Getting started writing a personal diversity statement.

In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.

A National Survey of Perceptions Around Conditions Associated With Pharmacy Faculty Workload Equity.

OBJECTIVE: To assess pharmacy faculty members' perceptions of conditions associated with workload equity and factors that can improve workload equity. METHODS: A 26-item survey instrument was developed and distributed via email to members of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Council of Faculties. Questions pertained to the workload distribution, fairness in assignment, and perception of the conditions associated with workload equity (transparency, context, credit, clarity, norms, and accountability) as well as institutional and individual demographics. RESULTS: A total of 662 responses were obtained (response rate 15.9%). Respondents' demographics were comparable to available national data. Approximately 41% of respondents reported their institutions did not have a written faculty workload policy. Most respondents reported their workload assignment was fair (highest with research/scholarship) but reported only moderate alignment between assigned and actual workloads. The rating level for what domains the primary decision maker uses to assign workload was highest for context, followed by credit, clarity, and transparency. Transparency was reported as the most needed condition to improve faculty perception of workload equity. Respondents also rated increasing trust between leadership and faculty and increasing productivity and accountability as the most important reasons to minimize workload inequities. CONCLUSION: This was the first national survey of pharmacy faculty perceptions around the conditions associated with workload equity. Though additional research is needed in this area, programs can work to implement strategies associated with all of the conditions, particularly transparency, to improve faculty perceptions of equity.

The AACP Academic Affairs Committee's Final 2022 Curricular Outcomes and Entrustable Professional Activities (COEPA) for Pharmacy Graduates to Replace 2013 CAPE and 2016 EPAs.

The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Academic Affairs Committee was charged with revising both the 2013 Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE) Educational Outcomes (EOs) and the 2016 Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs). The Committee changed the document name from the CAPE outcomes to COEPA, (Curricular Outcomes and Entrustable Professional Activities) since the EOs and EPAs would now be housed together. A draft of the COEPA EOs and EPAs was released at the AACP July 2022 Annual meeting. After receiving additional stakeholder feedback during and after the meeting, the Committee made additional revisions. The final COEPA document was submitted to and approved by the AACP Board of Directors in November 2022. This COEPA document contains the final version of the 2022 EOs and EPAs. The revised EOs have been reduced to 3 domains and 12 subdomains (from 4 domains and 15 subdomains previously in CAPE 2013) and the revised EPAs have been reduced from 15 to 13 activities.

The AACP Academic Affairs Committee's Guidance for Use of the Curricular Outcomes and Entrustable Professional Activities (COEPA) for Pharmacy Graduates.

The 2021-2023 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Academic Affairs Committee (AAC) was charged with and completed the revision of the 2013 Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education Outcomes and the 2016 Entrustable Professional Activity (EPA) statements for new pharmacy graduates. This work resulted in a new combined document, the Curricular Outcomes and Entrustable Professional Activities (COEPA) that was unanimously approved by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Board of Directors and was published in the Journal. The AAC was also charged with providing stakeholders with guidance about how to use the new COEPA document. To achieve this charge, the AAC created example objectives for all 12 Educational Outcomes (EOs) and example tasks for all 13 EPAs. Although programs are asked to retain the EO domains, subdomains, one-word descriptors, and descriptions, unless they are adding more EOs or increasing the taxonomy level of a description, colleges and schools of pharmacy can expand or edit the example objectives and example tasks to meet local needs, as these are not designed to be prescriptive. This guidance document is published separately from the COEPA EOs and EPAs to reinforce the message that the example objectives and tasks are modifiable.

Tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in molecular breast cancer subtypes in Medellin, Colombia. Retrospective cohort study / Respuesta tumoral a la quimioterapia neoadyuvante en subtipos moleculares de cáncer de mama en Medellín, Colombia. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo

Objectives: To describe the frequency of clinical and pathological response in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer, in patients receiving prior neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Materials and methods: Descriptive retrospective cohort. The study population consisted of women 18 years of age and older with a histological diagnosis of invasive breast cancer stages IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB and IIIC, with a classification by molecular subtypes, who had received prior neoadjuvant chemotherapy, seen at a high complexity clinic in Medellin (Colombia), between July 1, 2017, and July 30, 2019. We measured age clinical stage, histological characteristics, molecular classification, and complete clinical and pathological responses by molecular subtype. A descriptive analysis was conducted. Results: Overall, 255 patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 55.2 years; the clinical stages with the highest prevalence were IIIB (28.6 %) and IIB (26.3 %), and the most frequent by histologic grading were grades 3 (48.2 %) and 2 (37.3 %). Frequency by molecular types was as follows: luminal A (10.2 %), HER2-negative luminal B (39.6 %), triple-negative (23.1%), HER2-positive luminal B (13.7 %), and pure HER2 (13.3 %). Complete clinical response following chemotherapy, by molecular type, was as follows: luminal A (26.9 %), HER2-negative luminal B (37.6 %), HER2-positive luminal B (48.6 %), pure HER2 (41.2 %), triple-negative (45.8 %). Complete pathological response by molecular subtype was achieved in the luminal A (19.2 %), HER2-negative luminal B (32.7 %), HER2-positive luminal B (54.3 %), pure HER2 (50 %) and triple-negative (42.4 %) subtypes. Conclusions: In clinical practice, breast cancer classification by molecular subtypes is a means to approach the assess the to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Prospective studies are needed in the region in order to determine the ability to predict overall and disease-free survival based on the complete pathologic response.

