A phase 1 study of regorafenib and sildenafil in adults with advanced solid tumors.

The purpose of this study is to establish the recommended phase 2 dose for regorafenib in combination with sildenafil for patients with advanced solid tumors. Secondary outcomes included identification of antitumor effects of regorafenib and sildenafil, toxicity of the combination, determination of PDE5 expression in tumor samples, and the impact of sildenafil on the pharmacokinetics of regorafenib. This study was a phase 1, open-label single-arm dose-escalation trial using a 3 + 3 design. Additional patients were enrolled at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) until a total of 12 patients were treated at the MTD. A total of 29 patients were treated in this study. The median duration of treatment was 8 weeks. The recommended phase 2 doses determined in this study are regorafenib 160 mg daily with sildenafil 100 mg daily. The most common toxicities included palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (20 patients, 69%) and hypophosphatemia (18 patients, 62%). Two patients (7%) experienced grade 4 lipase increase. Objective responses were not observed; however, 14 patients (48%) had a period of stable disease during the study. Stable disease for up to 12 months was observed in patients with ovarian cancer as well as up to 20 months for a patient with cervical cancer. The combination of regorafenib and sildenafil at the recommended phase 2 dose is safe and generally well tolerated. Disease control in patients with gynecologic malignancies was especially encouraging. Further evaluation of the combination of regorafenib and sildenafil in gynecologic malignancies is warranted. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT02466802.

Take me to your leader: Reporting structures and equity in academic gynecologic oncology.

OBJECTIVE: Gynecologic oncology includes increasing percentages of women. This study characterizes representation of faculty by gender and subspecialty in academic department leadership roles relevant to the specialty. METHODS: The American Association of Medical Colleges accredited schools of medicine were identified. Observational data was obtained through institutional websites in 2019. RESULTS: 144 accredited medical schools contained a department of obstetrics and gynecology with a chair; 101 a gynecologic oncology division with a director; 98 a clinical cancer center with a director. Women were overrepresented in academic faculty roles compared to the US workforce (66 vs 57%, p < 0.01) but underrepresented in all leadership roles (p < 0.01). Departments with women chairs were more likely to have >50% women faculty (90.2 vs 9.8%, p < 0.01); and have larger faculties (80.4 vs 19.6% >20 faculty, p = 0.02). The cancer center director gender did not correlate to departmental characteristics. A surgically focused chair was also associated with >50% women faculty (85.7 vs 68.3%, p = 0.03); faculty size >20 (85.7 vs 61.4%, p < 0.01); and a woman gynecologic oncology division director (57.6 vs 29.4%, p < 0.01; 68.4 vs 31.7%, p < 0.01) and gynecologic oncology fellowship (50 vs 30.4%, p < 0.01; 59.1 vs 32%, p < 0.01). Gynecologic oncology leadership within cancer centers was below expected when incidence and mortality to leadership ratios were examined (p < 0.01, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Within academic medical schools, women remain under-represented in obstetrics and gynecology departmental and cancer center leadership. Potential benefits to gynecologic oncology divisions of inclusion women and surgically focused leadership were identified.

A Randomized Phase II Trial of Epigenetic Priming with Guadecitabine and Carboplatin in Platinum-resistant, Recurrent Ovarian Cancer.

PURPOSE: Platinum resistance in ovarian cancer is associated with epigenetic modifications. Hypomethylating agents (HMA) have been studied as carboplatin resensitizing agents in ovarian cancer. This randomized phase II trial compared guadecitabine, a second-generation HMA, and carboplatin (G+C) against second-line chemotherapy in women with measurable or detectable platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients received either G+C (guadecitabine 30 mg/m2 s.c. once-daily for 5 days and carboplatin) or treatment of choice (TC; topotecan, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, paclitaxel, or gemcitabine) in 28-day cycles until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS); secondary endpoints were RECIST v1.1 and CA-125 response rate, 6-month PFS, and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Of 100 patients treated, 51 received G+C and 49 received TC, of which 27 crossed over to G+C. The study did not meet its primary endpoint as the median PFS was not statistically different between arms (16.3 weeks vs. 9.1 weeks in the G+C and TC groups, respectively; P = 0.07). However, the 6-month PFS rate was significantly higher in the G+C group (37% vs. 11% in TC group; P = 0.003). The incidence of grade 3 or higher toxicity was similar in G+C and TC groups (51% and 49%, respectively), with neutropenia and leukopenia being more frequent in the G+C group. CONCLUSIONS: Although this trial did not show superiority for PFS of G+C versus TC, the 6-month PFS increased in G+C treated patients. Further refinement of this strategy should focus on identification of predictive markers for patient selection.

