Maternal exercise increases infant resting energy expenditure: preliminary results.

Maternal obesity is associated with lower infant resting energy expenditure (REE), predisposing them to more rapid weight and adiposity gain through early infancy. Maternal exercise (ME) decreases infant adiposity and risk for childhood obesity; however, it remains unknown if this is in part mediated by changes in infant energy expenditure. Thus, we measured REE in 1-month-old infants from pregnant individuals who performed moderate-intensity exercise during pregnancy and compared it to infants from non-exercising controls. We observed higher oxygen respiratory rates (p = 0.003 for VO2 and p = 0.007 for VCO2) and REE (p = 0.002) in infants exposed to exercise in utero, independent of any differences in infant body composition. Furthermore, maternal BMI was significantly and inversely associated with infant REE in the control (r = -0.86, R2 = 0.74, p = 0.029), but not the exercise group (r = 0.33, R2 = 0.11, p = 0.473). Together, these findings associate ME with increasing infant energy expenditure which could be protective of subsequent infant adiposity gain. Clinical Trial: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03838146 and NCT04805502.

Exercise FITT-V during pregnancy: Association with birth outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal exercise improves birth outcomes, but research into exercise dose-response effects is limited. METHODS: This study is a retrospective, secondary analysis of pooled data from three blinded, prospective, randomized controlled trials. Prenatal exercise frequency, intensity, type, time, and volume (FITT-V) were assessed in supervised sessions throughout pregnancy. Gestational age (GA), neonatal resting heart rate (rHR), morphometrics (body circumferences, weight-to-length and ponderal index) Apgar and reflex scores, and placental measures were obtained at birth. Stepwise regressions and Pearson correlations determined associations between FITT-V and birth outcomes. RESULTS: Prenatal exercise frequency reduces ponderal index (R2 = 0.15, F = 2.76, p = .05) and increased total number of reflexes present at birth (R2 = 0.24, F = 7.89, p < .001), while exercise intensity was related to greater gestational age and birth length (R2 = 0.08, F = 3.14; R2 = 0.12, F = 3.86, respectively; both p = .04); exercise weekly volume was associated with shorter hospital stay (R2 = 0.24, F = 4.73, p = .01). Furthermore, exercise type was associated with placenta size (R2 = 0.47, F = 3.51, p = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exercise is positively related to birth and placental outcomes in a dose-dependent manner.

Effects of maternal exercise on infant mesenchymal stem cell mitochondrial function, insulin action, and body composition in infancy.

Maternal exercise (ME) has been established as a useful non-pharmacological intervention to improve infant metabolic health; however, mechanistic insight behind these adaptations remains mostly confined to animal models. Infant mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) give rise to infant tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle), and remain involved in mature tissue maintenance. Importantly, these cells maintain metabolic characteristics of an offspring donor and provide a model for the investigation of mechanisms behind infant metabolic health improvements. We used undifferentiated MSC to investigate if ME affects infant MSC mitochondrial function and insulin action, and if these adaptations are associated with lower infant adiposity. We found that infants from exercising mothers have improvements in MSC insulin signaling related to higher MSC respiration and fat oxidation, and expression and activation of energy-sensing and redox-sensitive proteins. Further, we found that infants exposed to exercise in utero were leaner at 1 month of age, with a significant inverse correlation between infant MSC respiration and infant adiposity at 6 months of age. These data suggest that infants from exercising mothers are relatively leaner, and this is associated with higher infant MSC mitochondrial respiration, fat use, and insulin action.

Early warning signals have limited applicability to empirical lake data.

Research aimed at identifying indicators of persistent abrupt shifts in ecological communities, a.k.a regime shifts, has led to the development of a suite of early warning signals (EWSs). As these often perform inaccurately when applied to real-world observational data, it remains unclear whether critical transitions are the dominant mechanism of regime shifts and, if so, which EWS methods can predict them. Here, using multi-trophic planktonic data on multiple lakes from around the world, we classify both lake dynamics and the reliability of classic and second generation EWSs methods to predict whole-ecosystem change. We find few instances of critical transitions, with different trophic levels often expressing different forms of abrupt change. The ability to predict this change is highly processing dependant, with most indicators not performing better than chance, multivariate EWSs being weakly superior to univariate, and a recent machine learning model performing poorly. Our results suggest that predictive ecology should start to move away from the concept of critical transitions, developing methods suitable for predicting resilience loss not limited to the strict bounds of bifurcation theory.

