Post-moderate-intensity exercise energy replacement does not reduce subsequent appetite and energy intake in adolescents with obesity.

Exercise modifies energy intake (EI) in adolescents with obesity, but whether this is mediated by the exercise-induced energy deficit remains unknown. The present study examined the effect of exercise with and without dietary replacement of the exercise energy expenditure on appetite, EI and food reward in adolescents with obesity. Fourteen 12-15-year-old adolescents with obesity (eight girls; Tanner 3-4; BMI 34·8 (sd 5·7) kg/m2; BMI z score 2·3 (sd 0·4)) randomly completed three experimental conditions: (i) rest control (CON); (ii) 30-min cycling (EX) and (iii) 30-min cycling with dietary energy replacement (EX + R). Ad libitum EI was assessed at lunch and dinner, and food reward (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) before and after lunch. Appetite was assessed at regular intervals. Lunch, evening and total EI (excluding the post-exercise snack in EX - R) were similar across conditions. Lunch and total EI including the post-exercise snack in EX + R were higher in EX - R than CON and EX; EX and CON were similar. Total relative EI was lower in EX (6284 (sd 2042) kJ) compared with CON (7167 (sd 2218) kJ; P < 0·05) and higher in EX + R (7736 (sd 2033) kJ) compared with CON (P < 0·001). Appetite and satiety quotients did not differ across conditions (P ≥ 0·10). Pre-meal explicit liking for fat was lower in EX compared with CON and EX + R (P = 0·05). There was time by condition interaction between EX and CON for explicit wanting and liking for fat (P = 0·01). Despite similar appetite and EI, adolescents with obesity do not adapt their post-exercise food intake to account for immediate dietary replacement of the exercise-induced energy deficit, favouring a short-term positive energy balance.

Effect of exercise-meal timing on energy intake, appetite and food reward in adolescents with obesity: The TIMEX study.

The present study manipulated the delay between exercise and test meal to investigate its effect on energy intake, appetite sensations and food reward in adolescents with obesity. Fifteen adolescents with obesity randomly completed 3 experimental sessions: i) rest without exercise (CON); ii) 30 min of exercise 180 min before lunch (EX-180); iii) 30 min of exercise 60 min before lunch (EX-60). Ad libitum energy intake was assessed at lunch and dinner, and food reward (LFPQ) assessed before and after lunch. Appetite sensations were assessed at regular intervals. Absolute energy intake was not different between conditions despite a 14.4% lower intake in EX-60 relative to CON. Lunch relative energy intake (REI: energy intake - exercise-induced energy expenditure) was higher in CON compared with EX-60 (p < 0.001). Lunch fat intake was lower in EX-60 compared with CON (p = 0.01) and EX-180(p = 0.02). Pre-lunch hunger in CON was lower than EX-180 (p = 0.02). Pre-lunch prospective food consumption and desire to eat were lower in CON compared with both exercise conditions (p = 0.001). A significant condition effect was found for explicit liking for high-fat relative to low-fat foods before lunch (p = 0.03) with EX-60 being significantly lower than EX-180 (p = 0.001). The nutritional and food reward adaptations to exercise might be dependent on the timing of exercise, which is of importance to optimize its effect on energy balance in adolescents with obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL REFERENCE: NCT03807609.

Cognitive restriction accentuates the increased energy intake response to a 10-month multidisciplinary weight loss program in adolescents with obesity.

BACKGROUND: Multidisciplinary interventions have shown some merits in weight reduction strategies in youth, however, their impact on subsequent daily energy intake remains largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional responses to a 10-month multidisciplinary intervention among adolescents with obesity, in relation to their eating behavior characteristics. METHODS: Thirty-five adolescents (mean age: 13.4 ±â€¯1.2 years) with obesity took part in a 10-month residential multidisciplinary weight loss program. Anthropometric measurements, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), 24-h ad libitum energy intake (weighted), eating behaviors (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire) and appetite sensations (Visual Analogue Scales) were assessed on three occasions: at their arrival in the institution (T0), after 5 months (T1), and at the end of the 10-month program (T2). RESULTS: The mean weight loss reached 11% of the adolescents' initial body weight, with an important inter-individual variability (-25% to +3% of their initial body weight). Results revealed sex differences change, with boys showing a higher decrease in fat mass percent and increase in fat-free mass compared with girls. Weight loss was accompanied by a significant decrease in emotional (-8.3%, p < 0.05) and external (-14.8%, p < 0.001) eating scores and a significant increase in 24-h ad libitum energy intake (+246 kcal, p < 0.001). The observed subsequent increased 24-h ad libitum energy intake at T2 compared to T0 was significantly higher in cognitively restrained eaters (+492 kcal) compared to unrestrained eaters (+115 kcal, p = 0,015). Dietary restraint score at baseline was inversely correlated with the percentage of weight loss (r = -0.44, p = 0.010). CONCLUSION: A 10-month multidisciplinary weight loss intervention induced an increase in 24-h ad libitum energy intake compared to baseline, especially in cognitively restrained eaters. Moreover, initially cognitively restrained eaters tended to lose less body weight compared to unrestrained ones. These findings suggest that cognitive restriction may be a useful eating behavior characteristic to consider as a screening tool for identifying adverse responders to weight loss interventions in youth.