School-based interventions for preventing substance use in indigenous children ages 7-13: a scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Throughout the world, indigenous peoples share traumatic colonial experiences that have caused gross inequalities for them and continue to impact every aspect of their lives. The effect of intergenerational trauma and other health disparities have been remarkable for Indigenous children and adolescents, who are at a greater risk of adverse mental health and addiction outcomes compared with non-indigenous people of the same age. Most indigenous children are exposed to addictive substances at an early age, which often leads to early initiation of substance use and is associated with subsequent physical and mental health issues, poor social and relational functioning, and occupational and legal problems. The aim of this paper is to report the protocol for the scoping review of school-based interventions for substance use prevention in Indigenous children ages 7-13 living in Canada, the USA, Australia and New Zealand. This scoping review seeks to answer the following questions: (1) What is known about indigenous school-based interventions for preventing substance use and (2) What are the characteristics and outcomes of school-based interventions for preventing substance use? METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This scoping review will use steps described by Arksey and O'Malley and Levac: (1) identifying the research question(s); (2) identifying relevant studies; (3) selecting the studies; (4) charting the data; (5) collating, summarising and reporting the results and (6) consulting with experts. Our findings will be reported according to the guidelines set by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics review approval is not required for this project. Findings from this study will be presented to lay public, at scientific conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal.

T.R.U.S.T. Model for Inclusive Spiritual Care: Critique of Middle-Range Theory.

Spiritual care has been recognized as an integral component to holistic health care promotion. Several middle-range theories in the recent years have been developed in an attempt to promote spiritual care in nursing practice and to guide research in spiritual nursing. However, there is still reluctance from nurses in addressing spiritual care needs for their patients. Fear of intrusion and a lack of technical know-how are among the reasons for this dilemma. The development of the T.R.U.S.T. Model for Inclusive Spiritual Care is to provide caregivers with a relevant, nonintrusive mode of care in their approach to spiritual nursing practice. The T.R.U.S.T. model provides guidelines to help address and accommodate different spiritual worldviews with the aim of promoting optimum healing. The following article is a critique of the T.R.U.S.T. Model for Inclusive Spiritual Care using Fawcett's criteria for evaluation.