Phase I Study of Sorafenib and Vorinostat in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Preclinical data suggest histone deacetylase inhibitors improve the therapeutic index of sorafenib. A phase I study was initiated to establish the recommended phase 2 dose of sorafenib combined with vorinostat in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients received vorinostat (200 to 400 mg by mouth once daily, 5 of 7 d) and sorafenib at standard or reduced doses (400 mg [cohort A] or 200 mg [cohort B] by mouth twice daily). Patients who received 14 days of vorinostat in cycle 1 were evaluable for dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). RESULTS: Sixteen patients were treated. Thirteen patients were evaluable for response. Three patients experienced DLTs, 2 in cohort A (grade [gr] 3 hypokalemia; gr 3 maculopapular rash) and 1 in cohort B (gr 3 hepatic failure; gr 3 hypophosphatemia; gr 4 thrombocytopenia). Eleven patients required dose reductions or omissions for non-DLTtoxicity. Ten patients (77%) had stable disease (SD). The median treatment duration was 4.7 months for response-evaluable patients. One patient with SD was on treatment for 29.9 months, and another patient, also with SD, was on treatment for 18.7 months. Another patient electively stopped therapy after 15 months and remains without evidence of progression 3 years later. CONCLUSIONS: Although some patients had durable disease control, the addition of vorinostat to sorafenib led to toxicities in most patients, requiring dose modifications that prevented determination of the recommended phase 2 dose. The combination is not recommended for further exploration with this vorinostat schedule in this patient population.

Differences in presentation and survival of Asians compared to Caucasians with ovarian cancer: An NRG Oncology/GOG Ancillary study of 7914 patients.

PURPOSE: To compare patient/tumor characteristics and outcomes of Asians to Caucasian patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS: Ancillary data were pooled and analyzed from ten prospective randomized front-line Gynecologic Oncology Group clinical trials from 1996 to 2011. Demographic, clinicopathologic features, disease-specific and all-cause survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 7914 patients, 7641 were Caucasian and 273 Asian. When compared to Caucasians, Asians were younger at trial enrollment, had a better performance status, earlier-stage cancers (17.2% vs. 8.1% with stage I; p < 0.001), and were more likely to be of clear cell (15.8% vs. 6.2%, p < 0.001) and mucinous (3.3% vs. 1.9%, p < 0.001) histology. Asians had an improved 5-year disease-specific survival of 54.1% compared to 46.1% for Caucasians, p = 0.001. In multivariate analysis, the Asian race remained a significant prognostic factor for all-cause survival (HR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72-0.99; p = 0.04). Other factors predictive of improved survival included younger age, better performance status, optimal cytoreduction, earlier stage, non-clear cell histology, and lower grade tumors. CONCLUSION: Asians enrolled into phase III ovarian cancer clinical trials were younger, with better performance status, earlier-stage of disease, and have a greater number of clear cell and mucinous tumors. After adjusting for these prognostic factors, Asians have a better survival compared to Caucasians.

Co-occurring substance use disorder: The impact on treatment adherence in women with locally advanced cervical cancer.

