 rats. A total of 57 male rats were divided into five groups at six weeks of age, and all were given weekly injections of azoxymethane (15 mg/kg body wt s.c.) for three weeks. Group 1 was fed a normal diet throughout the experiment as control group. Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were fed diets containing 4.4% pure NaCl, 4.4% cooking salt, 4.4% rock salt, and 4.4% beach salt, respectively, from one week before the first azoxymethane dosing. The mean numbers of aberrant crypt foci and aberrant crypts per colon were significantly lower in Groups 3-5 than in Group 1 (p < 0.01). The present results suggest that the other mineral components (e.g., calcium and magnesium) of these crude salts, rather than pure NaCl, may be chemopreventive agents for colonic tumorigenesis.

A two-component multidrug efflux pump, EbrAB, in Bacillus subtilis.

Genes (ebrAB) responsible for ethidium resistance were cloned from chromosomal DNA of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9372. The recombinant plasmid produced elevated resistance against ethidium bromide, acriflavine, pyronine Y, and safranin O not only in Escherichia coli but also in B. subtilis. It also caused an elevated energy-dependent efflux of ethidium in E. coli. EbrA and EbrB showed high sequence similarity with members of the small multidrug resistance (SMR) family of multidrug efflux pumps. Neither ebrA nor ebrB was sufficient for resistance, but introduction of the two genes carried on different plasmids conferred drug resistance. Thus, both EbrA and EbrB appear to be necessary for activity of the multidrug efflux pump. In known members of the SMR family, only one gene produces drug efflux. Thus, EbrAB is a novel SMR family multidrug efflux pump with two components.

The source generator of respiratory-related anxiety potential in the human brain.

In this study, we used the dipole tracing method of a scalp-skull-brain head model to determine the location of the electric current source which correlates with the increased respiratory rate due to anxiety in humans. Anticipatory anxiety was produced by giving electrical stimulation to the left forefinger after the warning red light. While administering anticipatory anxiety, subjects' anxiety state and respiratory rates increased. In averaged electroencephalogram, which was triggered by onset of inspiration, positive waves were observed approximately 350 ms after the onset of inspiration. In this period of time, dipoles were concentrated in the right temporal pole, and the temporal pole and the amygdala in the most anxious subject. This data suggests that there are respiratory-related neural activities in limbic and paralimbic areas which may correlate with anxiety in humans.

Expiratory time determined by individual anxiety levels in humans.

We have previously found that individual anxiety levels influence respiratory rates in physical load and mental stress (Y. Masaoka and I. Homma. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 27: 153-159, 1997). On the basis of that study, in the present study we investigated the metabolic outputs during tests and analyzed the respiratory timing relationship between inspiration and expiration, taking into account individual anxiety levels. Disregarding anxiety levels, there were correlations between O2 consumption (VO2) and minute ventilation (VE) and between VO2 and tidal volume in the physical load test, but no correlations were observed in the noxious audio stimulation test. There was a volume-based increase in respiratory patterns in physical load; however, VE increased not only for the adjustment of metabolic needs but also for individual mental factors; anxiety participated in this increase. In the high-anxiety group, the VE-to-VO2 ratio, indicating ventilatory efficiency, increased in both tests. In the high-anxiety group, increases in respiratory rate contributed to a VE increase, and there were negative correlations between expiratory time and anxiety scores in both tests. In an awake state, the higher neural structure may dominantly affect the mechanism of respiratory rhythm generation. We focus on the relationship between expiratory time and anxiety and show diagrams of respiratory output, allowing for individual personality.

Simultaneous determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine and methylephedrine in Kampo medicines by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine and methylephedrine (ephedrine alkaloids) in Kampo medicines which contain Ephedrae Herba was established. The analysis can be accomplished within 25 min with a Wakosil-II 5C18 HG column by isocratic elution using a mixture of water, acetonitrile and sodium dodecyl sulfate (65:35:0.4) as the mobile phase at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml min(-1), and detection at 210 nm. The detection limits of ephedrine alkaloids are 0.37-1.06 microM per injection (5 microl). This method was applied to analyze the quantities in eight Kampo decoctions; Mao-to, Makyo-yokukan-to, Makyo-kanseki-to, Yokuinin-to, Sho-seiryu-to, Keima-kakuhan-to, Kakkon-to and Kakkon-to-ka-senkyu-sin'i. The concentration (per Ephedrae Herba gram) of ephedrine alkaloids was higher in the Makyo-kanseki-to decoction than in the others. Calcium sulfate from Gypsum Fibrosum raised ephedrine alkaloids dissolution in the Makyo-kanseki-to decoction.

Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of puerarin, daidzin, paeoniflorin, liquiritin, cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde and glycyrrhizin in Kampo medicines.

