ABSTRACT
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Left atrial (LA) thrombus formation is closely related to LA dysfunction, particularly to decreased LA appendage flow velocity (LAA-FV) in patients with AF. We estimated LAA-FV using parameters noninvasively obtained by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in patients with paroxysmal AF.Echocardiographic and clinical parameters were assessed in 190 patients with nonvalvular paroxysmal AF showing sinus heart rhythm during transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and TTE.LAA-FV (60 ± 22 cm/s) significantly correlated with the time interval between the initiation of the P-wave on ECG and that of the A-wave of transmitral flow on TTE (PA-TMF, correlation coefficient, -0.32; P < 0.001), LA dimension (LAD, -0.31; P < 0.001), septal a' velocity of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI, 0.35; P < 0.001), E/e' ratio (-0.28, P < 0.001), E velocity of transmitral flow (-0.20, P = 0.008), E/A ratio of transmitral flow (-0.18, P = 0.02), CHA2DS2-VASc score (-0.15, P = 0.04), and BNP plasma level (-0.32, P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed that PA-TMF (standardized partial regression coefficient, -0.17; P = 0.03), a' velocity (0.24, P = 0.004), and LAD (-0.20, P = 0.01) were independent predictors of LAA-FV (multiple correlation coefficient R, 0.44; P < 0.001).Parameters of atrial remodeling, ie, decreased a' velocity, increased LAD, and PA-TMF during sinus rhythm may be useful predictors of LA blood stasis in patients with nonvalvular PAF. LAA-FV can be estimated using these TTE parameters instead of TEE.
Subject(s)
Atrial Appendage/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnostic imaging , Atrial Remodeling , Blood Flow Velocity/physiology , Echocardiography, Doppler/methods , Tachycardia, Paroxysmal/diagnostic imaging , Atrial Appendage/diagnostic imaging , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Electrocardiography, Ambulatory , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mitral Valve/diagnostic imaging , Mitral Valve/physiopathology , Reproducibility of Results , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Tachycardia, Paroxysmal/physiopathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We compared the efficacy of once-daily treatment with nifedipine CR 40 mg (NR) and twice-daily treatment with benidipine 4 mg (BD) in patients with coronary spastic angina (CSA) registered in 3 cardiovascular institutes in Tokyo. METHODS AND RESULTS: CSA was diagnosed by an ischemic ST change during Holter ECG monitoring or drug-induced test. Thirty patients were randomly allocated to either NR or BD group. The number of symptomatic attacks and the total frequency of short-acting nitrates were examined based on the data in diaries written by patients. There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between the two groups. The median number (25-75% quartile) of attacks per week was significantly decreased in NR group, i.e., 1.0 (0.8-2.0) at baseline, 0.0 (0.0-1.0) after 4 weeks of treatment, and 0.0 (0.0-0.0) after 8 weeks of treatment (P=0.0093, P=0.0002, Wilcoxon's rank-sum test). No significant decrease was observed in BD, i.e. 1.0 (0.5-2.0) at baseline, 1.3 (0.0-3.0) after 4 weeks, and 0.0 (0.0-1.0) after 8 weeks. The number of attacks was fewer in NR than in BD group (P=0.074, P=0.015, U-test for difference). CONCLUSION: Once-daily treatment with NR 40 mg was more effective than twice-daily treatment with BD in the prevention of CSA attacks.