A narrative review of exercise dose during pregnancy.

The current recommendations for prenatal exercise dose align with those from the American College of Sports Medicine; 150 min of moderate intensity every week of pregnancy. However, recent works suggest there may be a dose-dependent beneficial effect for mother and offspring; maternal and offspring health outcomes respond differently to low, medium, and high doses of prenatal exercise. It is, therefore, our aim to summarize the published evidence (years 1950-2023) for five metrics of prenatal exercise training commonly reported, that is, "FITT-V": Frequency (number of sessions), Intensity (metabolic equivalents "METs"), Time (duration of sessions), Type (exercise mode), Volume (exercise MET*mins). The target audience includes clinicians and health care professionals, as well as exercise professionals and physiologists. Data suggest that moderate exercise frequency (3-4 times weekly) appears safe and efficacious for mother and offspring, while there is contradictory evidence for the safety and further benefit of increased frequency beyond 5 sessions per week. Moderate (3-6 METs) and vigorous (>6 METs) intensity prenatal exercise have been shown to promote maternal and offspring health, while little research has been performed on low-intensity (<3 METs) exercise. Exercise sessions lasting less than 1 hr are safe for mother and fetus, while longer-duration exercise should be carefully considered and monitored. Taken together, aerobic, resistance, or a combination of exercise types is well tolerated at medium-to-high volumes and offers a variety of type-specific benefits. Still, research is needed to define (1) the "minimum" effective dose of exercise for mother and offspring health, as well as (2) the maximum tolerable dose from which more benefits may be seen. Additionally, there is a lack of randomized controlled trials addressing exercise doses during the three trimesters of pregnancy. Further, the protocols adopted in research studies should be more standardized and tested for efficacy in different populations of gravid women.

Myogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cell insulin sensitivity is associated with infant adiposity at 1 and 6 months of age.

OBJECTIVE: In adults, skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity (SI ) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) are linked with a predisposition to obesity. The current study aimed to determine the effects of maternal exercise on a model of infant skeletal muscle tissue (differentiated umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]) SI and FAO and analyzed for associations with infant body composition. METHODS: Females <16 weeks' gestation were randomized to either 150 min/wk of moderate-intensity aerobic, resistance, or combination exercise or a nonexercising control. At delivery, MSCs were isolated from umbilical cords and myogenically differentiated, and SI and FAO were measured using radiolabeled substrates. Infant body fat percentage (BF%) and fat-free mass were calculated using standard equations at 1 and 6 months of age. RESULTS: MSCs from infants of all exercisers had significantly (p < 0.05) higher SI . MSC SI was inversely associated with infant BF% at 1 (r = -0.38, p < 0.05) and 6 (r = -0.65, p < 0.01) months of age. Infants with high SI had lower BF% at 1 (p = 0.06) and 6 (p < 0.01) months of age. MSCs in the high SI group had higher (p < 0.05) FAO. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to any type of exercise in utero improves offspring SI and could reduce adiposity in early infancy.

Greater reliance on glycolysis is associated with lower mitochondrial substrate oxidation and insulin sensitivity in infant myogenic MSCs.

Individuals with insulin resistance and obesity display higher skeletal muscle production of nonoxidized glycolytic products (i.e., lactate), and lower complete mitochondrial substrate oxidation to CO2. These findings have also been observed in individuals without obesity and are associated with an increased risk for metabolic disease. The purpose of this study was to determine if substrate preference is evident at the earliest stage of life (birth) and to provide a clinical blood marker (lactate) that could be indicative of a predisposition for metabolic disease later. We used radiolabeled tracers to assess substrate oxidation and insulin sensitivity of myogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a proxy of infant skeletal muscle tissue, derived from umbilical cords of full-term infants. We found that greater production of nonoxidized glycolytic products (lactate, pyruvate, alanine) is directly proportional to lower substrate oxidation and insulin sensitivity in MSCs. In addition, we found an inverse relationship between the ratio of complete glucose oxidation to CO2 and infant blood lactate at 1 mo of age. Collectively, considering that higher lactate was associated with lower MSC glucose oxidation and has been shown to be implicated with metabolic disease, it may be an early indicator of infant skeletal muscle phenotype.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In infant myogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cells, greater production of nonoxidized glycolytic products was directly proportional to lower substrate oxidation and insulin resistance. Glucose oxidation was inversely correlated with infant blood lactate. This suggests that innate differences in infant substrate oxidation exist at birth and could be associated with the development of metabolic disease later in life. Clinical assessment of infant blood lactate could be used as an early indicator of skeletal muscle phenotype.