The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of substance use disorder and its association with adherence to treatment and survival in locally advanced cervical cancer patients treated with primary radiation therapy. This is a retrospective case series of locally advanced cervical cancer patients with substance use disorder in a single academic institution treated with radiation therapy between 2005 and 2016. Substance use disorder was identified through chart review. Those with substance use disorder were compared to those without in regards to demographics, Charlson comorbidity index, treatment details and outcomes. Of the 129 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer, 16 (12.4%) were identified as having substance use disorder. Patients with substance use disorder were younger (42.1 years vs 51.5 years, p = .013) and more likely to be smokers (81.3% vs 42.5%, p = .004). The majority of patients with substance use disorder received concurrent chemotherapy (93.8%) and brachytherapy in addition to external beam radiation therapy (81.3%). There was no significant difference in days to completion of radiation therapy between patients with and without substance use disorder. Radiation dose received, toxicities and survival were similar between groups. Among cervical cancer patients receiving treatment with radiation therapy, substance use disorder was not associated with poorer adherence, longer radiation treatment times or a difference in total dose of radiation received. Our experience demonstrates that patients with substance use disorder are able to adhere to complex, multimodal treatment plans resulting in similar cancer specific outcomes compared to patients without substance use disorder.

Randomized phase II study of the PDGFRα antibody olaratumab plus liposomal doxorubicin versus liposomal doxorubicin alone in patients with platinum-refractory or platinum-resistant advanced ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Olaratumab is a platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα)-targeting monoclonal antibody blocking PDGFRα signaling. PDGFRα expression is associated with a more aggressive phenotype and poor ovarian cancer outcomes. This randomized, open label phase II study evaluated olaratumab plus liposomal doxorubicin compared with liposomal doxorubicin alone in advanced ovarian cancer patients. METHODS: Patients with platinum-refractory or platinum-resistant advanced ovarian cancer were randomized 1:1 to receive liposomal doxorubicin (40 mg/m2, intravenous infusion) administered every 4 weeks with or without olaratumab (20 mg/kg, IV infusion) every 2 weeks. Patients were stratified based on prior response to platinum therapy (refractory vs resistant). The primary efficacy endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), objective response rate, duration of response, and safety. RESULTS: A total of 123 patients were treated (62 olaratumab+liposomal doxorubicin; 61 liposomal doxorubicin). Median PFS was 4.2 months for olaratumab+liposomal doxorubicin and 4.0 months for liposomal doxorubicin (stratified hazard ratio [HR] = 1.043; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.698-1.558; p = 0.837). Median OS was 16.6 months and 16.2 months in the olaratumab+liposomal doxorubicin and liposomal doxorubicin arms, respectively (HR = 1.098; 95% CI 0.71-1.71). In the platinum-refractory subgroup, median PFS was 5.5 months (95% CI 1.6-9.2) and 3.7 months (95% CI 1.9-9.2) in the olaratumab+liposomal doxorubicin (n = 15) and liposomal doxorubicin arms (n = 16), respectively (HR = 0.85; 95% CI 0.38-1.91). Overall, 59.7% (olaratumab+liposomal doxorubicin) and 65.6% (liposomal doxorubicin) of patients reported grade ≥ 3 adverse events regardless of causality. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (all grades) regardless of causality were fatigue related (61%), nausea (57%), and constipation (52%) with olaratumab+liposomal doxorubicin and nausea (64%), fatigue related (62%), and mucositis (46%) with liposomal doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of olaratumab to liposomal doxorubicin did not result in significant prolongation of PFS or OS in platinum-resistant or platinum-refractory ovarian cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00913835 ; registered June 2, 2009.

