What Predicts Undergraduate Students' Decision to Pursue a Career in Biomedical/Behavioral Research within an Upper-Division Research Training Program? A Study of Trainees' Science Identity and Educational Outcomes.

This study examined how science identity and positive educational outcomes relate to student trainees' decision to pursue a research career in health-related sciences, within the context of a two-year research training program that prepares diverse undergraduate students for a research career. In analyses using the evaluation data, science identity and one of the positive educational outcomes significantly predicted trainees' decision to pursue a research career in biomedical and behavioral sciences. In general, students with stronger science identity and interest in pursuing research in academia exhibited a firmer decision to pursue a research career in sciences. In a separate analysis that examined the associations between the trainees' decision to pursue a health-related research career and their underrepresented minority identities, gender, and disciplinary track, results revealed that: (1) the interaction between trainees' disciplinary track (i.e., biomedical vs. behavioral sciences) and their total number of underrepresented minority status was associated with their decision to pursue a research career, but (2) the gender x disciplinary track interaction was not. Emphasizing the need for supporting diverse undergraduate trainees to solidify their science identity and prepare them for a research career in academia, we discuss implications of our findings for research training programs with similar aims.

Is Science Identity a Predictor or an Outcome of Learning Research Skills? Analyses of Evaluation Data from a Training Program to EnhanceResearch Career Preparation of Diverse Undergraduate Students.

This study examined the role of science identity in a two-year upper-division research training program that prepares diverse undergraduate students for a research career. Using the annual year-end student evaluation data, we examined whether science identity is a predictor or an outcome of learning that enhances career preparation in biomedical research. Results showed that science identity is a predictor of learning in our trainees. In general, students with stronger science identity at the end of Year 2 reported having acquired more research skills and experiences through the program. This finding demonstrates that science identity makes learning research skills meaningful and purposeful. Preliminary analyses also showed that the levels of science identity did not differ between Years 1 and 2. In fact, science identity approached the maximum possible scores in both years. These findings imply that the training program could have succeeded in bolstering participants' science identity early by the end of the first year. Our findings do not rule out the possibility that science identity is both a predictor and an outcome of learning, depending on the specific contexts of learning as well as learners' specific developmental phases. Further studies are needed to systematically test these and other possibilities.

Aligning teaching practices with an understanding of quality teaching: a faculty development agenda.

BACKGROUND: To guide the future faculty development practices in a better manner, it is important to determine how clinical teachers perceive their own skill development. AIM: The objective of this study was to examine the extent to which clinical teachers aligned their teaching practices, as measured with a self-rating instrument, with their understanding of what constitutes good clinical teaching. METHOD: A sample of 1523 residents and 737 faculty members completed the clinical teaching perception inventory (CTPI) online and ranked 28 single-word descriptors that characterized clinical teachers along a seven-point scale in two measures, "My Ideal Teacher" and "Myself as a Teacher." RESULTS: Faculty and residents showed strikingly similar discrepancies, in both their magnitudes and directions, between their ratings of "My Ideal Teacher" and those of "Myself as a Teacher." Both residents and faculty found it most difficult to develop the stimulating, well-read, and innovative nature to meet their own standards. CONCLUSIONS: Data did not support our hypothesis that faculty would demonstrate stronger congruence between "My Ideal Teacher" and "Myself as a Teacher" than residents. Medical faculty would benefit from future faculty development practices that are designed to assist them in becoming stimulating, well-read, and innovative teachers, while using less control and caution in their teaching.

Residents' and faculty's beliefs about the ideal clinical teacher.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine how residents and faculty in family medicine compare in their beliefs about ideal clinical teaching. METHODS: We studied 205 residents and 148 faculty in family medicine who completed the Clinical Teaching Perception Inventory (CTPI) online between April 2001 and July 2008. The participants ranked 28 single-word descriptors that characterized clinical teachers along a 7-point-scale ranging from "least like my ideal teacher" to "most like my ideal teacher." RESULTS: Both residents and faculty indicated that the ideal clinical teachers should be stimulating, encouraging, competent, and communicating and should not be conventional, cautious, or controlling. However, residents rated probing and innovative significantly lower than did faculty. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical faculty and residents in family medicine have a shared view of the ideal clinical teacher. However, residents and faculty differed in their ratings on the descriptors "Probing" and "Innovative." This difference might at least in part stem from where residents and faculty are located along a continuum from novice to mature expert.

The on-line Clinical Teaching Perception Inventory: a "snapshot" of medical teachers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Medical educators need practical and accurate instruments for evaluating clinical teaching. Our purpose was to develop norms for the Clinical Teaching Perception Inventory (CTPI) on a multidisciplinary group of North American faculty and resident teachers. METHODS: A no-cost, on-line inventory (www.residentteachers.com) measured participants' comfort with teaching. Respondents recruited through surveys and professional organizations completed two identical Q-sorts, ranking 28 descriptors first for "my ideal teacher" and then for "myself as a teacher." RESULTS: An international sample of 255 residents and 256 faculty members--including 143 respondents from family medicine--completed the on-line CTPI from April 2001 to March 2003. Resident and faculty teachers agreed on top descriptors for ideal clinical teachers: stimulating, encouraging, competent, communicates, and well-read. Resident teachers revealed larger discrepancies between "self" and "ideal" scores than faculty participants did. Many respondents wished to be more stimulating and well-read, highlighting perceived needs for teaching skills development. Between the subsamples of 143 family medicine teachers and 368 non-family medicine teachers, scores were virtually indistinguishable. CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary sample of 511 faculty and resident teachers agreed on key characteristics of ideal clinical teachers. Generalist educators and others can use the on-line CTPI at no cost to assess their self-perceptions as clinical teachers.