Objetivos: describir la frecuencia de la respuesta clínica y patológica, entre los diferentes subtipos moleculares de cáncer de mama, en pacientes que previamente recibieron quimioterapia neoadyuvante. Materiales y métodos: cohorte retrospectiva, descriptiva. Se incluyeron mujeres mayores de 18 años, con diagnóstico histológico de carcinoma invasivo de mama, en estadios IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB y IIIC, con clasificación por subtipos moleculares, que hubieran recibido quimioterapia neoadyuvante, atendidas en una clínica de alto nivel de complejidad localizada en Medellín (Colombia), entre el 1 de julio de 2017 y el 30 de julio de 2019. Las variables recolectadas fueron edad, estadio clínico, características histológicas, clasificación molecular y la respuesta clínica y patológica completa por subtipo molecular. Se realizó análisis descriptivo. Resultados: 255 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La edad media fue de 55,2 años; los estadios clínicos con mayor prevalencia fueron IIIB (28,6 %) y IIB (26,3 %), respecto al grado histológico, los más frecuentes fueron grado 3 (48,2%) y 2 (37,3%). La frecuencia por subtipos moleculares fue: luminal A (10,2 %), luminal B HER2 negativo (39,6%), triple negativo (23,1 %), luminal B HER2 positivo (13,7 %), y HER2 puro (13,3%). La respuesta clínica completa posquimioterapia por subtipo molecular fue: luminal A (26,9 %), luminal B HER2 negativo (37,6 %), luminal B HER2 positivo (48,6 %), HER2 puro (41,2%), triple negativo (45,8%); se logró respuesta patológica completa por subtipo molecular, así: luminal A (19,2 %), luminal B HER2 negativo (32,7%), luminal B HER2 positivo (54,3 %), HER2 puro (50 %), triple negativo (42,4%). Conclusiones: en la práctica clínica, la clasificación por subtipos moleculares en cáncer de mama permite hacer una aproximación a la respuesta de la quimioterapia neoadyuvante. Se requieren estudios prospectivos en la región para determinar la capacidad predictiva de la respuesta patológica completa respecto a la sobrevida global y libre de enfermedad.

Finalizing the Work Related to the Curriculum Outcomes and Example Objectives and Entrustable Professional Activities (COEPA) Document: The Report of the 2022-2023 Academic Affairs Standing Committee.

The 2022-2023 Academic Affairs Committee (AAC) was charged to (1) complete the Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education Outcomes and Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) revisions (now renamed as COEPA - Curriculum Outcomes and Entrustable Professional Activities) after receiving feedback at the 2022 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Annual Meeting; (2) offer guidance on how the revised COEPA education outcomes and EPA statements should be used by member institutions, faculty, preceptor, and students; (3) guide input into the ongoing revision of the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) standards for the Doctor of Pharmacy program. The published report of the 2021-2022 AAC outlines the work of the Committee through the spring of 2022.1 This 2022-2023 AAC report focuses on the work related to finalizing the COEPA educational outcomes, EPAs, preamble, and glossary and formally receiving approval from the AACP Board of Directors.2 This report also describes the creation of a COEPA guidance document, including educational outcomes example learning objectives, and EPA example tasks for the Academy, however, the actual guidance document will be published separately. Finally, this current report outlines the feedback the AAC sought, received, synthesized, summarized, and prioritized from key interested and affected parties about the ACPE 2016 standards revisions for the ACPE 2025 draft standards.3 The Committee offers revisions for 1 AACP policy statement pertaining to diversity, equity, inclusion, accessibility, justice, and anti-racism. One new policy statement is also offered that urges ACPE to create accreditation standards for pharmacy education that support diversity, equity, inclusion, accessibility, justice, and anti-racism, despite presence of laws, executive orders, and policies that oppose these concepts.