Influence of Supervised Maternal Aerobic Exercise during Pregnancy on 1-Month-Old Neonatal Cardiac Function and Outflow: A Pilot Study.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to assess the effects of supervised, recommended levels of prenatal aerobic exercise on 1-month-old infant cardiac function. METHODS: Eligible pregnant women were randomly assigned to either an aerobic exercise group that participated in 150 min of supervised, moderate-intensity (40% to 59% V̇O 2peak , 12 to 14 on Borg rating of perceived exertion) aerobic exercise per week for 24 wk or more or a nonexercising group that consisted of 150 min·wk -1 of relaxation techniques. One-month-old infant echocardiogram was performed to assess infant cardiac function , including heart rate (HR), left-ventricular stroke volume, cardiac output, cardiac index, ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and velocity time integral at the aortic valve. Pearson correlation analyses and linear regression models were performed. RESULTS: Prenatal aerobic exercise was negatively correlated with infant resting HR ( r = -0.311, P = 0.02). Similarly, when controlling for infant sex and activity state, exercise level/volume ( ß = -0.316; 95% CI, -0.029 to -0.002; P = 0.02) predicted resting infant HR ( R2 = 0.18, P = 0.02). In infants of overweight/obese women, infants of aerobic exercisers had increased fractional shortening ( P = 0.03). In addition, infant ventricular ejection fraction was correlated with maternal exercise attendance ( r = 0.418, P = 0.03) as well as a trend for exercise level ( r = 0.351, P = 0.08). Similarly, the only significant regression model for infants of overweight/obese women controls infant activity state ( ß = -0.444; 95% CI, -0.05 to -0.01; P = 0.006) and maternal exercise level ( ß = 0.492; 95% CI, 5.46-28.74; P = 0.01) predicting infant resting HR ( F = 5.79, R2 = 0.40, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study demonstrate that women participating in exercise in the second and third trimesters of their pregnancy may have infants with increased cardiac function at 1 month of age. Importantly, the cardiac function effects were further augmented for infants born to overweight/obese women.

Effects of weight loss and weight loss maintenance on cardiac autonomic function in obesity: a randomized controlled trial.

NOVELTY: Caloric restriction and exercise exert significant improvements in cardiac autonomic function as measured by HRV in overweight and obesity. Aerobic exercise training, within recommended guidelines coupled with weight loss maintenance, retains cardiac autonomic function benefits from weight loss in previously obese individuals.

Differences in substrate metabolism between African American and Caucasian infants: evidence from mesenchymal stem cells.

Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent in African American (AA) than Caucasian (C) adults. Furthermore, differential substrate utilization has been observed between AA and C adults, but data regarding metabolic differences between races at birth remains scarce. The purpose of the present study was to determine if there are racial differences in substrate metabolism evident at birth using a mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) collected from offspring umbilical cords. Using radio-labeled tracers, MSCs from offspring of AA and C mothers were tested for glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the undifferentiated state and while undergoing myogenesis in vitro. Undifferentiated MSCs from AA exhibited greater partitioning of glucose toward nonoxidized glucose metabolites. In the myogenic state, AA displayed higher glucose oxidation, but similar fatty acid oxidation rates. In the presence of both glucose and palmitate, but not palmitate only, AA exhibit a higher rate of incomplete fatty acid oxidation evident by a greater production of acid-soluble metabolites. Myogenic differentiation of MSCs elicits an increase in glucose oxidation in AA, but not in C. Together, these data suggest that metabolic differences between AA and C races exist at birth.NEW & NOTEWORTHY African Americans, when compared with Caucasians, display greater insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Differences in substrate utilization have been proposed as a factor for this health disparity; however, it remains unknown how early these differences manifest. Using infant umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells, we tested for in vitro glucose and fatty acid oxidation differences. Myogenically differentiated MSCs from African American offspring display higher rates of glucose oxidation and incomplete fatty acid oxidation.

Methods for analyzing infant heart rate variability: A preliminary study.

Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) reflect autonomic development in infants. To better understand the autonomic response in infants, reliable HRV recordings are vital, yet no protocol exists. The purpose of this paper is to present reliability of a common procedure for analysis from two different file types. In the procedure, continuous electrocardiograph recordings of 5-10 min are obtained at rest in infants at 1 month of age by using a Hexoskin Shirt-Junior's (Carre Technologies Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada). Electrocardiograph (ECG; .wav) and R-R interval (RRi; .csv) files are extracted. The RRi of the ECG signal is generated by VivoSense (Great Lakes NeuroTechnologies, Independence, OH). Two MATLAB (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA) scripts converted files for analysis with Kubios HRV Premium (Kubios Oy, Kuopio, Finland). A comparison was made between RRi and ECG files for HR and HRV parameters, and then tested with t tests and correlations via SPSS. There are significant differences in root mean squared successive differences between recording types, with only HR and low-frequency measures significantly correlated together. Recording with Hexoskin and analysis with MATLAB and Kubios enable infant HRV analysis. Differences in outcomes exist between procedures, and standard methodology for infant HR analysis is needed.

Self-Reported Intake and Circulating EPA and DHA Concentrations in US Pregnant Women.

In the United States, pregnant women have low concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which are essential for fetal development. Although maternal blood provides accurate polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations, venipuncture is expensive and not always accessible. PUFA-containing foods consumption, both omega-3 ad omega-6 is supposed to reflect in the status (plasma, RBC, adipose tissue) of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). De novo synthesis of DHA and EPA during pregnancy is supposed to be higher compared to pre and/or post-pregnancy periods. Thus, this study aimed to determine the association between maternal self-reported dietary intake of foods high in DHA and EPA, along with vegetable oils as a source of omega-6 fatty acids, with maternal blood DHA and EPA concentrations. Pregnant women (13-16 weeks gestation) were recruited and asked to complete a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and blood draw at enrollment and 36 weeks. Circulating concentrations of DHA and EPA were quantified and change scores were calculated. Correlations were done to determine associations between FFQ results and EPA/DHA maternal blood concentrations. Regression analyses were run to examine significant predictors of the main outcomes. Overall, PUFA-food consumption and RBC's DHA levels decreased from early to late pregnancy; self-reported PUFA-rich food consumption positively correlated with DHA and EPA levels. DHA concentration was predicted by self-reported PUFA-rich oils (sunflower/soy/corn/olive) consumption, but EPA concentration was predicted by maternal BMI. These findings suggest that EPA and DHA consumption decreased across pregnancy and the FFQ can be utilized as an effective method for estimating PUFA blood concentration during pregnancy.

Effects of Maternal Exercise Modes on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Offspring Stem Cells.

CONTEXT: Maternal exercise positively influences pregnancy outcomes and metabolic health in progeny; however, data regarding the effects of different modes of prenatal exercise on offspring metabolic phenotype is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the effects of different modes of maternal exercise on offspring umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) metabolism. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Clinical research facility. PATIENTS: Healthy females between 18 and 35 years of age and <16 weeks' gestation. INTERVENTION: Women were randomized to either 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic, resistance (RE), or combination exercise per week or to a non-exercising control. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: At delivery, MSCs were isolated from the umbilical cords. MSC glucose and fatty acid(s) metabolism was assessed using radiolabeled substrates. RESULTS: MSCs from offspring of all the exercising women demonstrated greater partitioning of oleate (P ≤ 0.05) and palmitate (P ≤ 0.05) toward complete oxidation relative to non-exercisers. MSCs from offspring of all exercising mothers also had lower rates of incomplete fatty acid oxidation (P ≤ 0.05), which was related to infant adiposity at 1 month of age. MSCs from all exercising groups exhibited higher insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis rates (P ≤ 0.05), with RE having the largest effect (P ≤ 0.05). RE also had the greatest effect on MSC glucose oxidation rates (P ≤ 0.05) and partitioning toward complete oxidation (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrates that maternal exercise enhances glucose and lipid metabolism of offspring MSCs. Improvements in MSC glucose metabolism seem to be the greatest with maternal RE. Clinical Trial: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03838146.

Agricultural practices drive elevated rates of topsoil decline across Kenya, but terracing and reduced tillage can reverse this.

