Compliance of biosecurity practices for compartmentalization to foot-mouth disease and classical swine fever viruses in commercial swine companies from southern Brazil.

Classical swine fever (CSF) and foot-mouth disease (FMD) are both highly contagious disease and disruptive to commercial trades, but they are examples of foreign animal diseases that biosecurity-based compartmentalization could be used to support trade in free zones in response to an outbreak. This study aimed to evaluate biosecurity compliance to the Federal Normative Instruction #44 from December 4th, 2017 (BRAZIL, 2017) in commercial swine farms located in southern Brazil. A total of 604 swine farms from 10 commercial swine companies were sampled, from which 28.5% were breeding farms, 29.1% nursery, 32.8% finishing, 6.8% multipliers, and 2.8% farrow-to-finish. Cluster analyses revealed that farms with high compliance (n = 303, Cluster 1) performed 71% of the practices, moderate (n = 219, Cluster 2) 47%, and the low (n = 82, Cluster 3) 33%. A spatial logistic regression model estimated that biosecurity compliance was highest in only one of 10 commercial swine companies, and within a company, multipliers (when present) obtained the highest biosecurity compliance (p-value < 0.01). These results suggest that major improvements in biosecurity practices are needed in breeding herds, nursery, and grow-finish farms to be compliant to the Federal Instruction #44. Based on the combination of these analyses, only one commercial swine company was more suitable to establish compartments for CSF and FMD with minimal investments. Still, this study revealed that the majority of commercial swine companies needs to improve biosecurity practice protocols to then target compartmentalization.

The impact of social welfare and COVID-19 stringency on the perceived utility of food apps: A hybrid MCDM approach.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created enormous challenges for society due to the various ways of impacting health. This paper focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people's food consumption patterns in the online environment. We investigate food app reviews and examine whether countries with a high rate of success with COVID-19 control consume more unhealthy food through mobile apps. We also investigate whether the population of countries with low social welfare eat more unhealthy food during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to countries with high social welfare. We take a hybrid multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach to calculate indexes based on the technique for order of preference by similarity to an ideal solution, complex proportional assessment, and VlseKriterijuska Optimizacija I Komoromisno Resenje. Results show that country social welfare and success in COVID-19 control negatively affect the perceived utility of the apps. Also, success in COVID-19 control and the perceived utility of food apps positively affect the proportion of unhealthy reviews, whereas social welfare has a negative impact. The results have important implications for public health policymakers, showing that the online food environment can be an important setting for interventions that seek to incentivize healthy eating.

Quantifying the dynamics of pig movements improves targeted disease surveillance and control plans.

Tracking animal movements over time may fundamentally determine the success of disease control interventions. In commercial pig production growth stages determine animal transportation schedule, thus it generates time-varying contact networks showed to influence the dynamics of disease spread. In this study, we reconstructed pig networks of one Brazilian state from 2017 to 2018, comprising 351,519 movements and 48 million transported pigs. The static networks view did not capture time-respecting movement pathways. For this reason, we propose a time-dependent network approach. A susceptible-infected model was used to spread an epidemic over the pig network globally through the temporal between-farm networks, and locally by a stochastic model to account for within-farm dynamics. We propagated disease to calculate the cumulative contacts as a proxy of epidemic sizes and evaluate the impact of network-based disease control strategies in the absence of other intervention alternatives. The results show that targeting 1,000 farms ranked by degree would be sufficient and feasible to diminish disease spread considerably. Our modelling results indicated that independently from where initial infections were seeded (i.e. independent, commercial farms), the epidemic sizes and the number of farms needed to be targeted to effectively control disease spread were quite similar; indeed, this finding can be explained by the presence of contact among all pig operation types The proposed strategy limited the transmission the total number of secondarily infected farms to 29, over two simulated years. The identified 1,000 farms would benefit from enhanced biosecurity plans and improved targeted surveillance. Overall, the modelling framework provides a parsimonious solution for targeted disease surveillance when temporal movement data are available.

Survey for pestiviruses in backyard pigs in southern Brazil.