We report a high-performance liquid chromatographic method to determine the quantities of puerarin, daidzin, paeoniflorin, liquiritin, cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde and glycyrrhizin in Kampo medicine. All seven compounds were separated in less than 30 min with a Wakosil-II 5C18 AR column by linear gradient elution using 0.01% (v/v) phosphoric acid acetonitrile (0 min 90:10, 10 min 88:12, 22 min 70:30, 30 min 30:70) as the mobile phase at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min(-1), and detection at 250 nm. The detection limits of these compounds are 0.15-0.3 microM with response linearity. This method was applied to determine the quantities in eight Kampo decoctions; Mao-to, Makyo-yokukan-to, Makyo-kanseki-to, Yokuinin-to, Sho-seiryu-to, Keima-kakuhan-to, Kakkon-to and Kakkon-to-ka-senkyu-sin'i. Glycyrrhizin content was lower in both the decoction and the methanol-diluted decoction of Sho-seiryu-to compared with the others. Low pH due to organic acids of Schisandrae fructus in the decoction caused inhibition for glycyrrhizin dissolution in Sho-seiryu-to.

A case of acute pulmonary embolism and acute myocardial infarction with suspected paradoxical embolism after laparoscopic surgery.

We describe the case of a 59-year-old Japanese man who had an acute pulmonary embolism in addition to acute myocardial infarction after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The posterior descending coronary artery was totally occluded. and direct percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty was performed. The pulmonary embolism was diagnosed by lung perfusion scanning and was treated with anticoagulant therapy. A patent foramen ovale and right-to-left atrial shunting of blood were detected by contrast transesophageal echocardiography. Paradoxical embolism is a rare complication of pulmonary embolism and may have been responsible for the acute myocardial infarction in our patient.

Effects of miso and NaCl on the development of colonic aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in F344 rats.

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary miso and NaCl supplementation on the development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) in male F344 rats. A total of 76 rats, six weeks of age, were divided into seven groups and given weekly subcutaneous injections of AOM (15 mg/kg body wt) for three weeks to induce ACF. The animals were placed on diets one week before the first AOM dosing. Group 1 was fed a normal diet as a control. Groups 2-4 were fed diets containing 5%, 10%, and 20% miso, respectively, and Groups 5 and 6 were fed diets containing 2.2% and 4.4% NaCl, respectively, for five weeks. Group 7 was fed a normal diet without carcinogen exposure. Dietary miso inhibited the development of ACF in a dose-dependent manner (y = -3.9x + 140, r = -0.94). Thus the mean numbers of ACF per colon were significantly lower in Groups 3 and 4 than in Group 1 (p < 0.01), and there were fewer aberrant crypts per colon in Group 4 than in Group 1. NaCl supplementation was associated with fewer ACF, but this was not statistically significant. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling indexes in the colonic epithelium were significantly lower in Group 3 than in Group 1 (p < 0.05). The present results indicate that dietary miso could act as a chemopreventive agent for colon carcinogenesis.

Comparison of tumorigenesis between accelerated heavy ion and X-ray in B6C3F1 mice.

The effects of heavy ion and X-ray irradiation on tumorigenesis in B6C3F1 mice were compared. Six-week-old animals were divided into 6 groups and exposed to 0.426 Gy heavy ion irradiation of 290 MeV/u carbon-ion beam (LET 60-210 KeV/micron) at the dose rate of 0.4 +/- 0.2 Gy/min; 0.5 Gy of X-ray irradiation at 0.1 Gy/min or 5 Gy of X-ray irradiation at 1 Gy/min. The mice were killed and an autopsy performed 13.5 months after the whole body irradiation. Body weights were heaviest for both sexes in the 0.5 Gy group and lightest in the 5 Gy one. Total tumor incidences in the males were 30, 56 and 13% respectively in the heavy ion, 5 Gy and 0.5 Gy X-irradiated groups, stomach tumors, lymphomas and adrenal tumors being the most common outcome of the high dose X-rays. Liver tumor induction did not differ significantly among the groups. In the females tumorigenicity was significantly lower for heavy ion than for 0.5 Gy and 5 Gy X-ray irradiation (P < 0.05), the respective incidences, mainly ovary one, being 73%, 17% and 41%. Non-cancerous lesions, such as graying of the hair, glomerular sclerosis and amyloidosis appeared in the 5 Gy group. These findings indicate that 0.426 Gy of heavy ion irradiation induced lower carcinogenicity than 5 Gy of X-irradiation and higher carcinogenicity than that of 0.5 Gy X-irradiation in male mice.

Developmental malformations and intrauterine deaths in gamma-ray-irradiated scid mouse embryos.

