Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake and adherence experiences of gay and bisexual men who engage in chemsex: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is the use of HIV antiretroviral medications to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition. PrEP is highly effective when used during periods of potential HIV exposure. Gay and bisexual men (GBM) who engage in unprotected chemsex (without condoms or PrEP) are at high-risk of acquiring HIV. Substance use has been shown to detrimentally impact on the effective use of HIV treatment among GBM living with HIV. This study aims to qualitatively explore PrEP uptake and adherence among GBM who engage in chemsex in the United Kingdom. METHODS: Nineteen semi-structured in-depth telephone interviews were conducted with self-identifying HIV-negative GBM who reported recently engaging in chemsex and currently using or had recently used PrEP. We explored the ways in which chemsex influenced GBM's motivation to use, access to and effective use of PrEP. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and coded using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Most of the men identified as gay, were of white ethnicity and had a median age of 41. Eighteen men were still using PrEP at the time of the interview and most used daily dosing. The perception of being at high risk of HIV acquisition was a key factor influencing PrEP initiation and after initiation, continued to influence high levels of adherence which was reported by the majority of participants. The few individuals who reported sub-optimal adherence, explained that psychosocial stressors or periods of impaired mental health led to more frequent or intense chemsex sessions, which in turn contributed to occasional non-adherence. Most participants used a variety of strategies to help them adhere, which included restricting the amount or intensity of chemsex they engaged in, strategic placement of PrEP and external triggers to remind them to take PrEP. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the majority of GBM who engaged in chemsex, initiated PrEP in recognition of their potential risk of HIV acquisition and reported high levels of PrEP adherence. They used multiple strategies to support effective PrEP access and adherence. These findings support a growing body of evidence that PrEP is a viable prevention tool for GBM who engage in chemsex, and that chemsex does not negatively impact PrEP adherence.

Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use and Medication Adherence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

The appropriate use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) by men who have sex with men (MSM) can be highly effective at reducing HIV transmission. Our review examined prevalence estimates, sexual behaviors, and medication adherence among MSM PrEP users in high-income countries. Articles published between January 2008 and December 2018 were identified through Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, and CENTRAL. The search identified 643 publications, of which 52 were included in the final synthesis. We found that PrEP initiation was not consistently associated with significant changes in sexual behavior, but some users may have risk compensated. A minority of MSM used PrEP, and they had high levels of adherence. PrEP-related stigma, side effects, and psychosocial factors lead to nonadherence. A daily routine, pill boxes, alarms/texts, and education can promote adherence. Further research is required to examine PrEP impact on sexual behavior and factors that influence adherence in high-risk MSM subpopulations.

Chemsex behaviours among men who have sex with men: A systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: 'Chemsex' is the use of drugs before or during planned sexual events to facilitate, enhance, prolong and sustain the experience. Drugs associated with chemsex are methamphetamine, GHB/GBL, mephedrone, cocaine and ketamine. This review syntheses published research on the antecedents, behaviours and consequences associated with chemsex behaviours among men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS: Papers from high income countries which were published between January 2000 and September 2018 reporting the use of chemsex drugs before or during sex were identified through Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL and Central. Results were synthesised using a narrative approach and conceptualised using a behavioural analysis framework. RESULTS: The search identified 2492 publications, of which 38 were included in the final synthesis. There were wide variations in chemsex prevalence estimates due to the heterogeneous sampling in the studies. Chemsex participants have expectations that the drugs will positively affect their sexual encounters and HIV positive MSM are more likely to engage in the behaviour than HIV negative MSM. There were wide ranging prevalence estimates on injecting drugs for sexual purposes and the sharing of injecting equipment with some evidence of unsafe injecting practices. Participants were more likely to engage in condomless anal intercourse than men who do not engage in chemsex. This may increase the risk of transmission for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. CONCLUSION: A minority of MSM appear to engage in chemsex behaviours but they are at risk of this negatively impacting on their health and well-being. Further research is required to examine high risk chemsex behaviours, impact of chemsex on psycho-social well-being and if chemsex influences uptake of PrEP, PEP and sexual health screening.

General Practitioners' views and experiences on the barriers and facilitators that men who have sex with men have when accessing primary care for HIV testing and sexual health screening.

Aim This study's objectives were to collate General Practitioners' (GPs) views and experiences on the barriers and facilitators for providing HIV and sexual health screening in primary care to men who have sex with men. BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately effected by sexually transmitted infections and HIV. Some MSM may not attend for testing and primary care may come in contact with this group. There may be varying barriers for MSM accessing services. Primary care can provide an opportunity to offer testing but with limited GPs views on this topic, it is important to understand the potential barriers and facilitators. METHOD: A structured online survey was used to gather data and the survey link was emailed to all General Practices in the City of Edinburgh. The total available sample of GPs was 485. The survey used a combination of multiple choice questions and Likert scales rating from 1 to 5. Friedman's two-way analysis of variation rank was used for data analysis. Findings In total, 62 GPs from the City of Edinburgh completed the survey with the majority of the sample having over 10 years' experience in primary care. The most significant barrier was patient preference to access specialist services. The highest rated method to promote HIV and sexual health screening was the use of external promotion.