As agricultural land area increases to feed an expanding global population, soil erosion will likely accelerate, generating unsustainable losses of soil and nutrients. This is critical for Kenya where cropland expansion and nutrient loading from runoff and erosion is contributing to eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems and desertification. We used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to predict soil erosion rates under present land cover and potential natural vegetation nationally across Kenya. Simulating natural vegetation conditions allows the degree to which erosion rates are elevated under current land use practices to be determined. This methodology exploits new digital soil maps and two vegetation cover maps to model topsoil (top 20 cm) erosion rates, lifespans (the mass of topsoil divided by erosion rate), and lateral nutrient fluxes (nutrient concentration times erosion rate) under both scenarios. We estimated the mean soil erosion rate under current land cover at ~5.5 t ha-1 yr-1, ~3 times the rate estimated for natural vegetation cover (~1.8 t ha-1 yr-1), and equivalent to ~320 Mt yr-1 of topsoil lost nationwide. Under present erosion rates, ~8.8 Mt, ~315 Kt, and ~ 110 Kt of soil organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous are lost from soil every year, respectively. Further, 5.3 % of topsoils (~3.1 Mha), including at >25 % of croplands, have short lifespans (<100 years). Additional scenarios were tested that assume combinations of terracing and reduced tillage practices were adopted on croplands to mitigate erosion. Establishing bench terraces with zoned tillage could reduce soil losses by ≥75 %; up to 87.1 t ha-1 yr-1. These reductions are comparable to converting croplands to natural vegetation, demonstrating most agricultural soils can be conserved successfully. Extensive long-term monitoring of croplands with terraces and reduced tillage established is required to verify the efficacy of these agricultural support practices as indicated by our modelling.

A Multi-Ingredient Supplement Protects against Obesity and Infertility in Western Diet-Fed Mice.

The Western diet (WD) predisposes to bodyweight gain and obesity and is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, inflammation, and multisystem disease, even affecting the reproductive organs, fertility, and pregnancy outcomes. In this study, we investigated the effects of multi-ingredient supplementation (MIS) with antioxidants, phytonutrients, and vitamins ('Fertility Enhancer'; FE) on white adipose tissue (WAT) expansion, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and infertility in WD-fed C57BL/6J mice. Five-month-old male (M) and female (F) mice were fed a low-fat diet (LF) or a high fat/sucrose WD (HF) for six weeks, followed by six weeks of LF (3.64 kcal/g), HF (4.56 kcal/g), or HF combined with FE (4.50 kcal/g). A sub-set of animals were sacrificed at 12 weeks, while the remainder were harem-mated in a 1:2 male-to-female ratio, and singly housed during the gestational period. Two-way, factorial ANOVA analysis revealed a main effect of diet on bodyweight (BW), total body fat, % body fat, white adipose tissue mass, and liver lipid content (all p < 0.001), driven by the anti-obesogenic effects of the 'Fertility Enhancer'. Similarly, a main effect of diet was found on PGC1-α mRNA levels (p < 0.05) and mitochondrial protein content (p < 0.001) in perigonadal WAT, with PGC1-α induction and higher complex II and complex III expression in FE vs. HF animals. Copulatory plug counts were higher in FE vs. HE couples (30% vs. 6%), resulting in more litters (4 vs. 0) and higher copulatory success (67% vs. 0%). Although the trends of all histology outcomes were suggestive of a benefit from the FE diet, only the number of atretic follicles and testicular mass were significant. Ovarian IL-1ß mRNA induction was significantly attenuated in the FE group (p < 0.05 vs. HF) with CASP1 attenuation trending lower (p = 0.09 vs. HF), which is indicative of anti-inflammatory benefits of the 'Fertility Enhancer.' We conclude that supplementation with specific phytonutrients, antioxidants, and vitamins may have utility as an adjunctive therapy for weight management, fatty liver disease, and infertility in overweight and obese couples.

The Acute Effect of Multi-Ingredient Antioxidant Supplementation following Ionizing Radiation.