PURPOSE: To examine the induction by radiation of developmental malformations and intrauterine deaths in severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The scid embryos, as well as those of C.B-17 control mice, were irradiated with graded doses of 60Co gamma-rays on gestation day 8. RESULTS: Intrauterine deaths in scid mice increased with radiation dose, and their frequency was substantially higher than in C.B-17 mice. The LD50 for intrauterine death in scid mice was 0.58 Gy and 1.25 Gy in C.B-17 mice. In addition, after irradiation scid mice showed several types of developmental malformations, including meningoencephalocele, spina bifida, eye defects, tail defects and oedema. Malformation incidences were higher in scid than in C.B-17 mice: 33.3% in scid mice irradiated with 0.75 Gy and 13.0% in C.B-17 mice irradiated with 1.0 Gy. However, when malformation incidences were plotted against intrauterine deaths, all the data, irrespective of the type of mouse, essentially fell along a single straight line. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that some mechanism common to both scid and normal mice induces developmental malformations. This mechanism involves cell killing. Residual DNA damage, such as double-strand breaks, could be associated with radiation-induced teratogenesis.

Tumorigenesis in F1 offspring mice following paternal 12.5 cGy 252Cf fission neutron irradiation.

Experiments were conducted to determine whether following genetic damage at germ cell stages induced by paternal exposure to 252Cf fission neutron could lead to tumorigenesis in the offspring. Seven-week-old C3H/HeNCrj male mice were irradiated with 252Cf fission neutrons, at doses of 0 and 12.5 cGy and were mated with nine-week-old C57BL/6NCrj females two weeks after the exposure. Three weeks later, it was found that the proportion of abnormal sperm in the 12.5 cGy-irradiated males was higher than that of 0 cGy-irradiated group. Embryo lethality among the F1 offspring was also found to be higher in the 12.5 cGy group than in the 0 cGy group, while the incidence of liver tumors among the F1 offspring increased in males only. These results suggest that the paternal 12. 5 cGy radiation exposure may have caused genetic transmission of liver tumor-associated traits, which is in line with findings that show steep increase in incidence of tumorigenesis in B6C3F1.

Effects of azoxymethane on X-ray induced intestinal metaplasia in Donryu rats.

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of azoxymethane (AOM) administration on intestinal metaplasia induced by X-irradiation in male Donryu rats. Five-week-old animals were X-irradiated with two doses of 10 Gy each at a 3-day interval or three X-ray doses of 10 Gy at a 2-day interval and then received AOM injections i.m. at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight once weekly for 3 weeks, 6 months after irradiation. Alkaline phosphatase positive foci were decreased after AOM treatments, but aberrant crypt like-foci appeared within areas of intestinal metaplasia. In contrast no induction was observed in normal-appearing gastric mucosa.

The early phase of colon tumorigenesis induced by dimethylhydrazine in ICR mice.

In order to study the influence of fiber supplements on dimethylhydrazine induction of colon tumorigenesis six-week-old CD1 (ICR): Crj mice were injected i.m. at a dimethylhydrazine (DMH) dose 10 mg/kg body weight once weekly for 10 weeks with or without dietary supplementation with 3% polydextrose, lactosucrose or cellulose, or 3% polydextrose and 3% cellulose in combination. There were no significant differences in colon tumor induction among the groups. However, microadenomas were observed 10 weeks after the first treatment of DMH so that this protocol may be useful for studies of the early phase of colon carcinogenesis in mice.

Anxiety and respiratory patterns: their relationship during mental stress and physical load.

In the present study we investigated the effect of mental stress on respiration using unpleasant sounds. To compare the center output of each stimuli, subjects took part in one session divided into two phases: a mental stress test and a physical loading test. The purpose of this study was not only to investigate ventilatory response in emotions caused by mental stress and physical load, but also to determine the relationship between respiratory pattern and personality. Ten normal subjects were measured for VE (minute ventilation), VT (tidal volume), RR (respiratory rate), Vo2 (O2 consumption), Vco2 (CO2 production) and FETco2 (end-tidal CO2 concentration) on a breath-by-breath basis; the subjects were given Spielberger's State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) before beginning this experiment. Unpleasant emotions caused by mental stress altered the breathing pattern. VE increase was achieved by the combination of VT and RR disregarding the subjects' personality. However, subjects with high anxiety RR increased more than VT resulting in a positive correlation between the trait anxiety score and RR. We found that a dominant RR increase was observed not only in the mental stress test but also in the physical loading test. In the physical load, there was a positive correlation between the state anxiety score and RR. These results indicate that respiratory patterns are related to personality anxiety. These findings may provide important evidence relating respiratory function to psychological aspects.