Nurses' Perception of Tension, Stress, and Pressure before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Serbian Study.

The mental health of healthcare workers, especially the nursing staff in intensive care units, is crucial for the optimal functioning of healthcare systems during medical emergencies. This study implements a cross-sectional design to investigate the associations between nurses' personal characteristics, workplace challenges, and job satisfaction with the increased perception of tension, stress, and pressure at the workplace (TSPW) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, we surveyed 4210 nurses from 19 intensive healthcare facilities in the capital of Serbia, Belgrade, and, at that time, collected data about their perceived TSPW before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study identified six predictors of the increase in TSPW, as perceived by nurses: their work in COVID-19 infectious zones (OR = 1.446), exhaustion due to work under protective equipment (OR = 1.413), uncertainty and fear of infection (OR = 1.481), a high degree of superiors' appreciation and respect (OR = 1.147), a high degree of patients' attitudes (OR = 1.111), and a low degree of work autonomy (OR = 0.889). The study's findings suggest that a solution to this issue is necessary to ensure that nurses are safe and able to alleviate the physical and mental strain that comes with prolonged use of protective equipment. Nurses on the frontline of the pandemic require better health protection, better conditions, and respect for their role. Strategies to promote mental health would help reduce nurses' stress and increase job satisfaction.

"Today one partner, tomorrow another one, and no one is suspicious that you are gay": A Qualitative Study of Understanding HIV Related Risk Behavior Among MSM in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) are often exposed to stigma and discrimination, especially in developing countries. Discrimination might have an impact on their sexual behavior. The proportion of MSM among HIV positive persons is rising in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). The aim of this qualitative study was to understand the country context and HIV-related risk behaviors among MSM in B&H. We found that MSM in B&H have a dominant fear of expressing their sexual orientation in the homophobic societal environment, including their own family. Disclosures are often connected with escalated family violence, followed by the silence and ignorance. The fear of being connected to one particular partner and being labeled as a gay lead to the need of "masking" their sexual orientation, and having sexual intercourse with non-steady sexual partners. Although most MSM were aware of the risk of HIV and other STIs, the fear of rejection and remaining alone, shapes their decisions to agree to have sex without condoms.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices and fear of COVID-19 among medical students in Serbia.

INTRODUCTION: The outbreak of the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 named COVID-19 has spread throughout the world. The number of registered cases is increasing and almost no country or territory worldwide has been without any COVID-19 patient. The aim of this study was to examine the level of knowledge on the SARS-COv-2 and COVID-19 among medical students and to explore the differences in attitudes, practices and fear of COVID-19 among students with sufficient and students with insufficient knowledge. METHODOLOGY: The cross-sectional study among the 1,722 medical students was conducted through an online platform of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade. The instrument used was a questionnaire with sections on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19 and the Fear of COVID-19 scale. RESULTS: Total of 1576 (91.50%) students were in the sufficient knowledge group. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there was a significant association between the sufficient knowledge on COVID-19 and female sex (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.18-2.45), age (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.02-1.18), considering the preventive measures enforced in Serbia as good (OR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.18-5.56), wearing the surgical mask outside of the household in the past 14 days (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.22-2.87) and score on Fear of COVID-19 scale (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Medical students showed good knowledge of COVID-19 and could be a part of the promotion of health education messages as a part of preventive measures.

Corrigendum: Surprising Differences in the Practice of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Non-Roma and Roma Population in Serbia.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00277.].

Physicians' Attitudes Toward Adolescent Confidentiality Services: Scale Development and Validation.

INTRODUCTION: Confidentiality is one of the oldest ethical principles in healthcare. However, confidentiality in adolescent healthcare is not a universally-accepted doctrine among scholars. The ethical acceptability of confidential services in adolescents' healthcare is based on perceptions of adolescent maturity and an appreciation of its importance to adolescents' access and utilization of healthcare services. Despite legal policies that promote adolescents' rights, physicians' attitudes toward adolescent confidentiality can be a determining factor in their ultimate decision to protect adolescents' confidentiality. METHOD: A new Attitude towards Adolescent Confidentiality Scale was developed based on the results of a qualitative interview study. This new instrument was administered to a sample of 152 physicians working at school pediatric and gynecology departments in 13 primary healthcare institutions in Belgrade. Principal component analysis was applied to determine the main components of the scale. Reliability was assessed by calculating Cronbach alpha and mean inter-item correlations. RESULTS: Psychometric analysis of the final 19-item version of the scale showed a high level of reliability (Cronbach alpha of 0.83). Principal component analysis showed four components, which present subscales of the instrument: Confidentiality in clinical situation, Iimportance of confidentiality, Adolescent maturity, and Communication with parents. CONCLUSIONS: The instrument showed satisfactory levels of reliability and validity. The results of the scale dissemination may be a valuable tool for needs assessment for future educational interventions and training programs that will raise physicians' awareness of the importance of adolescent confidentiality.