Radiation exposure is an undeniable health threat encountered in various occupations and procedures. High energy waves in ionizing radiation cause DNA damage and induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which further exacerbate DNA, protein, and lipid damage, increasing risk of mutations. Although endogenous antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase have evolved to upregulate and neutralize ROS, exogenous dietary antioxidants also have the potential to combat ionizing radiation (IR)-induced ROS production. We evaluated a cocktail of ingredients (AOX) purported to have antioxidant and mitochondrial protective properties on the acute effects of IR. We show that IR stimulates DNA damage through phosphorylation of DNA repair proteins in the heart, brain, and liver of mice. AOX showed partial protection in brain and liver, through a lack of significant activation in given repair proteins. In addition, AOX attenuated the IR-induced increase in NF-kß mRNA and protein expression in brain and liver. Lastly, cytochrome c oxidase complex transcripts were significantly higher in heart and brain following radiation, which was also diminished by prior ingestion of AOX. Together, our findings suggest that a multi-ingredient AOX supplement may attenuate the IR-induced cellular damage response and represents a feasible and cost-effective preventative supplement for at-risk populations of radiation exposure.

FGFR3 Mutational Activation Can Induce Luminal-like Papillary Bladder Tumor Formation and Favors a Male Sex Bias.

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (BCa) is more common in men and presents differences in molecular subtypes based on sex. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations are enriched in the luminal papillary muscle-invasive BCa (MIBC) and non-MIBC subtypes. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether FGFR3 mutations initiate BCa and impact BCa male sex bias. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We developed a transgenic mouse model expressing the most frequent FGFR3 mutation, FGFR3-S249C, in urothelial cells. Bladder tumorigenesis was monitored in transgenic mice, with and without carcinogen exposure. Mouse and human BCa transcriptomic data were compared. INTERVENTION: Mutant FGFR3 overexpression in mouse urothelium and siRNA knockdown in cell lines, and N-butyl-N(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) exposure. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Impact of transgene dosage on tumor frequency, synergy with BBN treatment, and FGFR3 pathway activation were analyzed. The sex-specific incidence of FGFR3-mutated tumors was evaluated in mice and humans. FGFR3 expression in FGFR3-S249C mouse urothelium and in various human epithelia was measured. Mutant FGFR3 regulation of androgen (AR) and estrogen (ESR1) receptor activity was evaluated, through target gene expression (regulon) and reporter assays. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: FGFR3-S249C expression in mice induced low-grade papillary BCa resembling human luminal counterpart at histological, genomic, and transcriptomic levels, and promoted BBN-induced basal BCa formation. Mutant FGFR3 expression levels impacted tumor incidence in mice, and mutant FGFR3-driven human tumors were restricted to epithelia presenting high normal FGFR3 expression levels. BCa male sex bias, also found in our model, was even higher in human FGFR3-mutated tumors compared with wild-type tumors and was associated with higher AR and lower ESR1 regulon activity. Mutant FGFR3 expression inhibited both ESR1 and AR activity in mouse tumors and human cell lines, demonstrating causation only between FGFR3 activation and low ESR1 activity in tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Mutant FGFR3 initiates luminal papillary BCa formation and favors BCa male sex bias, potentially through FGFR3-dependent ESR1 downregulation. Patients with premalignant lesions or early-stage BCa could thus potentially benefit from FGFR3 targeting. FGFR3 expression level in epithelia could account for FGFR3-driven carcinoma tissue specificity. PATIENT SUMMARY: By developing a transgenic mouse model, we showed that gain-of-function mutations of FGFR3 receptor, among the most frequent genetic alterations in bladder cancer (BCa), initiate BCa formation. Our results could support noninvasive detection of FGFR3 mutations and FGFR3 targeting in early-stage bladder lesions.

Influence of Physical Activity during Pregnancy on Neonatal Complications: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Newborn hospitalisations after delivery are indicators of poor neonatal health with potential risks of future diseases for children. Interventions to promote a healthy environment have been used during pregnancy, with physical activity as a principal element. A systematic review and meta-analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of physical activity during pregnancy on neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions and Apgar 1 and 5 scores (Registration No.: CRD42022372493). Fifty studies (11,492 pregnant women) were included. There were significantly different rates of NICU admissions between groups (RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.62, 0.93; Z = 2.65, p = 0.008; I2 = 0%, and Pheterogeneity = 0.78), and significant differences in Apgar 1 (Z = 2.04; p = 0.04) (MD = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.17, I2 = 65%, Pheterogeneity = 0.00001) and Apgar 5 (Z = 3.15; p = 0.002) (MD = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.15, I2 = 80%, and Pheterogeneity = 0.00001), favouring intervention groups. Physical activity during pregnancy could help to reduce the risk of NICU admissions that are related to neonatal complications.

Influence of prenatal exercise on the relationship between maternal overweight and obesity and select delivery outcomes.