Treatment-Related Radiation Toxicity Among Cervical Cancer Patients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to identify incidence of and factors associated with severe late toxicity in women treated with radiation for cervical cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with cervical cancer treated with radiation as primary or adjuvant therapy from 2005 to 2017 in a single academic institution were included. Records were reviewed for demographic information, Charlson Comorbidity Index, treatment details, toxicities, and outcomes. Patients with and those without severe late gastrointestinal toxicity (SLGIT), severe late genitourinary toxicity (SLGUT), or any SLGIT or SLGUT, defined as any toxicity (AT), were compared. Overall survival and progression-free survival were also compared. RESULTS: Of 179 patients identified, 21.2% had AT, 17.3% had SLGIT, and 10% had SLGUT. Estimated AT rate at 3 years was 24.2%. The mean duration of follow-up was 37 months (range, 3-146 months). Most patients (84.1%) received 3-dimensional conformal therapy, and 15.9% received intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Factors associated with AT were lower body mass index (24.9 vs 28.3, P = 0.043), white race (63.2% vs 44%, P = 0.035), and active tobacco smoking during treatment (59.5% vs 40.2%, P = 0.036). Any toxicity was not associated with 3-dimensional versus intensity-modulated radiation therapy planning, low-dose versus high-dose-rate brachytherapy or time to complete radiation treatment. Higher total cumulative radiation dose to clinical target volume was associated with SLGIT. Progression-free survival and overall survival were similar among patients with AT compared to those without toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with cervical cancer, radiation toxicity is correlated with lower body mass index, white race, and smoking. Despite technologic advances in radiotherapy planning and delivery, toxicity remains high and interventions to reduce the burden of treatment are needed.

Radiation Treatment in Women with Ovarian Cancer: Past, Present, and Future.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal of the gynecologic cancers, with 5-year survival rates less than 50%. Most women present with advanced stage disease as the pattern of spread is typically with dissemination of malignancy throughout the peritoneal cavity prior to development of any symptoms. Prior to the advent of platinum-based chemotherapy, radiotherapy was used as adjuvant therapy to sterilize micrometastatic disease. The evolution of radiotherapy is detailed in this review, which establishes radiotherapy as an effective therapy for women with micrometastatic disease in the peritoneal cavity after surgery, ovarian clear cell carcinoma, focal metastatic disease, and for palliation of advanced disease. However, with older techniques, the toxicity of whole abdominal radiotherapy and the advancement of systemic therapies have limited the use of radiotherapy in this disease. With newer radiotherapy techniques, including intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), and low-dose hyperfractionation in combination with targeted agents, radiotherapy could be reconsidered as part of the standard management for this deadly disease.

Establishment and characterization of a platinum- and paclitaxel-resistant high grade serous ovarian carcinoma cell line.

High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) patients have a high recurrence rate after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy due to inherent or acquired drug resistance. Cell lines derived from HGSOC tumors that are resistant to chemotherapeutic agents represent useful pre-clinical models for drug discovery. Here, we describe establishment of a human ovarian carcinoma cell line, which we term WHIRC01, from a patient-derived mouse xenograft established from a chemorefractory HGSOC patient who did not respond to carboplatin and paclitaxel therapy. This newly derived cell line is platinum- and paclitaxel-resistant with cisplatin, carboplatin, and paclitaxel half-maximal lethal doses of 15, 130, and 20 µM, respectively. Molecular characterization of this cell line was performed using targeted DNA exome sequencing, transcriptomics (RNA-seq), and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses. Results from exomic sequencing revealed mutations in TP53 consistent with HGSOC. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of WHIRC01 showed high level of alpha-enolase and vimentin, which are associated with cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. WHIRC01 represents a chemorefractory human HGSOC cell line model with a comprehensive molecular profile to aid future investigations of drug resistance mechanisms and screening of chemotherapeutic agents.

Phase I study of pemetrexed with sorafenib in advanced solid tumors.

PURPOSE: To determine if combination treatment with pemetrexed and sorafenib is safe and tolerable in patients with advanced solid tumors. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were enrolled and 36 patients were treated (24 in cohort A; 12 in cohort B). The cohort A dose schedule resulted in problematic cumulative toxicity, while the cohort B dose schedule was found to be more tolerable. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was pemetrexed 750 mg/m2 every 14 days with oral sorafenib 400 mg given twice daily on days 1-5. Because dosing delays and modifications were associated with the MTD, the recommended phase II dose was declared to be pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 every 14 days with oral sorafenib 400 mg given twice daily on days 1-5. Thirty-three patients were evaluated for antitumor activity. One complete response and 4 partial responses were observed (15% overall response rate). Stable disease was seen in 15 patients (45%). Four patients had a continued response at 6 months, including 2 of 5 patients with triple-negative breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A phase I trial employing a standard 3 + 3 design was conducted in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cohort A involved a novel dose escalation schema exploring doses of pemetrexed every 14 days with continuous sorafenib. Cohort B involved a modified schedule of sorafenib dosing on days 1-5 of each 14-day pemetrexed cycle. Radiographic assessments were conducted every 8 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Pemetrexed and intermittent sorafenib therapy is a safe and tolerable combination for patients, with promising activity seen in patients with breast cancer.

