Validation of a Latin-American Spanish version of the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA-LA) in Colombian and Nicaraguan adults.

BACKGROUND: Body dissatisfaction (BD) is a growing concern in Latin America; reliable and culturally appropriate scales are necessary to support body image research in Spanish speaking Latin American countries. We sought to validate a Latin-American Spanish version of the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA; Mendelson et al. 2001). METHODS: The BESAA was translated, culturally adapted, and validated in a sample of adults in Colombia (N = 525, 65% women, Mage 24.4, SD = 9.28). We assessed factor structure (using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and exploratory structural equation model (ESEM)), internal reliability (using Cronbach's alpha and omega), validity (using the Body Appreciation Scale BAS and Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire SATAQ), test-retest stability in a small subsample (N = 84, using Intraclass correlations ICC) and measurement invariance across gender. To evaluate the generalizability of the scale, we assessed reliability, validity, and factor structure in a second sample from rural Nicaragua (N = 102, 73% women, Mage 22.2, SD = 4.72), and assessed measurement invariance across Nicaraguan and Colombian participants. RESULTS: The scale showed good internal reliability and validity in both samples, and there was evidence of adequate test-retest stability in the Colombian sample. EFA showed a three-factor structure with subscales we labelled 'appearance-positive', 'appearance-negative' and 'weight', that was confirmed using CFA and ESEM in the Colombian sample. Measurement invariance was confirmed across the Colombian and Nicaraguan samples, and across gender within the Colombian sample. CONCLUSION: The Latin-American Spanish version of the BESAA (BESAA-LA) appears to be a psychometrically sound measure with good reliability, validity and invariance across gender and countries. These results support the use of this scale to measure body satisfaction/dissatisfaction in Latin American adult populations.

Psychometric properties of a Spanish translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in adults from Colombia.

The 7-item Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) measures the extent of an individual's appreciation of their body for what it can do and is capable of doing. Although the FAS has been widely used in diverse linguistic contexts, it has not been previously translated into Spanish. Here, we examined the psychometric properties of a novel Spanish translation of the FAS in Colombian adults. A total of 1420 university students from Colombia (804 women, 616 men) completed the FAS, as well as additional validated measures. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in separate subsamples supported a unidimensional model of FAS scores. The FAS evidenced scalar invariance across gender identity, with men having significantly higher FAS scores than women (Cohen's d = 0.18). FAS scores were also found to have adequate composite reliability, as well as adequate convergent (significant associations with body appreciation, appearance evaluation, and eating disorder psychopathology) and concurrent validity (significant associations with self-esteem, life satisfaction, and gratitude). Functionality appreciation incrementally predicted life satisfaction in women, but not in men. Overall, these results suggest that the Spanish FAS is a psychometrically valid and reliable tool for the assessment of functionality appreciation in university-aged populations from Colombia.

Reliability and Validity of the Colombian Version of the Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory.

Sociosexuality refers to an individual's disposition to have casual sex without establishing affective bonds and has been widely studied worldwide using the Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-R; Penke & Asendorpf, 2008). Despite its many validations in different cultural contexts, no psychometric analyses of this instrument have been conducted in Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the psychometric properties of the SOI-R in Colombia. In a cross-sectional study with a large sample of participants (N = 812; 64% women), we conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to identify different factor structures and determine which had the best fit for our sample and examined the reliability of the scale. Results showed that a three-factor structure, with sociosexual behaviors, attitudes, and desire as first-order factors, and global sociosexuality as a second-order factor, had the best fit indexes. Each factor presented good reliability indexes. Replicating already established gender differences, we also found that men scored higher on each factor when compared to women. These findings show that the SOI-R is a reliable and valid instrument to assess sociosexuality in countries where sociosexuality research is underrepresented.

Psychometric Study of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory in a Colombian Sample.

Introduction: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the factor structure of Spanish translation and adaptation of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) in a sample of Colombian adults. Method: The sample of the study was n = 968. Respondents were aged between 18 and 52 years old (Mage=22.81, SD=4.42). Descriptive analyses, confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach's Alpha calculation were carried out. Results: Internal consistency for the global scale was high (α=.89). Likewise, the coefficients of the Alternative factor and the Control factor were similar (α=.90, 95% CI=.89-.90 and α=.83, 95% CI=.81-.85, respectively). A two-factor structure performed best according to the results of model selection criteria. This model suggested the existence of two correlated factors, with correlated items within factors (Item19 Item20 and Item8 Item10). Conclusions: Overall, the results suggest that the CFI scale exhibits construct validity and adequate reliability, both for the general scale and the subscales in the Colombian sample, enabling their use in contexts such as clinical or research.