The Pestivirus genus comprises species that affect animal health and productivity worldwide. Members of the Suidae family are hosts for classical swine fever virus (CSFV), an important pathogen tracked by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). However, swine are also susceptible to other pestivirus species that can result in disease or compromise CSFV detection. We searched for pestivirus infection in swine sera collected from 320 backyard pig herds in southern Brazil. We used reverse-transcription PCR primers for Bungowannah virus; atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV); and a panpestivirus pair that detects bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1, -2, and HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV), border disease virus (BDV), and CSFV. Two samples were positive using the panpestivirus primer pair and were classified as BVDV-1d and -2a, respectively. Serum samples were tested for virus neutralization against BVDV-1a, -1b, and -2 strains, resulting in 28 (4.4%) positive samples. Of those, 16 samples had the highest titers against BVDV-1a (2), BVDV-1b (5), and BVDV-2 (9). Our results indicate that Bungowannah virus, APPV, CSFV, BDV, and HoBiPeV have not been circulating in these specific backyard swine populations. However, ruminant pestiviruses were detected and must be considered in future pestivirus control programs conducted in Brazil.

An integrated coastal vulnerability approach to small islands: The Azores case.

Coastal development in small islands needs adapting to climate and ecosystem changes in the Anthropocene era. Understanding variability of coastal vulnerability along the entire coastline informs coastal planning and management at an island-wide scale as some coastal stretches are more appropriate for big-scale development, while others require additional coastal protection and/or ecosystem conservation. To date, few researches focused on developing macro-scale coastal vulnerability index at an island or archipelagic-scale. This paper fills a knowledge gap by developing an integrated coastal vulnerability index (ICVI) for nine small islands in the Azores archipelago. Considering that degree of vulnerability varies according to human-environment traits of each coastal stretch, this paper characterises integrated coastal vulnerability according to three broad attributes, i.e. exposure to external stressors, biophysical features and socioeconomic characteristics. Using field work, semi-quantitative analysis and GIS, ICVI is a simple and relatively quick approach that provides a broad overview of coastal vulnerability in small island context. A set of six accessible and representative parameters was employed as indicators for this vulnerability assessment, i.e. type of cliff; type of beach; coastal defences; exposure to swell/storm waves; outcrop flooded and land-use. The entire coastline of each island was divided into segments according to their geomorphic compartments and subsequently assigned with a relative ICVI value. Each segment was ranked into five classes ranging from very low to very high based on its relative degree of vulnerability. While majority of the coasts are of moderate relative vulnerability in the Azores, vulnerability varies broadly along the coast between low, moderate and high. The ICVI approach serves as a useful decision support tool to facilitate effective planning and management for the Azores small islands and the methodology has the flexibility of being scaled deep by adding more indicators where necessary and available or scaled out to other small islands.

Assessment of biosecurity practices and development of a scoring system in swine farms using item response theory.

Brazil is the fourth largest producer and exporter of pork in the world, but has never reported yet the occurrence of some economically important diseases such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Most of the swine farms in Brazil are characterized by intensive production being part of large integrated companies, where biosecurity practices help to prevent the introduction and spread of disease-causing infectious agents. The assessment of biosecurity in farms is not straightforward because of the large number of practices that constitute an on-farm biosecurity program. It is therefore necessary to combine the measurement of several parameters in order to characterize the level of biosecurity on a given farm. Thus, the objective of the study was to develop a biosecurity score to estimate the biosecurity level (theta or θ) in swine farms using the item response theory (IRT) and explore the relationship between the scores and independent variables. The IRT is a latent trait method extensively used in other fields, and offers the advantage to quantify the latent trait, here the biosecurity level, and to identify the practices that discriminate the farms avoiding the use of extensive questionnaires and redundant questions. In this study, 604 farms were evaluated in the main swine production regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Thirty-five practices were considered in order to quantify the biosecurity level on a given farm. After a recursive process 14 practices were selected to compose the biosecurity score to estimate the biosecurity level (θ). The variables identified with greater capacity of distinguishing the farms as to their biosecurity level were if the farm has 'feed bin outside of the barn limit (external feed loading)', has 'perimetral fence around the farm or barn', and if 'transit of trucks inside the farm is prohibited'. The biosecurity level was associated with some independent variables, e.g. the farm operation type, the integrated company and some owner characteristics. In addition, the results demonstrated that biosecurity practices related to management (internal biosecurity) are adopted with higher frequency compared to segregation and sanitation practices (external biosecurity). The IRT model proved useful and valid to estimate the biosecurity level in swine farms. Moreover, the biosecurity score described here has a relatively low number of items, which makes the application of this tool easier and faster compared to other previously described biosecurity assessment.