The afatinib resistance of in vivo generated H1975 lung cancer cell clones is mediated by SRC/ERBB3/c-KIT/c-MET compensatory survival signaling.

We generated afatinib resistant clones of H1975 lung cancer cells by transient exposure of established tumors to the drug and collected the re-grown tumors. Afatinib resistant H1975 clones did not exhibit any additional mutations in proto-oncogenes when compared to control clones. Afatinib resistant H1975 tumor clones expressed less PTEN than control clones and in afatinib resistant clones this correlated with increased basal SRC Y416, ERBB3 Y1289, AKT T308 and mTOR S2448 phosphorylation, decreased expression of ERBB1, ERBB2 and ERBB3 and increased total expression of c-MET, c-KIT and PDGFRß. Afatinib resistant clones were selectively killed by knock down of [ERBB3 + c-MET + c-KIT] but not by the individual or doublet knock down combinations. The combination of the ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor afatinib with the SRC family inhibitor dasatinib killed afatinib resistant H1975 cells in a greater than additive fashion; other drugs used in combination with dasatinib such as sunitinib, crizotinib and amufatinib were less effective. [Afatinib + dasatinib] treatment profoundly inactivated ERBB3, AKT and mTOR in the H1975 afatinib resistant clones and increased ATG13 S318 phosphorylation. Knock down of ATG13, Beclin1 or eIF2α strong suppressed killing by [ERBB3 + c-MET + c-KIT] knock down, but were only modestly protective against [afatinib + dasatinib] lethality. Thus afatinib resistant H1975 NSCLC cells rely on ERBB1- and SRC-dependent hyper-activation of residual ERBB3 and elevated signaling, due to elevated protein expression, from wild type c-MET and c-KIT to remain alive. Inhibition of ERBB3 signaling via both blockade of SRC and ERBB1 results in tumor cell death.

Ruxolitinib synergizes with DMF to kill via BIM+BAD-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and via reduced SOD2/TRX expression and ROS.

We determined whether the myelofibrosis drug ruxolitinib, an inhibitor of Janus kinases 1/2 (JAK1 and JAK2), could interact with the multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl-fumarate (DMF) to kill tumor cells; studies used the in vivo active form of the drug, mono-methyl fumarate (MMF). Ruxolitinib interacted with MMF to kill brain, breast, lung and ovarian cancer cells, and enhanced the lethality of standard of care therapies such as paclitaxel and temozolomide. MMF also interacted with other FDA approved drugs to kill tumor cells including Celebrex® and Gilenya®. The combination of [ruxolitinib + MMF] inactivated ERK1/2, AKT, STAT3 and STAT5; reduced expression of MCL-1, BCL-XL, SOD2 and TRX; increased BIM expression; decreased BAD S112 S136 phosphorylation; and enhanced pro-caspase 3 cleavage. Expression of activated forms of STAT3, MEK1 or AKT each significantly reduced drug combination lethality; prevented BAD S112 S136 dephosphorylation and decreased BIM expression; and preserved TRX, SOD2, MCL-1 and BCL-XL expression. The drug combination increased the levels of reactive oxygen species in cells, and over-expression of TRX or SOD2 prevented drug combination tumor cell killing. Over-expression of BCL-XL or knock down of BAX, BIM, BAD or apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) protected tumor cells. The drug combination increased AIF : HSP70 co-localization in the cytosol but this event did not prevent AIF : eIF3A association in the nucleus.

[Pemetrexed + Sorafenib] lethality is increased by inhibition of ERBB1/2/3-PI3K-NFκB compensatory survival signaling.