Introducción: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal para evaluar la estructura factorial de la traducción al español y adaptación del Inventario de Flexibilidad Cognitiva (Cognitive Flexibility Inventory CFI) en una muestra de adultos colombianos. Método: La muestra del estudio fue de n = 968. La edad de los participantes osciló entre los 18 y 52 años (Medad=22.81, SD=4.42). Se llevaron a cabo análisis descriptivos, además del análisis factorial confirmatorio y el cálculo de Alpha de Cronbach. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la consistencia interna para la escala global fue alta (α=.89). Asimismo, los coeficientes del factor Alternativas y del factor Control fueron similares (α=.90, IC del 95%=.89-.90 y α=.83, IC del 95%=.81-.85, respectivamente). Una estructura de dos factores presentó un buen ajuste de los datos, de acuerdo con los valores de los criterios de selección del modelo. Este modelo sugirió la existencia de dos factores, con elementos correlacionados dentro de estos (Item19 Item20 e Item8 Item10). Conclusiones: En general, los resultados sugieren que el inventario CFI muestra una fiabilidad adecuada, tanto para la escala general como para las subescalas y validez de constructo en la muestra colombiana, permitiendo su uso en posibles contextos como el clínico o la investigación.

An update on the epidemiology of eating disorders in Latin America: current findings and future challenges.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We systematically reviewed the recent literature on the epidemiology of eating disorders in Latin America. RECENT FINDINGS: Most screened articles only investigated risk for eating disorders or disordered eating behaviors. Four studies reported prevalence for eating disorders. One study reported age-standardized prevalence ranging from 0.04% [95% confidence interval, CI (0.03, 0.06)] to 0.09% [95% CI (0.07, 0.13)] for anorexia nervosa and from 0.13% [95% CI (0.08, 0.17)] to 0.27% [95% CI (0.18, 0.37)] for bulimia nervosa. Three additional studies conducted in Brazil identified a general eating disorder point-prevalence of 0.40% in children aged 6--14 years and a point-prevalence of 0.7 % [95% CI (0.34, 1.55)] for bulimia nervosa, 1.4% [95% CI (0.81, 2.43)] for binge-eating disorder and 6.2% [95% CI (3.10, 5.27)] for recurrent binge eating. SUMMARY: Since 2020, only few studies were published on the epidemiology of full-threshold eating disorders in Latin America. Prevalence was in a comparable range to previous findings. No studies regarding new DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses were identified, and studies investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prevalence or incidence of eating disorders in these countries are needed.

Two sides of the same coin: ADHD affects reactive but not proactive inhibition in children.

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present a deficit in inhibitory control. Still, it remains unclear whether it comes from a deficit in reactive inhibition (ability to stop the action in progress), proactive inhibition (ability to exert preparatory control), or both.We compared the performance of 39 children with ADHD and 42 typically developing children performing a Simon choice reaction time task. The Simon task is a conflict task that is well-adapted to dissociate proactive and reactive inhibition. Beyond classical global measures (mean reaction time, accuracy rate, and interference effect), we used more sophisticated dynamic analyses of the interference effect and accuracy rate to investigate reactive inhibition. We studied proactive inhibition through the congruency sequence effect (CSE).Our results showed that children with ADHD had impaired reactive but not proactive inhibition. Moreover, the deficit found in reactive inhibition seems to be due to both a stronger impulse capture and more difficulties in inhibiting impulsive responses. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how ADHD affects inhibitory control in children.

Análisis de las pautas de crianza y los tipos de autoridad, y su relación con el surgimiento de conductas criminales: una revisión teórica / Analysis of the childrearing and upbringing guidelines and their relationship with the emergence of criminal conducts: a theoretical review / Análise das diretrizes do criação e dos tipos de autoridade, e sua relação com o surgimento de condutas criminosas: uma revisão teórica

El estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión teórica acerca de las pautas de crianza, los diferentes tipos de autoridad y la relación de estas con la aparición de conductas criminales en la adultez, para así aportar conocimientos a la comprensión de las posibles causas de la conducta criminal, las cuales han sido un fenómeno ampliamente estudiado. Para ello se realizó una revisión de la literatura de los últimos seis años en las bases de datos Science Direct, Ebsco, Redalyc y Scopus, y se encontró que si bien en el desarrollo de las conductas criminales convergen diversos elementos, los estilos de crianza, autoritarios, negligentes o demasiado permisivos, son uno de los factores explicativos de tipo ambiental más importantes del surgimiento de este tipo de conductas. Al finalizar se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados en la construcción de programas de intervención y rehabilitación.