Sex differences in the influence of type 2 diabetes (T2D)-related genes, parental history of T2D, and obesity on T2D development: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effect of sex and age at type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosis on the influence of T2D-related genes, parental history of T2D, and obesity on T2D development. METHODS: In this case-control study, 1012 T2D cases and 1008 healthy subjects were selected from the Diabetes in Mexico Study database. Participants were stratified by sex and age at T2D diagnosis (early, ≤ 45 years; late, ≥ 46 years). Sixty-nine T2D-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms were explored and the percentage contribution (R2) of T2D-related genes, parental history of T2D, and obesity (body mass index [BMI] and waist-hip ratio [WHR]) on T2D development was calculated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: T2D-related genes influenced T2D development most in males who were diagnosed early (R2 = 23.5%; females, R2 = 13.5%; males and females diagnosed late, R2 = 11.9% and R2 = 7.3%, respectively). With an early diagnosis, insulin production-related genes were more influential in males (76.0% of R2) while peripheral insulin resistance-associated genes were more influential in females (52.3% of R2). With a late diagnosis, insulin production-related genes from chromosome region 11p15.5 notably influenced males while peripheral insulin resistance and genes associated with inflammation and other processes notably influenced females. Influence of parental history was higher among those diagnosed early (males, 19.9%; females, 17.5%) versus late (males, 6.4%; females, 5,3%). Unilateral maternal T2D history was more influential than paternal T2D history. BMI influenced T2D development for all, while WHR exclusively influenced males. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of T2D-related genes, maternal T2D history, and fat distribution on T2D development was greater in males than females.

The prevalence of diabetes worldwide is slightly higher in men than in women, particularly in those aged 50 or younger (16.5% for men versus 13.5% for women). This suggests that hormonal differences could be critical in early development of Type 2 diabetes. Some known factors previously associated with T2D, such as genes, parental history of diabetes and obesity, could have a differential influence between both sexes for the development of T2D. We compared these factors between 1008 healthy individual and 1012 TD2 patients. In this comparison, we calculated the percentage of variability of the disease explained by each factor. As expected, the most noticeable differences between men and women were observed in T2D diagnoses before age 46. Genes had a greater effect in men than in women (23.5% vs. 13.5%). While genes involved in insulin production have a greater influence on men, genes involved in peripheric insulin resistance have a greater influence on women. The overall parental history of T2D influences similarly in males (19.9%) and females (17.5%), however, the unilateral genetic influence of the mother was much greater in males than in females. The influence of global and abdominal obesity played a greater role in men than in women. In T2D diagnoses after age of 45, the influence of genes and parental history of diabetes decreases markedly, and the relative influence of global obesity augments. However, while genes linked to insulin resistance and inflammation predominate in females, genes linked to insulin secretion predominate in males.

Perceptions and Practices for Evaluating Faculty Workload by Pharmacy Education Administration/Leadership.

OBJECTIVE: To assess how department chairs/administrators define, measure, and evaluate faculty workload to better understand practices within the Academy. METHODS: An 18-item survey was distributed to department chairs/administrators via American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Connect. Participants identified if they are a primary decision maker for faculty workload, whether their program has a workload policy, how workload is calculated, and how faculty satisfaction with workload equity is measured. RESULTS: Of 71 participants initiating the survey, data from 64 participants from 52 colleges/schools were eligible for analysis. Leaders of practice departments reported that their faculty spend an average of 38% of their time on teaching (compared to 46% for non-practice departments), 13% on research (vs 37%), 12% on service (vs 16%), and 36% on clinical practice (vs 0%). Most survey participants (n = 57, 89%) are at schools/colleges with a tenure system, and about 24 participants reported that faculty workload metrics differ across departments/divisions. Teaching assignments and service are reportedly negotiable between faculty and supervisors, and workload expectations are widely variable. The majority indicated they do not analyze faculty satisfaction with workload fairness (n = 35) and faculty do not provide evaluative feedback on how supervisors assign faculty workload (n = 34). Of 6 priorities considered when determining workload, 'support college/school strategies and priorities' ranked highest (1.92) and 'trust between the chair and faculty' ranked lowest (4.87). CONCLUSION: Overall, only half of the participants reported having a clear, written process of quantifying faculty workload. The use of workload metrics may be needed for evidence-based decision-making for personnel management and resource allocation.

Guidance for Qualitative Research Manuscripts in Pharmacy Education.

