Antibacterial effects and cytotoxicity of an adhesive containing low concentration of silver nanoparticles.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the antibacterial effects, cytotoxicity and microtensile bond strength of an adhesive containing low concentrations of silver nanoparticles (NAg). METHODS: Various concentrations of NAg (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm) were incorporated into the primer of the Scotchbond Multi-Purpose adhesive system (SBMP). Antibacterial activity was examined using a broth microdilution assay to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), agar diffusion assay and the MTT assay was used to examine the biofilm metabolic activity (S. mutans). The Microtensile Bond Test (µTBS) was performed after 24 h, followed by 6-months storage in distilled water. Cytotoxicity was assessed with an MTT reduction assay in human dental pulp stem cells viability after exposure to Nag-conditioned culture media during 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. The results were statistically analyzed (α ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: MIC was found between NAg 25 and 50 ppm MBC was determined at 50 ppm of NAg. Bacterial activity inhibition was higher than control in all NAg groups compared to control in agar diffusion assay. Biofilm inhibition was statistically higher in 250 ppm NAg than control. All NAg groups and SBMP presented similar cytotoxicity in each period. Adhesives with NAg 200 and 250 ppm and SBMP (control) presented the highest µTBS values, similar to that of SBMP control, in both instances (24 h and 6 months) (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The commercial primer containing NAg 250 ppm showed both antibacterial effect and reliable bond strength with no cytotoxicity increase. The addition of NAg to primers seems promising for the improvement of conventional dental adhesives efficacy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The addition of low concentrations of NAg (250 ppm) to primers were effective to improve antibacterial effect preserving the bond strength and the biocompatibility of the commercial product. NAg/primer association could protect the tooth-adhesive interface increasing dental restoration longevity.

Influence of different methods of cleaning custom bases on the shear bond strength of indirectly bonded brackets.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence on shear bond strength and bond failure location of four cleaning methods for orthodontic bracket custom bases. DESIGN: In vitro laboratory study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty bovine teeth were divided at random into four groups. The bracket custom bases were cleaned with different methods: group 1 with methyl methacrylate monomer, group 2 with acetone, group 3 with 50 µm aluminium oxide particles and group 4 with detergent. The brackets were indirectly bonded onto the teeth with the Sondhi Rapid-Set self-curing adhesive. The maximum required shear bond strength to debond the brackets was recorded. The bond failure location was evaluated using the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis (P<0·05) was used to detect significant differences in the bond strength. Kaplan-Meier survival plots and log-rank test were done to compare the survival distribution between the groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0·05) was used to evaluate the differences in the ARI scores. RESULTS: The mean bond strengths in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 23·7±5·0, 25·3±5·1, 25·6±3·7 and 25·7±4·2 MPa, respectively. There were no significant statistically differences in either the bond strength or the ARI score between the groups. CONCLUSION: The four custom base-cleaning methods presented the same efficiencies on indirect bond of the brackets; thus, practitioners can choose the method that works best for them.

Effect of experimental heat treatment on mechanical properties of resin composites.

The aim of this study was to verify the influence of an experimental heat treatment (170 masculineC/10 min) using a casting furnace on the mechanical properties (hardness and flexural strength) of 2 commercial direct resin composites (TPH Spectrum and Filtek P60) compared to a commercial indirect resin system (BelleGlass). Heat treatment temperature was determined after thermal characterization by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Data was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% significance level. There was statistical significance for the main factor heat treatment (p=0.03) and composite (p=0.02), for flexural strength. For Knoop hardness, only the main factor composite was statistically significant (p=0.00). P60 presented higher hardness than TPH. No statistically significant correlation between mechanical properties tested was detected. Based on these results, it was possible to conclude that heat treatment influenced flexural strength of direct composites, while it was not observed for hardness. The association of direct composites with a simple post-cure heat treatment may be an alternative for current indirect composite systems, although more studies are needed to verify other properties of the composites for this application.

Al2O3/GdAlO3 fiber for dental porcelain reinforcement.

