ABSTRACT
A woman in her 50s with a medical history of cirrhosis, alcohol use disorder, primary biliary cholangitis and extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) Klebsiella presented with weakness, cough and abdominal pain with positive blood cultures for ESBL Klebsiella, and was treated with intravenous meropenem and patient symptoms improved. Testing for Strongyloides antibodies was positive, so she was treated with ivermectin. Strongyloidiasis-associated Gram-negative rod (GNR) bacteremia are rare conditions; however, it is important to consider an underlying strongyloidiasis in recurrent GNR bacteremia to prevent recurrent hospitalisation and morbidity.
Subject(s)
Bacteremia , Hepatopulmonary Syndrome , Strongyloidiasis , Female , Humans , Strongyloidiasis/complications , Strongyloidiasis/diagnosis , Strongyloidiasis/drug therapy , Bacteremia/complications , Bacteremia/drug therapy , Hydrolases , Klebsiella , Liver Cirrhosis/complicationsABSTRACT
Even with sustained antiretroviral therapy, resting CD4+ T cells remain a persistent reservoir of HIV infection, representing a critical barrier to curing HIV. Here, we demonstrate that CD8+ T cells recognize infected, non-activated CD4+ T cells in the absence of de novo protein production, as measured by immune synapse formation, degranulation, cytokine production, and killing of infected cells. Immune recognition is induced by HLA-I presentation of peptides derived from incoming viral particles, and recognition occurred either following cell-free virus infection or following cell-to-cell spread. CD8+ T cells from HIV controllers mediate more effective immune recognition than CD8+ T cells from progressors. These results indicate that non-activated HIV-infected CD4+ T cells can be targeted by CD8+ T cells directly after HIV entry, before reverse transcription, and thus before the establishment of latency, and suggest a mechanism whereby the immune response may reduce the size of the HIV reservoir.