ABSTRACT
Chronic shoulder pain is an extremely common presenting complaint. Potential pain generators include the rotator cuff tendons, biceps tendon, labrum, glenohumeral articular cartilage, acromioclavicular joint, bones, suprascapular and axillary nerves, and the joint capsule/synovium. Radiographs are typically the initial imaging study obtained in patients with chronic shoulder pain. Further imaging may often be required, with modality chosen based on patient symptoms and physical examination findings, which may lead the clinician to suspect a specific pain generator. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.
Subject(s)
Shoulder Pain , Societies, Medical , Humans , United States , Shoulder Pain/diagnostic imaging , Evidence-Based Medicine , Diagnostic ImagingABSTRACT
The presentation of traumatic abdominopelvic injuries in sport can range from initially benign appearing to hemorrhagic shock. A high clinical suspicion for injury, knowledge of the red flags for emergent further evaluation, and familiarity with the initial stabilization procedures are necessary for sideline medical providers. The most important traumatic abdominopelvic topics are covered in this article. In addition, the authors outline the evaluation, management, and return-to-play considerations for the most common abdominopelvic injuries, including liver and splenic lacerations, renal contusions, rectus sheath hematomas, and several others.
Subject(s)
Abdominal Injuries , Sports Medicine , Sports , Humans , Sports Medicine/methods , Abdominal Injuries/diagnosis , Abdominal Injuries/surgeryABSTRACT
This review summarizes the evidence base for using compression, massage, caloric replacement, cold, and heat as exercise recovery aids in sport.