ABSTRACT
Abnormalities of the sternal and peri-sternal regions are commonly seen in clinical practice and may be one of the important causes of chest pain particularly anterior chest wall pain. While reading computed tomography (CT) of the chest for evaluation of chest pain, the sternal region is either easily overlooked or its abnormality is often detected incidentally. This article will provide an overview of normal sternal anatomy and congenital variants as well as a variety of non-tumorous pathologic conditions of the sternum and adjacent joints, with emphasis on CT, to help radiologists, particularly thoracic radiologists, to make an accurate diagnosis in their daily practice. Non-tumorous abnormalities include trauma (fractures and dislocations), infection (osteomyelitis, septic arthritis), degenerative (osteoarthritis) and inflammatory conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative arthritides), and metabolic disorders (Paget's disease and renal osteodystrophy) as well as treatment related changes such as poststernotomy and its complications (dehiscence, nonunion) and postradiation changes of the sternum.
Subject(s)
Arthritis , Fractures, Bone , Chest Pain , Humans , Sternum/abnormalities , Sternum/diagnostic imaging , Sternum/injuries , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism (NTPE) is less well understood and is encountered less frequently than pulmonary embolism from venous thrombosis. NTPE results from embolization of nonthrombotic material to the pulmonary vasculature originating from many different cell types as well as nonbiologic or foreign materials. For many radiologists NTPE is a challenging diagnosis, presenting nonspecific or unusual imaging findings in the setting of few or unusual clinical signs. The aim of this paper is to review the pathophysiology of diverse causes of NTPE, which should aid radiologists to better understand and, more importantly, diagnose these infrequent events.
Subject(s)
Bone Cements/adverse effects , Embolism, Amniotic Fluid/diagnostic imaging , Embolism, Fat/diagnostic imaging , Foreign Bodies/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Embolism/diagnostic imaging , Diagnosis, Differential , Embolism, Amniotic Fluid/diagnosis , Embolism, Fat/complications , Embolism, Fat/diagnosis , Female , Foreign Bodies/complications , Foreign Bodies/diagnosis , Humans , Lung , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Male , Pregnancy , Pulmonary Embolism/diagnosis , Pulmonary Embolism/etiology , Risk Assessment , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methodsABSTRACT
IMPORTANCE: Knowledge about the variability of measurements using the TearLab Osmolarity System is necessary when evaluating the clinical utility of readings. OBJECTIVE: To examine the variability of tear osmolarity measured by the TearLab Osmolarity System in patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS), patients with blepharitis, and control participants. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional study at a tertiary care academic center from June 13, 2012, to March 21, 2013. Participants included 74 eyes of 37 patients from a volunteer sample (18 patients with SS, 11 patients with blepharitis, and 8 control participants) who were evaluated using the TearLab Osmolarity System, with 3 consecutive osmolarity measurements taken at 1-minute intervals in a session; 15 of these patients had the same measurements taken by the same examiner in 2 additional sessions on the same day (9 AM-10 AM, 12 PM-1 PM, or 3 PM-4 PM). Most patients with SS and patients with blepharitis were taking systemic or topical dry eye medications at the time of enrollment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Mean osmolarity and its variability calculated from a linear mixed model for each disease group that accounts for the variations attributable to different patients, eyes, and sessions and measurement error specific to each disease group. RESULTS: Mean tear osmolarity was 307 mOsm/L, 304 mOsm/L, and 301 mOsm/L in the SS, blepharitis, and control groups, respectively (P = .46). The error associated with repeated measurements within a session in the patients without dry eye (10.5 mOsm/L [95% CI, 9.0-12.4]) was significantly lower than in the patients with blepharitis (14.6 mOsm/L [95% CI, 12.5-17.5]; P = .006) and patients with SS (15.8 mOsm/L [95% CI, 14.2-17.8]; P < .001) but a difference in the error of repeated measurements between patients with blepharitis and patients with SS was not identified (P = .46). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: There was increased variability attributable to error in repeated measurements in patients with SS and patients with blepharitis compared with control participants. The high variability of TearLab osmolarity readings in all groups makes the clinical interpretation of measurements unclear.