Towards a 'Sea-Level Sensitive' dynamic model: impact of island ontogeny and glacio-eustasy on global patterns of marine island biogeography.

A synthetic model is presented to enlarge the evolutionary framework of the General Dynamic Model (GDM) and the Glacial Sensitive Model (GSM) of oceanic island biogeography from the terrestrial to the marine realm. The proposed 'Sea-Level Sensitive' dynamic model (SLS) of marine island biogeography integrates historical and ecological biogeography with patterns of glacio-eustasy, merging concepts from areas as diverse as taxonomy, biogeography, marine biology, volcanology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, palaeontology, geochronology and geomorphology. Fundamental to the SLS model is the dynamic variation of the littoral area of volcanic oceanic islands (defined as the area between the intertidal and the 50-m isobath) in response to sea-level oscillations driven by glacial-interglacial cycles. The following questions are considered by means of this revision: (i) what was the impact of (global) glacio-eustatic sea-level oscillations, particularly those of the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial episodes, on the littoral marine fauna and flora of volcanic oceanic islands? (ii) What are the main factors that explain the present littoral marine biodiversity on volcanic oceanic islands? (iii) How can differences in historical and ecological biogeography be reconciled, from a marine point of view? These questions are addressed by compiling the bathymetry of 11 Atlantic archipelagos/islands to obtain quantitative data regarding changes in the littoral area based on Pleistocene sea-level oscillations, from 150 thousand years ago (ka) to the present. Within the framework of a model sensitive to changing sea levels, we discuss the principal factors affecting the geographical range of marine species; the relationships between modes of larval development, dispersal strategies and geographical range; the relationships between times of speciation, modes of larval development, ecological zonation and geographical range; the influence of sea-surface temperatures and latitude on littoral marine species diversity; the effect of eustatic sea-level changes and their impact on the littoral marine biota; island marine species-area relationships; and finally, the physical effects of island ontogeny and its associated submarine topography and marine substrate on littoral biota. Based on the SLS dynamic model, we offer a number of predictions for tropical, subtropical and temperate volcanic oceanic islands on how rates of immigration, colonization, in-situ speciation, local disappearance, and extinction interact and affect the marine biodiversity around islands during glacials and interglacials, thus allowing future testing of the theory.

Hope as a behavior and cognitive process: A new clinical strategy about mental health's prevention.

INTRODUCTION: Given the aging population, it is necessary to develop strategies for the prevention and promotion of mental health in the elderly. Hope as the ability to trace and maintain paths can be used as a key construct for these strategies, promoting cognitive health if stimulated. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the behavior and cognitive development of elderly people through hope training as a clinical strategy for health promotion. METHODS: A clinical experiment with a comparative and cross-sectional design. There were 2 data collection phases over a 6-month period. The sample comprised 51 participants, divided into groups having received either more or less than 6 months of stimulation. The instruments used were the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and Expectations/Hope Scale About the Future and Life's Guidance. The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test (t test) was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Hope in addition to cognitive stimulation shows more significant results in elderly people at initial stimulation (0.18), mainly at the permanence and troubleshooting on the paths concerned; this corresponds with the results obtained for hope (0.18). Depressive symptomatology showed significant differences among the 2 groups (0.39 and 0.02). In the between-groups comparisons, only GDS showed significance (0.46).Hope training has an impact on the remission of depressive symptoms and, despite increased hope levels, training was effective for the reduction of depression symptoms for up to 6 months, thereafter only playing a maintenance role. Broadly, hope has been shown to promote elderly people's mental health.

