Corrigendum: Application of implementation mapping to develop strategies for integrating the National Diabetes Prevention Program into primary care clinics.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.933253.].

Application of implementation mapping to develop strategies for integrating the National Diabetes Prevention Program into primary care clinics.

Background: Diabetes is considered one of the most prevalent and preventable chronic health conditions in the United States. Research has shown that evidence-based prevention measures and lifestyle changes can help lower the risk of developing diabetes. The National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) is an evidence-based program recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; it is designed to reduce diabetes risk through intensive group counseling in nutrition, physical activity, and behavioral management. Factors known to influence this program's implementation, especially in primary care settings, have included limited awareness of the program, lack of standard clinical processes to facilitate referrals, and limited reimbursement incentives to support program delivery. A framework or approach that can address these and other barriers of practice is needed. Objective: We used Implementation Mapping, a systematic planning framework, to plan for the adoption, implementation, and maintenance of the National DPP in primary care clinics in the Greater Houston area. We followed the framework's five iterative tasks to develop strategies that helped to increase awareness and adoption of the National DPP and facilitate program implementation. Methods: We conducted a needs assessment survey and interviews with participating clinics. We identified clinic personnel who were responsible for program use, including adopters, implementers, maintainers, and potential facilitators and barriers to program implementation. The performance objectives, or sub-behaviors necessary to achieve each clinic's goals, were identified for each stage of implementation. We used classic behavioral science theory and dissemination and implementation models and frameworks to identify the determinants of program adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Evidence- and theory-based methods were selected and operationalized into tailored strategies that were executed in the four participating clinic sites. Implementation outcomes are being measured by several different approaches. Electronic Health Records (EHR) will measure referral rates to the National DPP. Surveys will be used to assess the level of the clinic providers and staff's acceptability, appropriateness of use, feasibility, and usefulness of the National DPP, and aggregate biometric data will measure the level of the clinic's disease management of prediabetes and diabetes. Results: Participating clinics included a Federally Qualified Health Center, a rural health center, and two private practices. Most personnel, including the leadership at the four clinic sites, were not aware of the National DPP. Steps for planning implementation strategies included the development of performance objectives (implementation actions) and identifying psychosocial and contextual implementation determinants. Implementation strategies included provider-to-provider education, electronic health record optimization, and the development of implementation protocols and materials (e.g., clinic project plan, policies). Conclusion: The National DPP has been shown to help prevent or delay the development of diabetes among at-risk patients. Yet, there remain many challenges to program implementation. The Implementation Mapping framework helped to systematically identify implementation barriers and facilitators and to design strategies to address them. To further advance diabetes prevention, future program, and research efforts should examine and promote other strategies such as increased reimbursement or use of incentives and a better billing infrastructure to assist in the scale and spread of the National DPP across the U.S.

Using implementation mapping for the adoption and implementation of Target:BP in community health centers.

Background: Despite the availability of multilevel evidence-based interventions for blood pressure management, poor hypertension control is common among community health center patient populations across the state of Texas and the United States. Target:BP TM is a national initiative from the American Heart Association and the American Medical Association to assist healthcare organizations and care teams in improving blood pressure control rates using evidence-based approaches and recognition of organizations who have successfully integrated the program in their practice. Using the Implementation Mapping approach, we identified determinants of Target:BP TM adoption and use and developed implementation strategies to improve program uptake and implementation in Community Health Centers in Texas. Methods: We used Implementation Mapping (IM) to identify barriers and facilitators influencing the adoption and implementation of the Target:BP TM program and develop strategies to increase program adoption and use. We recruited four clinics across four counties in Texas and assessed barriers and facilitators at the organizational level, including electronic health records and data use. We used this data to inform clinic-specific implementation strategies based on the organization capacity and priorities feedback. We developed an implementation plan and timeline designed to improve the implementation and maintenance of Target:BP TM . Results: As part of the needs and capacity assessment, we collected data through interviews with CHC staff, examining gaps in needs and services (e.g., what do clinics need to implement Target:BP TM ?), and assets to leverage. We worked with Community Health Centers to a) identify individuals who would be involved in the adoption, implementation, and maintenance of Target:BP TM , b) describe adoption and implementation actions, and c) identify barriers and facilitators influencing adoption and implementation. Together with partners from Community Health Center, we used the IM approach to identify and develop program goals, identify methods and strategies to address barriers, and create an implementation plan. Our strategies included monthly or biweekly meetings to provide technical support, reviewing program goals and timeline to ensure program implementation, progress toward reaching goals, and address quality improvement needs at each clinic site. We developed a Target:BP TM implementation protocol for each clinic based on the needs and capacity assessment, identification of technology use and capacity, and gap analysis. We reviewed Target:BP TM program strategies and self-measured blood pressure protocols tailored to the clinic patient population. We developed a collaborative plan, reviewed funding and capacity for implementation, and provided continuous quality improvement guidance. Ongoing process and impact evaluations using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework are underway. Discussion: This paper provides an example of using Implementation Mapping to develop strategies to increase the adoption and implementation of evidence-based cardiovascular risk reduction interventions in Community Health Centers. The use of implementation strategies can increase the use of Target:BP TM in Community Health Centers and improve hypertension control.