Adolescents' right to confidential health care: knowledge, attitudes and practice of pediatricians and gynecologists in the primary healthcare sector in Belgrade, Serbia.

OBJECTIVES: Confidential counseling is a critical condition of the healthcare quality in adolescent medicine. This study aimed at assessing knowledge, attitudes and practice of primary healthcare pediatricians and gynecologists regarding adolescents' rights to confidentiality. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 152 pediatricians and gynecologists who are employed at 13 primary healthcare centers in Belgrade, Serbia, in 2017-2018. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire purposefully constructed for this study. The questionnaire examined knowledge and attitudes toward adolescents' right to confidentiality as well as whether participating physicians practice confidential health care with adolescents. RESULTS: Physicians scored 4 out of 7 on a knowledge scale, but they overall supported adolescents' right to confidential health care (average attitude score was 71 out of 95). On average, physicians scored 21 out of 30 on practice of confidentiality scale. Multivariate analysis showed that better knowledge and stronger positive attitudes toward duty of confidentiality were associated with consistent practice of confidential health care. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge about adolescents' rights to confidentiality and attitudes toward keeping adolescents' information confidential influence the practice of providing confidential services.

Surprising Differences in the Practice of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Non-Roma and Roma Population in Serbia.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is essential for early childhood development, although the use of adaptive milk formulas instead of breastfeeding is widespread nowadays. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of exclusively breastfed infants under the age of 6 months in non-Roma and Roma population and factors associated with this practice. Materials and Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of the Serbian Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey investigating non-Roma and Roma infants under the age of 6 months. The study included mothers of 321 non-Roma and 164 Roma infants younger than 6 months. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression served to analyze factors associated with the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in both populations. Results: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was almost the same among mothers in both non-Roma and Roma population (13.3 vs. 13%, p = 0.910). Exclusive breastfeeding was significantly more often (p < 0.001) among wealthier women, women whose newborns were over 2,500 g on birth, multipara, and women who had not established menstrual cycle among both populations. Living outside the capital significantly diminishes the chance for exclusively breastfed infants in the non-Roma community (Vojvodina: OR 0.16, CI 95% 0.03-0.92; eastern Serbia: OR 0.02, CI 95% 0.01-0.35) as well as living in the rural area (urban: OR 10.35, CI 95% 1.94-55.28). Unexpectedly, in the non-Roma population, not staying in the same room with the newborn in the maternity ward increases the chance for the baby to be exclusively breastfed (OR 7.19, CI 95% 1.80-28.68). The same pattern has been observed in Roma population. Non-Roma mothers multipara are more likely to exclusively breastfeed their children than primipara (OR 7.78, CI 95% 1.09-20.93), while among Roma mothers, the inverse association has been found although not significant (OR 0.42, CI 95% 0.14-1.23). Attending a childbirth preparation program more than 18 times increases the chances of infants being exclusively breastfed (OR 18.65, CI 95% 1.34-53.67). In the Roma population, there was no single woman that attended a childbirth preparation program. Conclusion: The pattern of exclusive breastfeeding significantly differs between non-Roma and Roma populations. Preventive work should have focus on strengthening support to mothers and medical staff in maternity wards.

Serbian primary care physicians' perspectives on adolescents' right to confidentiality in sexual and reproductive healthcare-a qualitative interview study.

BACKGROUND: In prominent international documents and professional position papers, confidentiality was recognized as a necessary condition for effective reproductive healthcare of adolescents. Although legally guaranteed, it is questionable if the right to confidentiality of adolescents is respected in healthcare practice in Serbia. OBJECTIVES: To assess primary care physicians' perspectives on the legal right of minors to confidentiality in sexual and reproductive healthcare, as well as their experiences in practice. METHODS: Qualitative, semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 12 primary care pediatricians and gynecologists at several municipalities of the city of Belgrade were performed. Interview transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. RESULTS: Most interviewees were aware of their legal obligations and support the general idea of granting adolescents the right to confidentiality. They recognized that the lack of confidentiality assurances prevents adolescents' access to sensitive care. However, physicians expressed concerns regarding medical situations when parents should be notified, which was reflected in their inconsistent respect of said right in actual practice. Several organizational obstacles were emphasized by interviewees, including insufficient number of physicians, time constraints, poor access to gynecological services and vague definitions of legal provisions. CONCLUSION: If the aim is for adolescents' right to confidentiality to be consistently respected in practice, primary care physicians need to be systematically educated about legal provisions and given comprehensive clinical guidelines. The general positive attitude towards confidentiality expressed by the primary care physicians implies that a possibility exists to engage them as main advocates for improvements in access to the necessary health care.