The objective of this study was to carry out a theoretical review about childrearing and upbringing, the different types of authority and their relationship with the emergence of criminal conducts in adulthood, in order to contribute some knowledge to the understanding of the possible causes of criminal behavior as a widely studied phenomenon. For this purpose, through a review of the literature produced in the past six years in the Science Direct, Ebsco, Redalyc and Scopus databases, it was found that although diverse elements converge in the development and evolution of criminal conducts, it has to be said that childrearing and upbringing styles either authoritarian or overly permissive are among the main explanatory factors of the environmental type that bear more relevance in the occurrence of this kind of conducts. At the conclusion of the study, the implications of these results in the building of intervention and rehabilitation programs are discussed

O estudo teve como o objetivo realizar uma revisão teórica sobre as diretrizes de criação, os tipos diferentes da autoridade e a relação dessas com a aparência de condutas criminosas na idade adulta, para contribuir o conhecimento à compreensão das causas possíveis da conduta criminal, que foram um fenômeno estudado extensamente. Para isso, uma revisão da literatura dos últimos seis anos foi feita nos bancos de dados Science Direct, Ebsco, Redalyc e Scopus, e encontrou-se que embora no desenvolvimento de condutas criminais os elementos diversos convergissem, os estilos da criação, autoritários, negligentes ou demasiado permissivos, são um dos fatores explicativos do tipo ambiental mais importantes do surgimento deste tipo de condutas. Ao finalizar, as implicações destes resultados são discutidas na construção de programas da intervenção e reabilitação

Una revisión acerca de la sintomatología del abuso sexual infantil / A review of the symptomatology of child sexual abuse

El abuso sexual infantil es un problema de gran impacto internacional y con una alta prevalencia. De acuerdo con la OMS, en el mundo al menos 150 millones de niñas y 73 millones de niños han sido víctimas de alguna forma de abuso sexual antes de cumplir los 18 años. La investigación, centrada principalmente en la sintomatología de esta problemática, pretende dar cuenta del estado del arte sobre el tema en el periodo del 2004 al 2010. Además, se muestra información valiosa y actualizada acerca de los factores de riesgo para comprender más a fondo el fenómeno. Se concluye que en las investigaciones se manifiesta la diversidad a nivel psicopatológico que reviste la vivencia y que aún se encuentran contradicciones entre los estudios, lo que podría señalar que el tema no ha sido suficientemente investigado.

Child sexual abuse is an issue with great international impact and a high prevalence - according to WHO. At present, at least 150 million girls and 73 million boys have been victims of some kind of sexual abuse before 18 years of age. This study, directed mainly towards the symptomatology of this issue, intends to present the state of the art about the subject in the period from 2004 to 2010, additionally, valuable and current information is presented regarding risk factors, in order to provide a better understanding of the phenomenon. It is concluded that research shows the psychopathological diversity involved in the experience and that contradictions between studies can still be found, which indicate that the subject has not been sufficiently studied.

Revisión bibliográfico analítica acerca de las diversas teorías y programas de intervención del autismo infantil / A critical review of the literature an diverse theories and intervention programs about child autism

Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica acerca del autismo infantil. Se hace énfasis en las diversas teorías e hipótesis psicológicas que subyacen a este singular trastorno y se complementa la información acerca de las diversas técnicas de intervención que a nivel interdisciplinario se vienen manejando, con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de los afectados. El autismo infantil presenta una gran heterogeneidad en sus manifestaciones sintomáticas, por lo que es posible confundirlo a nivel de diagnóstico diferencial. Se han encontrado contradicciones en los resultados de algunas investigaciones en relación con las diversas técnicas de intervención con las que se viene tratando actualmente el trastorno.

The goal of this article is to clarify the state of art related to Autism emphasizing the diverse theories and psychological hypotheses implied in this singular disorder. Also, we will relate this to the interdisciplinary and diverse present techniques of intervention. The idea is to clarify how to improve the quality of life of the affected ones with this disorder. Clarifying all of this is very important in order to do a differential diagnosis properly because this disorder presents a great heterogeneity in its symptomatic manifestations, and it is often confused with other disorders. It has been found several contradictions in the results of some investigations in relation to the diverse techniques of intervention with which this disorder is treated.

Salud mental: un abordaje desde la perspectiva actual de la psicología de la salud / Mental health: an approach from the current perspective of health psychology

Este artículo está basado en un estudio estado del arte acerca del entendimiento actual que se tiene sobre el concepto de salud mental, especialmente desde la perspectiva de la psicología de la salud. Con el fin de ilustrar este campo, se presentan algunos aportes y/o investigaciones tanto a nivel general como de la región costa Caribe colombiana. Se ha encontrado que el concepto de salud mental implica el desarrollo de estilos de vida y de características personales, interpersonales, sociales y laborales que apuntan a una idea integrada de bienestar biopsicosocial. De esta forma, la salud mental se entiende que sobrepasa y no es reducida a la simple ausencia de síntomas.

This article is based on the state of art about the present understanding related to the concept of mental health, especially from the perspective of health psychology. With the purpose of clarifying this field, we present several researches in both, the international context and the Caribbean north cost of Colombia. We found that the concept of mental health implies the development of a lifestyle and personal, interpersonal, social and labor characteristics that point to an integrated notion of the concept of wellbeing. In this way, the concept of mental health overcomes and is not reduced to a mere absence of symptoms.