The goal of this Best Practice Review is to support researchers in successfully preparing and publishing qualitative research in pharmacy education. Standard practice from the literature and journals' guidance from related fields were reviewed, and recommendations and resources applicable to qualitative research in pharmacy education were compiled for researchers planning to conduct and publish qualitative research. This review provides recommendations, not requirements, for publication in the Journal and is intended to be a guide, especially for authors and reviewers relatively new to the field of qualitative research. Additionally, researchers planning to publish their qualitative research are advised to review available best practices and standards, such as the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist and the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. Given the diverse methodology of qualitative research, it is important for authors to provide sufficient details and justifications of selected methods for transparency and to report collected results in a manner that allows reviewers and readers to adequately assess the validity of their study and the applicability of the findings.

Respuesta tumoral a la quimioterapia neoadyuvante en subtipos moleculares de cáncer de mama en Medellín, Colombia. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo / Tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in molecular breast cancer subtypes in Medellin, Colombia. Retrospective cohort study

Objetivos: Describir la frecuencia de la respuesta clínica y patológica, entre los diferentes subtipos moleculares de cáncer de mama, en pacientes que previamente recibieron quimioterapia neoadyuvante. Materiales y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva, descriptiva. Se incluyeron mujeres mayores de 18 años, con diagnóstico histológico de carcinoma invasivo de mama, en estadios IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB y IIIC, con clasificación por subtipos moleculares, que hubieran recibido quimioterapia neoadyuvante, atendidas en una clínica de alto nivel de complejidad localizada en Medellín (Colombia), entre el 1 de julio de 2017 y el 30 de julio de 2019. Las variables recolectadas fueron edad, estadio clínico, características histológicas, clasificación molecular y la respuesta clínica y patológica completa por subtipo molecular. Se realizó análisis descriptivo. Resultados: 255 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La edad media fue de 55,2 años; los estadios clínicos con mayor prevalencia fueron IIIB (28,6 %) y IIB (26,3 %), respecto al grado histológico, los más frecuentes fueron grado 3 (48,2 %) y 2 (37,3 %). La frecuencia por subtipos moleculares fue: luminal A (10,2 %), luminal B HER2 negativo (39,6 %), triple negativo (23,1 %), luminal B HER2 positivo (13,7 %), y HER2 puro (13,3 %). La respuesta clínica completa posquimioterapia por subtipo molecular fue: luminal A (26,9 %), luminal B HER2 negativo (37,6 %), luminal B HER2 positivo (48,6 %), HER2 puro (41,2 %), triple negativo (45,8 %); se logró respuesta patológica completa por subtipo molecular, así: luminal A (19,2 %), luminal B HER2 negativo (32,7 %), luminal B HER2 positivo (54,3 %), HER2 puro (50 %), triple negativo (42,4 %). Conclusiones: En la práctica clínica, la clasificación por subtipos moleculares en cáncer de mama permite hacer una aproximación a la respuesta de la quimioterapia neoadyuvante. Se requieren estudios prospectivos en la región para determinar la capacidad predictiva de la respuesta patológica completa respecto a la sobrevida global y libre de enfermedad.

Objectives: To describe the frequency of clinical and pathological response in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer, in patients receiving prior neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Materials and methods: Descriptive retrospective cohort. The study population consisted of women 18 years of age and older with a histological diagnosis of invasive breast cancer stages IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB and IIIC, with a classification by molecular subtypes, who had received prior neoadjuvant chemotherapy, seen at a high complexity clinic in Medellin (Colombia), between July 1, 2017, and July 30, 2019. We measured age clinical stage, histological characteristics, molecular classification, and complete clinical and pathological responses by molecular subtype. A descriptive analysis was conducted. Results: Overall, 255 patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 55.2 years; the clinical stages with the highest prevalence were IIIB (28.6 %) and IIB (26.3 %), and the most frequent by histologic grading were grades 3 (48.2 %) and 2 (37.3 %). Frequency by molecular types was as follows: luminal A (10.2 %), HER2-negative luminal B (39.6 %), triple-negative (23.1%), HER2-positive luminal B (13.7 %), and pure HER2 (13.3 %). Complete clinical response following chemotherapy, by molecular type, was as follows: luminal A (26.9 %), HER2-negative luminal B (37.6 %), HER2-positive luminal B (48.6 %), pure HER2 (41.2 %), triple-negative (45.8 %). Complete pathological response by molecular subtype was achieved in the luminal A (19.2 %), HER2-negative luminal B (32.7 %), HER2-positive luminal B (54.3 %), pure HER2 (50 %) and triple-negative (42.4 %) subtypes. Conclusions: In clinical practice, breast cancer classification by molecular subtypes is a means to approach the assess the to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Se requieren estudios prospectivos en la región para determinar la capacidad predictiva de la respuesta patológica completa respecto a la sobrevida global y libre de enfermedad.