Women with overweight or obesity (OWOB) have an increased risk of cesarean birth, preterm birth (PTB), and high birth weight infants. Although regular exercise decreases this risk in healthy weight women, these associations have not been explored in OWOB. Women were randomized at 13-16 weeks' gestation to 150-min of moderate-intensity exercise (n = 131) or non-exercising control (n = 61). Delivery mode, gestational age (GA), and birth weight (BW) were obtained via electronic health records. Pregnant exercisers had no differences in risk of cesarean birth, PTB, or BW compared to control participants. OWOB exercisers had higher rates of cesarean birth (27.1% vs. 11.1%), trends of higher PTB (15.3% vs. 5.6%), but normal weight babies relative to normal weight exercisers. Controlling for race and body mass index (BMI), maternal exercise reduced the relative risk (RR) for cesarean birth from 1.63 to 1.43. Cesarean births predicted by pre-pregnancy BMI and fitness level, whereas BW was predicted by race, gestational weight gain (GWG), pre-pregnancy fitness level, and exercise level. Cesarean birth was predicted by pre-pregnancy BMI and fitness level, while maternal exercise reduced the magnitudes of the relative risks of cesarean birth. Maternal exercise, pre-pregnancy fitness level, and GWG predict neonatal BW.Trial Registration: Influence of Maternal Exercise on Infant Skeletal Muscle and Metabolomics-#NCT03838146, 12/02/2019, https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/template/EditRecord.vm?epmode=Edit&listmode=Edit&uid=U0003Z0X&ts=8&sid=S0008FWJ&cx=77ud1i .

Influence of exercise type on maternal blood pressure adaptation throughout pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that 10% of all pregnancies are complicated by a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Previous research has shown that moderate-vigorous intensity exercise has a positive effect on maternal resting blood pressure. A research gap, however, exists related to how different types of exercise (resistance, aerobic, combined resistance and aerobic) affect maternal blood pressure. Most of the previous studies solely focused on aerobic exercise. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of exercise types on maternal blood pressure throughout pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: This study employed a secondary analysis using data from a randomized controlled prenatal exercise intervention trial. This study utilized 3 exercise intervention groups (aerobic, resistance, combination) and compared the results with those of a nonexercize control group. Participants completed 3 50-minute sessions weekly from 16 weeks of gestation until delivery. Maternal vital signs and physical measurements such as systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were measured every 4 weeks throughout the intervention period. Between-group mean differences in maternal measurements were assessed using Pearson's chi-square tests for continuous (age, prepregnancy body mass index, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure) variables. For gravida, exact Wilcox 2-sample tests were performed to determine between-group differences in mean values. Hierarchical linear growth curves were used to estimate maternal trajectories of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure from 16 weeks to 36 weeks' gestation in each of the 4 groups (aerobic, combination, control, and resistance). RESULTS: There were no differences among the groups in maternal age or prepregnancy body mass index. Controlling for maternal body mass index, the lowest significant systolic blood pressure curve was noted throughout the pregnancy for women who participated in resistance exercise, followed by women in the aerobic exercise group all relative to the no exercise control group. At 36 weeks' gestation, the systolic blood pressure was lower in the resistance group by 12.17 mm Hg (P<.001) and in the aerobic group by 7.90 mm Hg (P<.001) relative to controls. No significant change in systolic blood pressure was noted in the combination group in comparison with controls at 36 weeks' gestation. Similarly, we demonstrated a significantly lower linear growth curve in diastolic blood pressure that was maintained throughout pregnancy in any exercise type relative to controls. After controlling for maternal body mass index, all 3 exercise types (combination, resistance, and aerobic) significantly predicted a similar decrease in diastolic blood pressure that was maintained throughout pregnancy. At 36 weeks' gestation, the diastolic blood pressure was lower in the aerobic group by 7.30 mm Hg (P<.01), in the combination group by 6.43 mm Hg (P<.05), and in the resistance group relative to controls. CONCLUSION: Overall, all exercise types were beneficial in lowering maternal resting blood pressure throughout pregnancy. Resistance training was noted to be the most beneficial in improving systolic blood pressure, followed by aerobic exercise. All 3 exercise groups were noted to improve diastolic blood pressure equally. Further research needs to be done to determine if either resistance or aerobic exercise throughout pregnancy decreases the risk for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and the associated morbidity and mortality.