From a national elite to the global elite: Possibilities and problems in scaling up.

This research note highlights emerging findings that speak to the challenges of joining the transnational elite, particularly for those coming from the Global South. For a longitudinal study of wealth inheritors becoming more transnational via their educational paths, we spoke with 16 young people who were all in their early 20s and primarily from economic elite families in the Global South. Some participants had clear ambitions, while others were less sure about their future, wondering where they should move and what they should do when they got there. Their various narratives reveal that underlying the possibilities and problems of where to locate themselves was our participants' access to different constellations of economic, social and cultural capital, as well as their race, citizenship and 'home' country's geopolitical situation. Their parents' ambitions that they become part of a global elite remained in most cases largely unfulfilled-despite a significant economic investment in their secondary and university educations. Only a small minority of our participants aspired to and/or were able to secure such transnational futures.

To dictate or collaborate? A phenomenological exploration of physiotherapists' leadership styles.

OBJECTIVES: Selection of effective leadership styles within healthcare is linked to high quality, safe care for patients. Within the literature attention has been given to medical and nursing professions, failing to acknowledge the contribution made by physiotherapy leaders. This study aims to consider the leadership styles used by physiotherapists in a designated leadership role, specifically exploring the barriers they face and the strategies employed to overcome current leadership dilemmas. DESIGN: A qualitative, phenomenological design was used. Consent was obtained from each participant for one semistructured interview which was audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Framework analysis was used to analyse the data. SETTING: A large National Health Service Foundation Trust within the North East of England. PARTICIPANTS: A purposive sample of ten physiotherapy team leaders. RESULTS: The theoretical leadership framework that emerged demonstrated the daily tensions experienced by physiotherapy team leaders in regard to being a transactional or transformational leader. Within this, three superordinate themes exist: the individual, the team and the organisation and beyond. Each theme contained barriers and enablers which related to transactional and transformational leadership styles, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The framework identified gives insight into a group of clinical leaders not yet explored and provides a foundation for the development of leadership behaviours throughout physiotherapy. These clinicians should be supported by senior leaders to develop more transformational styles which have the potential to impact on staff well-being and patient care. Future research should compare these findings with studies involving larger sample sizes that span the health and social care system.

Leading in practice: a case study of how health visitors share and develop good practice.

The aim of this study was to find out more about health visitors' current situated practice in the context of national policy drivers outlining a new lead role for them in delivering co-ordinated and integrated services for children and families, tailored to local needs. The study focused on health visitors within a recently merged primary care trust and a qualitative approach was adopted with use of focus groups to generate data. The transcripts were subsequently analysed for key themes and dimensions. These related to how health visitors defined their own role and the skills with which they carried it out, the development of their expertise, role tensions and factors affecting leadership development. By drawing together the grounded experience of health visitors, policy drivers and theoretical interpretations a rich picture of existing practices was established, with recommendations made to promote distributed leadership and change.

Challenges facing newly qualified community nurses: a qualitative study.

This article describes a qualitative study that set out first to explore the challenges facing recently qualified nurses working in community and intermediate healthcare settings, and their perceptions of role and professional identity, and then to propose effective support structures. Data were gathered using individual interviews which were recorded, transcribed and analysed through categorization using four key themes: transition work; new learning; support and supervision; professional identity and integration. It was concluded that transition can be challenging and stressful but, despite the level of independent working in the community, participants can be helped to develop resilience by a supportive environment in which their developmental needs are identified and met. Recommendations are made concerning the need for a more structured and planned approach to induction and preceptorship.

Education about HIV/AIDS--theoretical underpinnings for a practical response.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related education is seen by many as central to increasing young people's awareness of, as well as decreasing their vulnerability to, HIV. There is less agreement, however, on the central goals of HIV- and AIDS-related education and the form it might best take. This paper offers a conceptual framework for understanding some of the main approaches to HIV- and AIDS-related education being implemented today, drawing a distinction between approaches which are 'scientifically' informed; those that draw upon notions of 'rights' and those which are overtly 'moralistic' in the sense that they promote conservative moral positions concerning sexuality and sexual acts. In outlining these three approaches, we examine different ways in which the terms 'science', 'rights' and 'moral values' are conceptualized and some of the key assumptions underpinning different forms of HIV- and AIDS-related education. Findings will be useful for those desiring to develop a typology of approaches to HIV- and AIDS-related education and their potential effects.

Pregnancy and parenthood among young people in and leaving care: what are the influencing factors, and what makes a difference in providing support?

Previous research has shown increased vulnerability to teenage parenthood for young people with experience of local authority care. This study explored factors contributing to early pregnancy and parenthood among young people in and leaving care; the types of support available; and the extent to which services are perceived as accessible. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 63 young people. The study findings suggest that young people's experiences both prior to, and during care, influence their decisions in relation to pregnancy and impact on how they view and engage with services. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of recent changes in legislation and services throughout England.

The role of the hippocampus in object recognition in rats: examination of the influence of task parameters and lesion size.

Studies examining the effects of hippocampal lesions on object recognition memory in rats have produced conflicting results. The present study investigated how methodological differences and lesion size may have contributed to these discrepancies. In Experiment 1 we compared rats with complete, partial (septal) and sham hippocampal lesions on a spontaneous object recognition task, using a protocol previously reported to result in deficits following large hippocampal lesions . Rats with complete and partial hippocampal lesions were unimpaired, suggesting the hippocampus is not required for object recognition memory. However, rats with partial lesions showed relatively poor performance raising the possibility that floor effects masked a deficit on this group. In Experiment 2, we used a second spontaneous object recognition protocol similar to that used by the two other studies that have reported deficits following hippocampal lesions . Rats with complete hippocampal lesions were significantly impaired, whereas rats with partial lesions were unimpaired. However, the complete lesion group showed less object exploration during the sample phase. Thus, the apparent recognition memory deficit in Experiment 2 may be attributable to differential encoding. Together, these findings suggest that the hippocampus is not required for intact spontaneous object recognition memory. These findings suggest that levels of object exploration during the sample phase may be a critical issue, and raise the possibility that previous reports of object recognition deficits may be due to differences in object exploration rather than deficits in object recognition per se.

Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists LY341495 and LY366457 increase locomotor activity in mice.

The group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonists LY341495 and LY366457 were profiled for their effects on locomotor activity in mice. Both compounds significantly increased locomotor activity. Observational studies showed that rearing was also selectively increased. LY366457-induced hyperactivity was significantly attenuated by the selective D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 and also by the D2 dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol but only at doses that significantly suppressed spontaneous locomotion. The selective 5-HT(2A) antagonist MDL100907 had no effect on LY366457-induced hyperactivity, while the less selective 5-HT(2A-C) antagonist ritanserin had only a modest effect. In all cases, the doses of antagonists that reduced the locomotor response to LY366457 were greater than those previously shown to reduce the locomotor response to the psychostimulants amphetamine and cocaine and MK-801. Pretreatment with reserpine also significantly attenuated the response to LY366457, possibly implicating a monoaminergic substrate in the mediation of this effect. The phenomenonology and pharmacology of the locomotor activation induced by the mGluR antagonists differs markedly from that induced by locomotor stimulants such as amphetamine, cocaine or MK-801. These results suggest that group II mGluRs may be involved in the tonic suppression of locomotor and exploratory activity, and this suppression can be disinhibited in the presence of a group II mGluR antagonist.