Smart hospital: achieving interoperability and raw data collection from medical devices in clinical routine.

Introduction: Today, modern technology is used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular disease. These medical devices provide exact measures and raw data such as imaging data or biosignals. So far, the Broad Integration of These Health Data into Hospital Information Technology Structures-Especially in Germany-is Lacking, and if data integration takes place, only non-Evaluable Findings are Usually Integrated into the Hospital Information Technology Structures. A Comprehensive Integration of raw Data and Structured Medical Information has not yet Been Established. The aim of this project was to design and implement an interoperable database (cardio-vascular-information-system, CVIS) for the automated integration of al medical device data (parameters and raw data) in cardio-vascular medicine. Methods: The CVIS serves as a data integration and preparation system at the interface between the various devices and the hospital IT infrastructure. In our project, we were able to establish a database with integration of proprietary device interfaces, which could be integrated into the electronic health record (EHR) with various HL7 and web interfaces. Results: In the period between 1.7.2020 and 30.6.2022, the data integrated into this database were evaluated. During this time, 114,858 patients were automatically included in the database and medical data of 50,295 of them were entered. For technical examinations, more than 4.5 million readings (an average of 28.5 per examination) and 684,696 image data and raw signals (28,935 ECG files, 655,761 structured reports, 91,113 x-ray objects, 559,648 ultrasound objects in 54 different examination types, 5,000 endoscopy objects) were integrated into the database. Over 10.2 million bidirectional HL7 messages (approximately 14,000/day) were successfully processed. 98,458 documents were transferred to the central document management system, 55,154 materials (average 7.77 per order) were recorded and stored in the database, 21,196 diagnoses and 50,353 services/OPS were recorded and transferred. On average, 3.3 examinations per patient were recorded; in addition, there are an average of 13 laboratory examinations. Discussion: Fully automated data integration from medical devices including the raw data is feasible and already creates a comprehensive database for multimodal modern analysis approaches in a short time. This is the basis for national and international projects by extracting research data using FHIR.

Ventricular arrhythmias recorded on 12-lead ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring in healthy volunteer athletes and controls: what is common and what is not.

AIMS: Premature ventricular beats (PVBs) in athletes are often benign, but sometimes they may be a sign of an underlying disease. We evaluated the prevalence, burden, and morphology of PVBs in healthy voluntary athletes and controls with the main purpose of defining if certain PVB patterns are 'common' and 'training related' and, as such, are more likely benign. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 433 healthy competitive athletes [median age 27 (18-43) years, 74% males] and 261 age- and sex-matched sedentary subjects who volunteered to undergo 12-lead 24 h ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring (24H ECG), with a training session in athletes. Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) were evaluated in terms of their number, complexity [i.e. couplet, triplet, or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT)], exercise inducibility, and morphology. Eighty-six percent of athletes and controls exhibited a total of ≤10 PVBs/24 h, and >90% did not show any couplets, triplets, or runs of NSVT > 3 beats. An higher number of PVBs correlated with increasing age (P < 0.01) but not with sex and level of training. The most frequent morphologies among the 36 athletes with >50 PVBs were the infundibular (44%) and fascicular (22%) ones. In a comparison between athletes and sedentary individuals, and male and female athletes, no statistically significant differences were found in PVBs morphologies. CONCLUSION: The prevalence and complexity of VAs at 24H ECG did not differ between athletes and sedentary controls and were not related to the type and amount of sport or sex. Age was the only variable associated with an increased PVB burden. Thus, no PVB pattern in the athlete can be considered 'common' or 'training related'.

Integration of mobile sensors in a telemedicine hospital system: remote-monitoring in COVID-19 patients.