Global change impacts on large-scale biogeographic patterns of marine organisms on Atlantic oceanic islands.

Past climate changes provide important clues for advancement of studies on current global change biology. We have tested large-scale biogeographic patterns through four marine groups from twelve Atlantic Ocean archipelagos and searched for patterns between species richness/endemism and littoral area, age, isolation, latitude and mean annual sea-surface temperatures. Species richness is strongly correlated with littoral area. Two reinforcing effects take place during glacial episodes: i) species richness is expected to decrease (in comparison with interglacial periods) due to the local disappearance of sandy/muddy-associated species; ii) because littoral area is minimal during glacial episodes, area per se induces a decrease on species richness (by extirpation/extinction of marine species) as well as affecting speciation rates. Maximum speciation rates are expected to occur during the interglacial periods, whereas immigration rates are expected to be higher at the LGM. Finally, sea-level changes are a paramount factor influencing marine biodiversity of animals and plants living on oceanic islands.

Identification of foot and mouth disease risk areas using a multi-criteria analysis approach.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious disease that affects cloven-hoofed livestock and wildlife. FMD has been a problem for decades, which has led to various measures to control, eradicate and prevent FMD by National Veterinary Services worldwide. Currently, the identification of areas that are at risk of FMD virus incursion and spread is a priority for FMD target surveillance after FMD is eradicated from a given country or region. In our study, a knowledge-driven spatial model was built to identify risk areas for FMD occurrence and to evaluate FMD surveillance performance in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. For this purpose, multi-criteria decision analysis was used as a tool to seek multiple and conflicting criteria to determine a preferred course of action. Thirteen South American experts analyzed 18 variables associated with FMD introduction and dissemination pathways in Rio Grande do Sul. As a result, FMD higher risk areas were identified at international borders and in the central region of the state. The final model was expressed as a raster surface. The predictive ability of the model assessed by comparing, for each cell of the raster surface, the computed model risk scores with a binary variable representing the presence or absence of an FMD outbreak in that cell during the period 1985 to 2015. Current FMD surveillance performance was assessed, and recommendations were made to improve surveillance activities in critical areas.

Ameloblastoma during pregnancy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Ameloblastomas are rarely found in pregnant women, with only two cases reported in the scientific literature. We report the first case of ameloblastoma in a pregnant woman in Brazil. CASE PRESENTATION: A 27-year-old white woman, 12-weeks pregnant, presented with a large mass in her right posterior mandible. Panoramic radiography revealed a lesion involving her mandibular right first molar with displacement of her mandibular right third molar and impairment of the mandibular bone base. The results of an incisional biopsy led to a diagnosis of acanthomatous ameloblastoma. We fixed Erich arch bars to both dental arches and performed an en-bloc resection surgery under general anesthesia for tumor removal. She was then treated by maxillomandibular rigid fixation with the installation of a 2.7 mm non-locking reconstruction plate. So far, she has presented no motor deficits, chewing difficulties, or relevant asymmetries. The tumor showed no recurrence after the first year (pregnancy period) and post-surgery radiographic follow-up revealed a reduction in the surgical area after osseous growth in the margins of the lesion. Although she displayed no systemic comorbidities that affected pregnancy, the fetus was born with alobar holoprosencephaly. CONCLUSIONS: The possible influence of pregnancy hormones on the growth and development of tumors in general and ameloblastoma in particular, is still not explained in the literature. However, evidence reveals that the issue should be further studied. Although en-bloc resection surgery is considered a radical method of treatment, it is an effective alternative in ameloblastoma removal, presenting low rates of recurrence.