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the addition of continuous or milled GdAlO3/Al2O3 fibers to a dental porcelain increases its mechanical properties. Porcelain bars without reinforcement (control) were compared to those reinforced with long fibers (30 vol%). Also, disk specimens reinforced with milled fibers were produced by adding 0 (control), 5 or 10 vol% of particles. The reinforcement with continuous fibers resulted in significant increase in the uniaxial flexural strength from 91.5 to 217.4 MPa. The addition of varied amounts of milled fibers to the porcelain did not significantly affect its biaxial flexural strength compared to the control group. SEM analysis showed that the interface between the continuous fiber and the porcelain was free of defects. On the other hand, it was possible to note the presence of cracks surrounding the milled fiber/porcelain interface. In conclusion, the reinforcement of the porcelain with continuous fibers resulted in an efficient mechanism to increase its mechanical properties; however the addition of milled fibers had no significant effect on the material because the porcelain was not able to wet the ceramic particles during the firing cycle.

Effect of experimental heat treatment on mechanical properties of resin composites

The aim of this study was to verify the influence of an experimental heat treatment (170ºC/10 min) using a casting furnace on the mechanical properties (hardness and flexural strength) of 2 commercial direct resin composites (TPH Spectrum and Filtek P60) compared to a commercial indirect resin system (BelleGlass). Heat treatment temperature was determined after thermal characterization by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Data was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5 percent significance level. There was statistical significance for the main factor heat treatment (p=0.03) and composite (p=0.02), for flexural strength. For Knoop hardness, only the main factor composite was statistically significant (p=0.00). P60 presented higher hardness than TPH. No statistically significant correlation between mechanical properties tested was detected. Based on these results, it was possible to conclude that heat treatment influenced flexural strength of direct composites, while it was not observed for hardness. The association of direct composites with a simple post-cure heat treatment may be an alternative for current indirect composite systems, although more studies are needed to verify other properties of the composites for this application.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de um tratamento térmico experimental (170ºC/10 min), em um forno de fundição, sobre as propriedades mecânicas (dureza e resistência à flexão) de 2 resinas compostas comerciais de uso direto (TPH Spectrum e Filtek P60), em relação a uma resina comercial indireta (BelleGlass). A temperatura de tratamento térmico foi determinada após caracterização térmica por termogravimetria (TG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Os dados foram analisados por análise de variância, que mostrou, para a resistência à flexão, diferença estatística para os fatores principais tratamento térmico (p=0,03) e material (p=0,02). Para a dureza Knoop, somente o fator principal material foi estatisticamente significante (p=0,00). A P60 apresentou maiores valores de dureza em relação à TPH Spectrum. Não foi detectada nenhuma correlação estatisticamente significante entre as propriedades mecânicas avaliadas. Baseado nos resultados foi possível concluir que o tratamento térmico influenciou na resistência à flexão das resinas compostas de uso direto, enquanto, para a dureza, o mesmo não foi observado. A associação de resinas compostas a um simples tratamento térmico de pós-cura pode ser uma alternativa para os sistemas indiretos atuais. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para verificar outras propriedades das resinas compostas para esta aplicação.

Diametral tensile strength and Vickers hardness of a composite after storage in different solutions.

This study evaluated the Vickers hardness (VHN) and diametral tensile strength (DTS) of the composite Z100 (3M ESPE) cured with: Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen light curing unit (QTH) (700mW/cm2- 40 s) and Argon laser (1,000mW/cm2- 10 s). Specimens of 2 mm depth and 8 mm diameter were immersed for 30 days at 37 degrees C in different storage means: water, alcohol, acetic acid, propionic acid and dry (control). The DTS (n = 8) was determined with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The VHN (n = 8) test was carried out using a 50 g load for 60 s. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha = 0.05). The relationship between VHN and DTS was observed by Pearson correlation. The light source was not significant in both tests (VHN: P < 0.18; DTS: P < 0.92), but the factor storage showed significance (P < .001). Mechanical properties of the control group were statistically superior to those of the other storage groups (VHN = 102.2; DTS = 42.3 MPa). The alcohol group showed the lowest VHN (93.3) and DTS (33.8 MPa) values, which were similar to values for propionic (VHN = 97.5; DTS = 35.9 MPa) and acetic acids (VHN = 97.8; DTS = 36.1 MPa), but different from that of water (VHN = 102.2; DTS = 42.3 MPa). The relationship between VHN and DTS values presented a positive correlation (r2 = 0.90; P < 0.01).