Aim: The goal is to design and, in a next step, establish a scalable, multi-center telemonitoring platform based on existing systems for monitoring COVID-19 patients in home quarantine. In particular, the focus will be on raw data acquisition, integration of sensor data into the hospital system, structured data storage, and interoperability. Subject and methods: Data necessary for monitoring, otherwise provided in various portals, will be continuously queried and integrated into the hospital system via a new interface in this proof-of-concept work. Results: Based on extensive preliminary work at Klinikum rechts der Isar with a structured clinical database, we extend our system's integration of raw data and visualization in dashboards, as well as scientific provision of data from mobile sensors for monitoring patients in home quarantine. Conclusion: Based on existing integrated telemonitoring systems supporting semantic and syntactic interoperability, short-term provision of scientific databases is possible. The integration of different mobile sensors into a clinical system for remote monitoring of patients around the clock is still new and to our knowledge unique.

Burden of premature atrial beats in middle-aged endurance athletes with and without lone atrial fibrillation versus sedentary controls.

BACKGROUND: The burden of premature atrial beats (PABs) at 24-h electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring correlates with the risk of atrial fibrillation. It is unknown whether prolonged and intense exercise increases the burden of PABs, thus contributing to the higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation observed in middle-aged athletes. METHODS: We compared the burden of PABs at 24-h ECG monitoring off therapy in 134 healthy middle-aged (30-60-year-old) competitive athletes who had practised 9 (7-11) h of endurance sports for 8 (4-15) consecutive years, 134 age- and gender-matched healthy sedentary individuals, and 66 middle-aged patients (20 athletes and 46 non-athletes) with 'lone' paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: More than 50 PABs/24 h or ≥1 run of ≥3 PABs were recorded in 23/134 (17%) healthy athletes and in 29/134 (22%) sedentary controls (p = 0.61). Healthy athletes with frequent or repetitive PABs were older (median 50 years vs. 43 years, p < 0.01) and had practised sport for a longer time (median 10 years vs. 6 years, p = 0.03). At multivariable analysis only age (odds ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.20, p < 0.01) remained an independent predictor of a higher burden of PABs. Also among patients with 'lone' paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, there was no difference in the prevalence of >50 PABs/24 h or ≥1 run of ≥3 PABs between athletes (40%) and controls (48%, p = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Middle-aged endurance athletes, with or without paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, did not show a higher burden of PABs at 24-h ECG monitoring than sedentary controls. Age, but not intensity and duration of sports activity, predicted a higher burden of PABs among healthy athletes.

Relationship Between Electrocardiographic Findings and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Phenotypes in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy.

Background The new designation of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy defines a broader spectrum of disease phenotypes, which include right dominant, biventricular, and left dominant variants. We evaluated the relationship between electrocardiographic findings and contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance phenotypes in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Methods and Results We studied a consecutive cohort of patients with a definite diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, according to 2010 International Task Force criteria, who underwent electrocardiography and contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance. Both depolarization and repolarization electrocardiographic abnormalities were correlated with the severity of dilatation/dysfunction, either global or regional, of both ventricles and the presence and regional distribution of late gadolinium enhancement. The study population included 79 patients (60% men). There was a statistically significant relationship between the presence and extent of T-wave inversion across a 12-lead ECG and increasing values of median right ventricular ( RV ) end-diastolic volume ( P<0.001) and decreasing values of RV ejection fraction ( P<0.001). The extent of T-wave inversion to lateral leads predicted a more severe RV dilatation rather than a left ventricular involvement because of the leftward displacement of the dilated RV , as evidenced by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance. A terminal activation delay of >55 ms in the right precordial leads (V1-V3) was associated with higher RV volume ( P=0.014) and lower RV ejection fraction ( P=0.053). Low QRS voltages in limb leads predicted the presence ( P=0.004) and amount ( P<0.001) of left ventricular late gadolinium enhancement. Conclusions The study results indicated that electrocardiographic abnormalities predict the arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy phenotype in terms of severity of RV disease and left ventricular involvement, which are among the most important determinants of the disease outcome.

Burden of ventricular arrhythmias at 12-lead 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring in middle-aged endurance athletes versus sedentary controls.