'The Devil has entered you': A qualitative study of Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) and the stigma and discrimination they experience from healthcare professionals and the general community in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are often exposed to unequal treatment in societies worldwide as well as to various forms of stigma and discrimination in healthcare services. Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is a postconflict developing country located in Southeast Europe and the Western Balkans, where little is known about the experiences of MSM regarding their communities and interactions with healthcare services. The aim of this study was to explore the types of experiences MSM face and to assess the level of stigma and discrimination they are exposed to in this setting. We conducted twelve in-depth face-to-face interviews with MSM who were 16 to 45 years old and residing in B&H. The main findings indicated that they all experienced various levels of stigma, discrimination, prejudice and inequities in treatment and attitudes from different segments of society, including the health care sector, that prevented them from fully developing their human and health potential. Additionally, these experiences were adversely related to opportunities to receive good quality health care services due to the insufficiently educated and old-fashioned health professionals who sometimes believed in black magic practices. The findings present numerous opportunities for educational trainings and structural reform to create a society that provides and guarantees equal opportunities for all.

Gynecologists' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intentions Toward Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Serbia.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to estimate the level of knowledge, attitudes, and intentions about human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HPV vaccine among gynecologists and to explore predictors of gynecologists' intention to recommend the HPV vaccine. METHOD: This research was conducted between April and June 2014 among all gynecologists working at women's health departments in all primary health centers in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, using a specially designed questionnaire. RESULTS: The response rate was 88.2%. The knowledge of gynecologists was estimated as average. The most frequently reported obstacles to HPV vaccination was the financial concern (59.8%). More than two thirds of the gynecologists were willing to recommend the vaccine (68.4%). The factors associated with the gynecologists' intention to recommend the vaccine included their positive attitudes toward boys' vaccination (odds ratio [OR], 8.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.85-28.16), negative attitudes toward frequent changes the recommendations (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.10-0.93), and beliefs that the vaccine application would decrease condom usage (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.06-0.68). CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide an important insight into the current point of view of the gynecologists, which confirms that the better the knowledge of HPV and vaccine, the higher the likelihood of recommending it.

High rate of burnout among anaesthesiologists in Belgrade teaching hospitals: Results of a cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Decisions by anaesthesiologists directly impact the treatment, safety, recovery and quality of life of patients. Physical or mental collapse due to overwork or stress (burnout) in anaesthesiologists may, therefore, be expected to negatively affect patients, departments, healthcare facilities and families. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of burnout among anaesthesiologists in Belgrade public teaching hospitals. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Anaesthesiologists in 10 Belgrade teaching hospitals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Burnout was assessed using Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey. RESULTS: The response rate was 76.2% (205/272) with the majority of respondents women (70.7%). The prevalence of total burnout among anaesthesiologists in Belgrade teaching hospitals was 6.34%. Measured level of burnout as assessed by high emotional exhaustion, high depersonalisation and low personal accomplishment was 52.7, 12.2 and 28.8%, respectively. More than a quarter of the studied population responded in each category with symptoms of moderate burnout. We detected that sex, additional academic education, marital status and working conditions were risk factors for emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Ageing increased the likelihood of burnout by 21.3% with each additional year. Shorter professional experience and increased educational accomplishment increased the risk of total burnout by 272%. CONCLUSION: Burnout rates in Belgrade teaching hospitals among anaesthesiologists are higher than in foreign hospitals. Emotional and/or physical breakdowns can have serious effects when these individuals care for patients in extremely stressed situations that may occur perioperatively. Causes for burnout should be examined more closely and means implemented to reverse this process.

Psychometric Properties of the Serbian Version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey: A Validation Study among Anesthesiologists from Belgrade Teaching Hospitals.

We report findings from a validation study of the translated and culturally adapted Serbian version of Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), for a sample of anesthesiologists working in the tertiary healthcare. The results showed the sufficient overall reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.72) of the scores (items 1-22). The results of Bartlett's test of sphericity (χ(2) = 1983.75, df = 231, p < 0.001) and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (0.866) provided solid justification for factor analysis. In order to increase sensitivity of this questionnaire, we performed unfitted factor analysis model (eigenvalue greater than 1) which enabled us to extract the most suitable factor structure for our study instrument. The exploratory factor analysis model revealed five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0, explaining 62.0% of cumulative variance. Velicer's MAP test has supported five-factor model with the smallest average squared correlation of 0,184. This study indicated that Serbian version of the MBI-HSS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure burnout among a population of anesthesiologists. Results confirmed strong psychometric characteristics of the study instrument, with recommendations for interpretation of two new factors that may be unique to the Serbian version of the MBI-HSS.