Spatial distribution of dengue disease in municipality of Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, using the Geographic Information System / Distribuicao espacial da dengue no municipio de Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, utilizando o Sistema de Informacao Geografica

The dengue viral infection is one of the most relevant vector-borne diseases in the world. The disease can manifest in a variety of forms, from asymptomatic to a condition of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The last reported cases in Brazil correspond to 80% of the cases reported in the Americas, which emphasizes the magnitude of the problem. This study was conducted using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, in order to evaluate the spatial distribution of the disease in the urban area of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. In the period between 2001 and 2007, 867 new cases were listed. About 85.7% of the addresses were georeferenced, with a larger number of cases, 14.8%, in the neighborhoods of Santo Antônio and Santa Delmira (north region), and 11.7% in the neighborhoods of Conjunto Vingt-Rosado and Alto de São Manoel (east region). There were 18 confirmed cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever associated with regions with the highest incidence of classic cases of the disease. The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) proved a great benefit for better visualization of the endemic, especially in elucidating the actual distribution of dengue cases in the county and providing an effective tool for planning the monitoring of the disease at a local level.

A infecção viral pelo dengue compreende uma das doenças de transmissão vetorial mais importante do mundo. A doença pode apresentar uma manifestação variada, desde uma forma assintomática até quadros de Febre do Dengue Hemorrágico (FDH). Os últimos casos reportados no Brasil correspondem a 80% dos casos notificados nas Américas, o que enfatiza a magnitude do problema. Este estudo foi realizado utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento, com o objetivo de avaliar a distribuição espacial da doença na zona urbana do município de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Foram arrolados 867 casos novos da doença no período de 2001 - 2007. Foram georrefenciados 85,7% dos endereços, apresentando um maior número de casos nos bairros do Santo Antônio e Santa Delmira (zona norte), com 14,8%, Conjunto Vingt-Rosado e Alto de São Manoel (zona leste), com 11,7%. Foram confirmados 18 casos de FHD associados às regiões com maior incidência de casos clássicos da doença. O uso do SIG revelou um grande benefício pela melhor visualização da endemia, sobretudo elucidando a distribuição real dos casos de dengue no município e propiciando um instrumento eficaz para o planejamento da vigilância em nível local.

Spatial distribution of dengue disease in municipality of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, using the Geographic Information System.

The dengue viral infection is one of the most relevant vector-borne diseases in the world. The disease can manifest in a variety of forms, from asymptomatic to a condition of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The last reported cases in Brazil correspond to 80% of the cases reported in the Americas, which emphasizes the magnitude of the problem. This study was conducted using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, in order to evaluate the spatial distribution of the disease in the urban area of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. In the period between 2001 and 2007, 867 new cases were listed. About 85.7% of the addresses were georeferenced, with a larger number of cases, 14.8%, in the neighborhoods of Santo Antônio and Santa Delmira (north region), and 11.7% in the neighborhoods of Conjunto Vingt-Rosado and Alto de São Manoel (east region). There were 18 confirmed cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever associated with regions with the highest incidence of classic cases of the disease. The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) proved a great benefit for better visualization of the endemic, especially in elucidating the actual distribution of dengue cases in the county and providing an effective tool for planning the monitoring of the disease at a local level.

Polyarticular lipoma arborescens with inflammatory synovitis.

Lipoma arborescens is a rare clinical condition characterized by mono or biarticular involvement of large joints, such as knees, hips, ankles, elbows, and shoulders. The aim of this case report is to describe an unusual case of lipoma arborescens affecting multiple large joints, mimicking rheumatoid arthritis. The patient, a 29-year-old woman had a history of intermittent arthritis of the wrists, knees, and ankles for at least 12 years. With the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis she had been on methotrexate (7.5 mg/wk) for the last 6 months along with different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, without benefit. On physical examination a discreet joint swelling of the knees without effusion, gluteal muscle atrophy, and limited hip movements were observed. Laboratory tests presented normal acute phase reactants of inflammation as well as the rheumatoid factor, CK, and negative results for antinuclear, anti-DNA, anti-SSA/Ro, and anti-CCP (ELISA) antibodies. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knees and hips showed articular effusion and synovitis, and a pattern of lipoma arborescens. The histopathologic study confirmed the diagnosis. Knee arthroscopic synovectomy brought some improvement to joint mobility and pain.Although rare, this condition must be remembered in the presence of inflammatory arthropathy, particularly in the absence of response to clinical treatment, and absence of rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies, since the therapeutic strategy is radically different.