BACKGROUND: Whether prolonged and intense exercise increases the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in middle-aged athletes remains to be established. DESIGN: Prospective, case-control. METHODS: We studied 134 healthy competitive athletes >30 years old (median age 45 (39-51) years, 83% males) who had been engaged in 9 ± 2 h per week of endurance sports activity (running, cycling, triathlon) for 13 ± 4 consecutive years. One hundred and thirty-four age- and gender-matched individuals served as controls. Both groups underwent 12-lead 24-h ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring, which included a training session in athletes. Ventricular arrhythmias were evaluated in terms of number, complexity (i.e. couplet, triplet or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia), exercise-inducibility and morphology. RESULTS: Thirty-five (26%) athletes and 31 (23%) controls showed >10 isolated premature ventricular beats or ≥1 complex ventricular arrhythmia ( p = 0.53). Athletes with ventricular arrhythmias were older (median 48 versus 43 years old, p = 0.03) but did not differ with regard to hours of training and years of activity compared with athletes without ventricular arrhythmias. Ten (7%) athletes and six (5%) controls showed >500 premature ventricular beats/24 h ( p = 0.30): the most common ventricular arrhythmia morphologies were infundibular (six athletes and five controls) and fascicular (two athletes and one control). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias at 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring did not differ between middle-aged athletes and sedentary controls and was unrelated to the amount and duration of exercise. These findings do not support the hypothesis that endurance sports activity increases the burden of ventricular arrhythmias. Among individuals with frequent premature ventricular beats, the predominant ectopic QRS morphologies were consistent with the idiopathic and benign nature of the arrhythmia.

Ventricular Arrhythmias in Young Competitive Athletes: Prevalence, Determinants, and Underlying Substrate.

BACKGROUND: Whether ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) represent a feature of the adaptive changes of the athlete's heart remains elusive. We aimed to assess the prevalence, determinants, and underlying substrates of VAs in young competitive athletes. METHOD AND RESULTS: We studied 288 competitive athletes (age range, 16-35 years; median age, 21 years) and 144 sedentary individuals matched for age and sex who underwent 12-lead 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. VAs were evaluated in terms of number, complexity (ie, couplet, triplet, or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia), exercise inducibility, and morphologic features. Twenty-eight athletes (10%) and 13 sedentary individuals (11%) showed >10 isolated premature ventricular beats (PVBs) or ≥1 complex VA (P=0.81). Athletes with >10 isolated PVBs or ≥1 complex VA were older (median age, 26 versus 20 years; P=0.008) but did not differ with regard to type of sport, hours of training, and years of activity compared with the remaining athletes. All athletes with >10 isolated PVBs or ≥1 complex VA had a normal echocardiographic examination; 17 of them showing >500 isolated PVBs, exercise-induced PVBs, and/or complex VA underwent additional cardiac magnetic resonance, which demonstrated nonischemic left ventricular late gadolinium enhancement in 3 athletes with right bundle branch block PVBs morphologic features. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of >10 isolated PVBs or ≥1 complex VA at 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring did not differ between young competitive athletes and sedentary individuals and was unrelated to type, intensity, and years of sports practice. An underlying myocardial substrate was uncommon and distinctively associated with right bundle branch block VA morphologic features.

Management of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a genetically determined heart muscle disorder, predisposing to sudden cardiac death (SCD), particularly in young patients and athletes. Pathological features include loss of myocytes and fibrofatty replacement of right ventricular myocardium; a biventricular involvement is often observed. The diagnosis of ARVC (prevalence 1:5.000 in the general population) does not rely on a single gold standard test but is achieved using a scoring system, proposed in 2010 by an International Task Force, which encompasses familial and genetic factors, ECG abnormalities, arrhythmias, and structural/functional ventricular alterations. The main goal of treatment is the prevention of SCD. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is the only proven "lifesaving" therapy; however, it is associated with a significant morbidity due to device-related complications and inappropriate ICD interventions. Other treatment options such as life style changes, antiarrhythmic drugs, beta-blockers and catheter ablation may reduce the arrhythmic burden and alleviate symptoms, without evident impact on prevention of SCD. Selection of patient candidates to ICD implantation is the most challenging issue in the clinical management of ARVC. This article reviews the current perspective on management of ARVC, focusing on clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, risk stratification and therapeutic strategies of affected patients.