In the completed phase I trial NCT01450384 combining the anti-folate pemetrexed and the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib it was observed that 20 of 33 patients had prolonged stable disease or tumor regression, with one complete response and multiple partial responses. The pre-clinical studies in this manuscript were designed to determine whether [pemetrexed + sorafenib] -induced cell killing could be rationally enhanced by additional signaling modulators. Multiplex assays performed on tumor material that survived and re-grew after [pemetrexed + sorafenib] exposure showed increased phosphorylation of ERBB1 and of NFκB and IκB; with reduced IκB and elevated G-CSF and KC protein levels. Inhibition of JAK1/2 downstream of the G-CSF/KC receptors did not enhance [pemetrexed + sorafenib] lethality whereas inhibition of ERBB1/2/4 using kinase inhibitory agents or siRNA knock down of ERBB1/2/3 strongly promoted killing. Inhibition of ERBB1/2/4 blocked [pemetrexed + sorafenib] stimulated NFκB activation and SOD2 expression; and expression of IκB S32A S36A significantly enhanced [pemetrexed + sorafenib] lethality. Sorafenib inhibited HSP90 and HSP70 chaperone ATPase activities and reduced the interactions of chaperones with clients including c-MYC, CDC37 and MCL-1. In vivo, a 5 day transient exposure of established mammary tumors to lapatinib or vandetanib significantly enhanced the anti-tumor effect of [pemetrexed + sorafenib], without any apparent normal tissue toxicities. Identical data to that in breast cancer were obtained in NSCLC tumors using the ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor afatinib. Our data argue that the combination of pemetrexed, sorafenib and an ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor should be explored in a new phase I trial in solid tumor patients.

Celecoxib enhances [sorafenib + sildenafil] lethality in cancer cells and reverts platinum chemotherapy resistance.

The present studies sought to determine whether the lethality of the drug combination [sorafenib + sildenafil] could be enhanced by the anti-inflammatory agent celecoxib, using ovarian cancer and other tumor cell lines as models. Also, in a dose dependent fashion celecoxib enhanced [sorafenib + sildenafil] lethality in multiple ovarian cancer cell lines. In a dose dependent fashion celecoxib enhanced the ability of [sorafenib + sildenafil] to reduce expression of multiple chaperone proteins in parallel with lower levels of the drug efflux pumps ABCB1 and ABCG2. Over-expression of GRP78 and HSP27 maintained pump expression in the presence of drugs. Cell killing by the 3 drug combination was mediated by mitochondrial / caspase 9 -dependent apoptotic signaling and by RIP-1 / caspases 2 and 4 / AIF -dependent necroptotic signaling. Pre-treatment of intrinsically resistant primary ovarian cancer cells with [celecoxib + sorafenib + sildenafil] significantly enhanced tumor cell killing by a subsequent cisplatin exposure. Similar data were obtained in some cancer cell lines, but not all, using the related platinum containing drugs, oxaliplatin and carboplatin. As our prior publications have also validated in vivo the combinations of [celecoxib + sildenafil] and [sorafenib + sildenafil] as cytotoxic to multiple tumor cell types, combined with the present findings, we would argue that the combination of celecoxib/sorafenib/sildenafil should be explored in a new phase I trial in ovarian cancer.

A phase II evaluation of selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886), a selective MEK-1/2 inhibitor in the treatment of recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer: an NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

BACKGROUND: Activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway plays a pivotal role in cell proliferation and is frequently activated in endometrial cancer. We sought to evaluate the efficacy/safety of selumetinib, a selective MEK-1/2 inhibitor in women with recurrent endometrial cancer. METHODS: This was a phase II, single-arm, open-label study evaluating response and 6-month event-free survival (EFS) as primary endpoints. Eligible patients had measurable disease, 1-2 prior cytotoxic regimens, and performance status 0-2. Selumetinib 75mg PO BID was administered daily until progression or intolerance. One cycle was 28days. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients were enrolled; 2 were excluded due to improper pre-study treatment (1) and never treated (1), leaving 52 evaluable for efficacy/safety. Median age was 62; histology included endometrioid (58%), serous (17%) and mixed (23%). Seventeen patients (33%) had 2 prior cytotoxic regimens. The median number of cycles administered was 2 (1-34). Three (6%) patients had objective response (1 CR, 2 PR); 13 had SD as best response. The proportion of patients with 6-month EFS was 12%. Median EFS, progression-free and overall survival was 2.1, 2.3, and 8.5months, respectively. Drug-attributed grade 3/4 adverse events were observed (≥5%) were fatigue (15%), anemia (10%), pain (10%), extremity edema (8%), and dyspnea (6%). There was 1 grade 4 infection (renal), 1 grade 4 anemia, and 1 death due to hemorrhage (rectum). CONCLUSIONS: Selumetinib was tolerable in this population but did not meet pre-trial specifications for clinical efficacy.