Gestäo do território versus estrutura de solidariedade e autoridade / Territorial management versus solidarity and authority structures

Pesquisa de campo com as lideranças da Regiäo Metropolitana de Salvador. Tentativa de identificaçäo das formas dominantes de relacionamento entre Estado e sociedade. Análise do nível de compatibilizaçäo dessas formas com as estruturas de solidariedade e de autoridade presentes na RMS

Contribuição ao estudo das osteossínteses em fraturas mandibulares (Trabalho experimental em coelhos) / Contribution to the study of osseous synthesis in mandibular fractures (an experimental study on rabbits)

Com o intuito de avaliar a eficácia do método de osteossíntese com grampos de aço para a contenção de fraturas mandibulares, realizamos estudos comparativos com o método de osteossíntese com fio de aço maleável, em 18 coelhos. Cinqüenta por cento foram tratados pelo método de osteossíntese com fio de aço e cinqüenta por cento foram tratados pelo método de osteossíntese com grampos de aço. Os coelhos, em ambos os métodos, foram estudados e analizados em períodos idênticos de 15, 30 e 45 dias. Os resultados obtidos em ambos os métodos foram idênticos e eficazes

Sialometaplasia necrotizante: apresentação de caso clínico / Necrotizing sialometaplasia: presentation of a clinical case

A sialometaplasia necrotizante é uma patologia pouco freqüente, (benigna) das glândulas salivares menores com características clínicas e histopatológicas que simulam o carcinoma epidermóide (10), ou o carcinoma mucoepidermóide (7, 10, 19, 28). Os autores descrevem um caso clínico e enfatizam a necessidade de um correto diagnóstico pois, no caso de confusão com um carcinoma, o paciente pode ser tratado com um procedimento cirúrgico agressivo e desnecessário

Nutrientes, atividades enzimáticas e microrganismos do solo tratado com vinhaça e ou torta de filtro em cultura de cana-de-açúcar / Nutrients, enzymatic activities and microorganisms of soil treated with vinasse and/or filter cake in sugar cane culture

Após quatro anos de adições anuais de vinhaça e/ou torta de filtro, além de outros aditivos: agrícolas, sulfato de amônia, uréia, cloreto de potássio e adubo mineral 15-9-18, foram estudados 18 parâmetros em 48 parcelas de Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura média, nas linhas e entre-linhas de cultura de cana-de-açúcar, no município de Rio Claro, SP. Amostras compostoas de solo foram feitas medições da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados com os testes de variância com réplicas e o de Tukey. Verificou-se que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto aos tratamentos e às linhas de cultura em: temperatura do ar; temperatura do solo até 5 cm de profundidade; umidade do solo; matéria orgânica; carbono orgânico; nitrogênio total, relação C/N; atividade da invertase e no número de bactérias, actinomicetos e microrganismos capazes de crescerem em meio de sacarose ou amido ou carboximetil-celulose, como única fonte de carbono. Variações estatisticamente significativas quanto às linhas da cultura foram observados quanto: umidade relativa do ar; temperatura do solo até 20 cm de profundidade; pH; Ca+2: CTC; K+; Al+3; Al+3; PO4-3 e número de fungos filamentosos. Somente os teores de Mg+2 e as atividades da celulase e urease variaram quanto aos tratamentos e às linhas da cultura. Concluiu-se que a adição de torta de filtro + uréia ou torta de filtro + cloreto de potássio contribuiu para acréscimo do teor do Mg+2 e das atividades da celulase e urease, em relação ao adubo mineral e ao solo testemunha.

Adenoma pleomórfico: relato de dois casos clínicos / Pleomorfic adenoma: report a two cases

Os autores descrevem o adenoma pleomórfico no seu aspecto clínico, aspecto histológico, tratamento e preservação. Relatam dois casos clínicos desta neoplasia em glândulas salivares menores, localizadas no palato

Tratamento da fratura-luxação do osso zigomático através da reconstrução da pirâmide maxilozigomática / Zigomatic bone treatment through zigomatic pyramid reconstruction

Os autores preconizam, neste trabalho, a importância da fixação da pirâmide maxilo-zigomática, através do acesso, intra-bucal, no tratamento das fraturas com deslocamento do osso zigomático