Pilot Trial of Homebound Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

For eligible patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis, high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a standard and widely used consolidation therapy. Autologous HCT requires specialized care at a transplantation center and investment from patients and caregivers. We studied the safety and feasibility of delivering transplantation care in a homebound setting to decrease the burden of therapy and increase access to autologous HCT. Patients with MM and AL amyloidosis undergoing autologous HCT were eligible if they resided in designated ZIP codes and had a full-time caregiver, Wi-Fi connection, HCT Comorbidity Index ≤3, and Karnofsky Performance Status score ≥80. High-dose melphalan (on day -2) and hematopoietic cell reinfusion (day 0) were administered in the outpatient clinic. Protocol-specific home care was provided from day +1 through engraftment. Patients were assessed and blood was drawn daily by advanced practice providers. Interventions were delivered by registered nurses. Attending physicians communicated daily through telemedicine. Quality of life, patient and caregiver satisfaction, and fecal microbiota profiling data were collected. Fifteen patients were enrolled and received transplantation care at home starting on day +1 following hematopoietic cell infusion. Patients remained in the program for an average of 12 days and required an average of 2 outpatient visits while receiving home care. Seven of 15 patients were admitted for a median of 4 days (range, 3 to 10 days); admission occurred on day +7 in 5 patients, on day +8 in 1 patient, and on day +12 in 1 patient for neutropenic fever in 2 patients, fever attributed to engraftment syndrome in 2 patients, diarrhea in 2 patients, and dehydration in 1 patient. Only 1 patient had a documented infection (Clostridioides difficile). One patient admitted with neutropenic fever required intensive care unit admission for a gastrointestinal bleed. Forty-seven percent of the patients experienced a grade ≥3 nonhematologic toxicity. There were no deaths on the study. Patients and caregivers reported high satisfaction with care. Microbiota diversity patterns were similar to those of autologous HCT recipients who did not receive post-HCT care at home, although a subset of the cohort maintained microbiota diversity throughout. Homebound HCT in an urban setting is safe and feasible, with less than one-half of patients requiring inpatient admission. Despite increased patient and caregiver responsibility in the homebound setting compared with an inpatient setting, patient and caregiver satisfaction was high. These results support expansion of homebound transplantation care programs.

Robust Vaccine Responses in Adult and Pediatric Cord Blood Transplantation Recipients Treated for Hematologic Malignancies.

Because cord blood (CB) lacks memory T and B cells and recent decreases in herd immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases in many developed countries have been documented, vaccine responses in CB transplantation (CBT) survivors are of great interest. We analyzed vaccine responses in double-unit CBT recipients transplanted for hematologic malignancies. In 103 vaccine-eligible patients, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) most commonly precluded vaccination. Sixty-five patients (63%; engrafting units median HLA-allele match 5/8; range, 2 to 7/8) received protein conjugated vaccines, and 63 patients (median age, 34 years; range, .9 to 64) were evaluated for responses. Median vaccination time was 17 months (range, 7 to 45) post-CBT. GVHD (n = 42) and prior rituximab (n = 13) delayed vaccination. Responses to Prevnar 7 and/or 13 vaccines (serotypes 14, 19F, 23F) were seen in children and adults (60% versus 49%, P = .555). Responses to tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, and polio were observed in children (86% to 100%) and adults (53% to 89%) even if patients had prior GVHD or rituximab. CD4(+)CD45RA(+) and CD19(+) cell recovery significantly influenced tetanus and polio responses. In a smaller cohort responses were seen to measles (65%), mumps (50%), and rubella (100%) vaccines. No vaccine side effects were identified, and all vaccinated patients survived (median follow-up, 57 months). Although GVHD and rituximab can delay vaccination, CBT recipients (including adults and those with prior GVHD) have similar vaccine response rates to adult donor allograft recipients supporting vaccination in CBT recipients.