Elevated AKAP12 in paclitaxel-resistant serous ovarian cancer cells is prognostic and predictive of poor survival in patients.

A majority of high-grade (HG) serous ovarian cancer (SOC) patients develop resistant disease despite high initial response rates to platinum/paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. We identified shed/secreted proteins in preclinical models of paclitaxel-resistant human HGSOC models and correlated these candidate proteins with patient outcomes using public data from HGSOC patients. Proteomic analyses of a HGSOC cell line secretome was compared to those from a syngeneic paclitaxel-resistant variant and from a line established from an intrinsically chemorefractory HGSOC patient. Associations between the identified candidate proteins and patient outcome were assessed in a discovery cohort of 545 patients and two validation cohorts totaling 795 independent SOC patients. Among the 81 differentially abundant proteins identified (q < 0.05) from paclitaxel-sensitive vs -resistant HGSOC cell secretomes, AKAP12 was verified to be elevated in all models of paclitaxel-resistant HGSOC. Furthermore, elevated AKAP12 transcript expression was associated with worse progression-free and overall survival. Associations with outcome were observed in three independent cohorts and remained significant after adjusted multivariate modeling. We further provide evidence to support that differential gene methylation status is associated with elevated expression of AKAP12 in taxol-resistant ovarian cancer cells and ovarian cancer patient subsets. Elevated expression and shedding/secretion of AKAP12 is characteristic of paclitaxel-resistant HGSOC cells, and elevated AKAP12 transcript expression is a poor prognostic and predictive marker for progression-free and overall survival in SOC patients.

A phase II study of ramucirumab (IMC-1121B) in the treatment of persistent or recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-mediated signaling contributes to ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Elevated VEGF expression is associated with poor clinical outcomes. We investigated ramucirumab, a fully human anti-VEGFR-2 antibody, in patients with persistent or recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal carcinoma. Primary endpoints were progression-free survival at 6 months (PFS-6) and confirmed objective response rate (ORR). METHODS: Women who received ≥ 1 platinum-based chemotherapeutic regimen and had a platinum-free interval of <12 months with measurable disease were eligible. Patients received 8 mg/kg ramucirumab intravenously every 2 weeks. RESULTS: Sixty patients were treated; one patient remained on study as of September 2013. The median age was 62 years (range: 27-80), and median number of prior regimens was 3. Forty-five (75%) patients had platinum refractory/resistant disease. Thirty-nine patients (65.0%) had serous tumors. PFS-6 was 25.0% (n=15/60, 95% CI: 14.7-37.9%). Best overall response was: partial response 5.0% (n=3/60), stable disease 56.7% (n=34/60), and progressive disease 33.3% (n=20/60). The most common treatment-emergent adverse events possibly related to study drug were headache (65.0%; 10.0% Grade ≥ 3), fatigue (56.7%; 3.3% Grade ≥ 3), diarrhea (28.3%; 1.7% Grade ≥ 3), hypertension (25.0%; 3.3% Grade ≥ 3), and nausea (20.0%; no Grade ≥ 3). Two patients experienced intestinal perforations (3.3% Grade ≥ 3). Pharmacodynamic analyses revealed changes in several circulating VEGF proteins following initial ramucirumab infusion, including increased VEGF-A, PlGF and decreased sVEGFR-2. CONCLUSIONS: Although antitumor activity was observed, the predetermined efficacy endpoints were not met.