Development of a risk index for prediction of abnormal pap test results in Serbia.

BACKGROUND: Serbia is one of the countries with highest incidence and mortality rates for cervical cancer in Central and South Eastern Europe. Introducing a risk index could provide a powerful means for targeting groups at high likelihood of having an abnormal cervical smear and increase efficiency of screening. The aim of the present study was to create and assess validity ofa index for prediction of an abnormal Pap test result. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population was drawn from patients attending Departments for Women's Health in two primary health care centers in Serbia. Out of 525 respondents 350 were randomly selected and data obtained from them were used as the index creation dataset. Data obtained from the remaining 175 were used as an index validation data set. RESULTS: Age at first intercourse under 18, more than 4 sexual partners, history of STD and multiparity were attributed statistical weights 16, 15, 14 and 13, respectively. The distribution of index scores in index-creation data set showed that most respondents had a score 0 (54.9%). In the index-creation dataset mean index score was 10.3 (SD-13.8), and in the validation dataset the mean was 9.1 (SD=13.2). CONCLUSIONS: The advantage of such scoring system is that it is simple, consisting of only four elements, so it could be applied to identify women with high risk for cervical cancer that would be referred for further examination.

Factors influencing the recommendation of the human papillomavirus vaccine by Serbian pediatricians.

OBJECTIVES: This research was undertaken to investigate the knowledge and attitudes regarding Human Papillomavirus infection and the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among pediatricians who work in primary health care and to determine their intention to recommend the HPV vaccine as an important measure for the primary prevention of cervical cancer. We assessed the factors associated with the intention to recommend the vaccine. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted in March and April 2012. This research included all pediatricians who worked with school children in public primary health care institutions in Belgrade. A research instrument questionnaire had been designed for this study. RESULTS: The response rate was 78.7%. The knowledge of pediatricians related to HPV infection and the HPV vaccine was estimated as poor. However, pediatricians recognized the need for additional education in this field. The most-frequently reported barrier to HPV vaccination was the financial concern (68.2%). Alternatively, according to the pediatricians, the most common parental barrier to vaccination was the lack of information on the vaccine (67.2%). Nearly two-thirds of the pediatricians were willing to recommend the vaccine (60.2%). The factors associated with the pediatricians' intention to recommend the vaccine included the parents' attitudes. CONCLUSION: The majority of pediatricians accept the HPV vaccine and recommend it to their patients. It is necessary to improve cooperation between parents and pediatricians to increase immunization coverage and develop national consulting strategies with a focus on the prevention of HPV infection.

First- and fifth-year medical students' intention for emigration and practice abroad: a case study of Serbia.

Health worker migration is causing profound health, safety, social, economic and political challenges to countries without special policies for health professionals' mobility. This study describes the prevalence of migration intentions among medical undergraduates, identifies underlying factors related to migration intention and describes subsequent actions in Serbia. Data were captured by survey of 938 medical students from Belgrade University (94% response rate), representing two thirds of matching students in Serbia stated their intentions, reasons and obstacles regarding work abroad. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and a sequential multivariate logistic regression. Based on descriptive and inferential statistics we were able to predict the profile of first and fifth year medical students who intend or have plans to work abroad. This study contributes to our understanding of the causes and correlates of intent to migrate and could serve to raise awareness and point to the valuable policy options to manage migration.

[Assessment of required resources for implementation of national breast cancer screening program in Serbia].

INTRODUCTION: High values of standardized mortality and morbidity rates of standardized cancer mortality in Serbia, especially colorectal, cervical and breast cancer led to creation of national programs for their early detection and engagement of the international support for their implementation. OBJECTIVE: Assessment of required resources (time, personnel, financial) to implement the National program for screening of breast cancer in the Republic of Serbia. METHODS: Three possible scenarios have been prepared (optimistic, realistic and pessimistic) based on the expected coverage by screening of women aged 45 to 69 years, and time, personnel and financial feasibility estimates were made for a two-year screening cycle. RESULTS: Time aspect of feasibility even under conditions of "relaxation" of the assumption on the number of working days during the year did not question feasibility of any of the scenarios. Personnel feasibility is only possible in the pessimistic scenario, while the financial feasibility only makes sense in optimistic scenario as the least unfavorable solution due to economies of scale. CONCLUSION: Establishment of the initial base of skilled radiologists and radiology technicians and the system for their continuous medical education as well as allocation of specific MoH budget line for screening program expenditures, along with donated mammographs and good organization and coordination, may provide unobstructed implementation of the National program for early detection of breast cancer in the Republic of Serbia.

Early sexual initiation and risk factors in Serbian adolescents: data from the National Health Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with sexual initiation before the age of 17 among Serbian adolescents and to assess whether the latter is associated with other risky behaviours, such as tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use, and fighting. METHODS: The study was an analysis of data gathered by the 2006 Serbian National Population Health Survey in which information concerning adolescents was obtained by means of questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and a logistic regression model. RESULTS: A total of 474 adolescents aged 15 and 16 completed the survey. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male respondents reporting sexual initiation were significantly more likely to smoke daily and to have experienced two or more episodes of drunkenness in the past. Female respondents reporting sexual initiation were significantly more likely to live with both parents, to feel insecure in school, to smoke daily and to drink more than once a week. CONCLUSIONS: A strong association was found between adolescent sexual initiation and substance abuse. Although a causal relationship is evidently not established, one might contemplate including measures lowering the frequency and intensity of substance abuse in health prevention programmes and interventions aiming at reducing the risks associated with sexual initiation.

Maternal satisfaction with organized perinatal care in Serbian public hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the experiences and expectations of women across the continuum of antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal care is important to assess the quality of maternal care and to determine problematic areas which could be improved. The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with maternal satisfaction with hospital-based perinatal care in Serbia. METHODS: Our survey was conducted from January 2009 to January 2010 using a 28-item, self-administered questionnaire. The sample consisted of 50% of women who expected childbirths during the study period from all 76 public institutions with obstetric departments in Serbia. The following three composite outcome variables were constructed: satisfaction with technical and professional aspects of care; communication and interpersonal aspects of care; and environmental factors. RESULTS: We analyzed 34,431 completed questionnaires (84.2% of the study sample). The highest and lowest average satisfaction scores (4.43 and 3.25, respectively) referred to the overall participation of midwives during delivery and the quality of food served in the hospital, respectively. Younger mothers and multiparas were less concerned with the environmental conditions (OR = 0.55, p = 0.006; OR = 1.82, p = 0.004). Final model indicated that mothers informed of patients' rights, pregnancy and delivery through the Maternal Counseling Service were more likely to be satisfied with all three outcome variables. The highest value of the Pearson's coefficient of correlation was between the overall satisfaction score and satisfaction with communication and interpersonal aspects of care. CONCLUSIONS: Our study illuminated the importance of interpersonal aspects of care and education for maternal satisfaction. Improvement of the environmental conditions in hospitals, the WHO program, Baby-friendly Hospital, and above all providing all pregnant women with antenatal education, are recommendations which would more strongly affect the perceptions of quality and satisfaction with perinatal care in Serbian public hospitals by women.

[Ethics and reproductive health: the issue of HPV vaccination].

The ethics of reproductive health covers a wide field of different issues, from the ethical dimensions of assisted reproduction, life of newborns with disabilities to the never-ending debate on the ethical aspects of abortion. Furthermore, increasing attention is paid to the ethical dimensions of using stem cells taken from human embryos, the creation of cloned embryos of patients for possible self-healing, and the increasingly present issue of reproductive cloning. Development of vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) has introduced new ethical aspects related to reproductive health and the need for a consensus of clinical and public-healthcare population. Today immunization with HPV vaccine is a measure for the primary prevention of cervical cancer and it provides effective protection against certain types of viruses included in the vaccine. The most often mentioned issues of discussions on ethical concerns about HPV vaccination are the recommended age of girls who should be informed and vaccinated (12-14 years), attitudes and fears of parents concerning discussion with their preadolescent daughters on issues important for their future sexual behavior, dilemma on the vaccination of boys and the role of the chosen pediatrician in providing information on the vaccination. In Serbia, two HPV vaccines have been registered but the vaccination is not compulsory. Up-till-now there has been no researches on the attitudes of physicians and parents about HPV vaccination. Nevertheless, it is very important to initiate education of general and medical public about the fact that the availability of vaccine, even if we disregard all aforementioned dilemmas, does not lead to the neglect of other preventive strategies against cervical cancer, primarily screening. The National Program for Cervical Cancer Prevention involves organized screening, i.e. regular cytological examinations of the cervical smear of all women aged 25-69 years, every three years, regardless of the vaccination status.