HeartMate 3 Explantation Using Felt Plug for Ventriculotomy Occlusion.

Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) can be utilized for heart failure patients as a bridge to transplant, bridge to destination, or bridge to recovery. Given the lack of a universally accepted consensus for assessing myocardial recovery, techniques and strategies in LVAD explantation also vary. In addition, the incidence of LVAD explantation remains relatively low, and surgical techniques of explantation continue to be areas of interest. Our approach using a felt-plug Dacron technique is an effective way to preserve left ventricular geometry and cardiac function.

Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile (Clostridium difficile).

BACKGROUND: Clostridioides difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile) is a bacterium that can cause potentially life-threatening diarrheal illness in individuals with an unhealthy mixture of gut bacteria, known as dysbiosis, and can cause recurrent infections in nearly a third of infected individuals. The traditional treatment of recurrent C difficile infection (rCDI) includes antibiotics, which may further exacerbate dysbiosis. There is growing interest in correcting the underlying dysbiosis in rCDI using of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT); and there is a need to establish the benefits and harms of FMT for the treatment of rCDI based on data from randomized controlled trials. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of donor-based fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in immunocompetent people. SEARCH METHODS: We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 31 March 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomized trials of adults or children with rCDI for inclusion. Eligible interventions must have met the definition of FMT, which is the administration of fecal material containing distal gut microbiota from a healthy donor to the gastrointestinal tract of a person with rCDI. The comparison group included participants who did not receive FMT and were given placebo, autologous FMT, no intervention, or antibiotics with activity against C difficile. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were 1. proportion of participants with resolution of rCDI and 2. serious adverse events. Our secondary outcomes were 3. treatment failure, 4. all-cause mortality, 5. withdrawal from study, 6. rate of new CDI infection after a successful FMT, 7. any adverse event, 8. quality of life, and 9. colectomy. We used the GRADE criteria to assess certainty of evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS: We included six studies with 320 participants. Two studies were conducted in Denmark, and one each in the Netherlands, Canada, Italy, and the US. Four were single-center and two were multicenter studies. All studies included only adults. Five studies excluded people who were severely immunocompromised, with only one study including 10 participants who were receiving immunosuppressive therapy out of the 64 enrolled; these were similarly distributed between the FMT arm (4/24 or 17%) and comparison arms (6/40 or 15%). The route of administration was the upper gastrointestinal tract via a nasoduodenal tube in one study, two studies used enema only, two used colonoscopic only delivery, and one used either nasojejunal or colonoscopic delivery, depending on a clinical determination of whether the recipient could tolerate a colonoscopy. Five studies had at least one comparison group that received vancomycin. The risk of bias (RoB 2) assessments did not find an overall high risk of bias for any outcome. All six studies assessed the efficacy and safety of FMT for the treatment of rCDI. Pooled results from six studies showed that the use of FMT in immunocompetent participants with rCDI likely leads to a large increase in resolution of rCDI in the FMT group compared to control (risk ratio (RR) 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36 to 2.71; P = 0.02, I2 = 63%; 6 studies, 320 participants; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 3; moderate-certainty evidence). Fecal microbiota transplantation probably results in a slight reduction in serious adverse events; however, the CIs around the summary estimate were wide (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.41; P = 0.24, I² = 26%; 6 studies, 320 participants; NNTB 12; moderate-certainty evidence). Fecal microbiota transplantation may result in a reduction in all-cause mortality; however, the number of events was small, and the CIs of the summary estimate were wide (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.45; P = 0.48, I2 = 0%; 6 studies, 320 participants; NNTB 20; low-certainty evidence). None of the included studies reported colectomy rates. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In immunocompetent adults with rCDI, FMT likely leads to a large increase in the resolution of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection compared to alternative treatments such as antibiotics. There was no conclusive evidence regarding the safety of FMT for the treatment of rCDI as the number of events was small for serious adverse events and all-cause mortality. Additional data from large national registry databases might be required to assess any short-term or long-term risks with using FMT for the treatment of rCDI. Elimination of the single study that included some immunocompromised people did not alter these conclusions. Due to the low number of immunocompromised participants enrolled, conclusions cannot be drawn about the risks or benefits of FMT for rCDI in the immunocompromised population.

Sculpting a teaching and learning curriculum to better meet the career needs of postgraduate year 1 and 2 pharmacy residents.

PURPOSE: To describe implementation of the University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy (OUCOP) teaching and learning curriculum (TLC) for postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) and postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) residents, including the required components, evaluation structure, residency graduate outcomes and perceptions captured by a survey following program completion, generalizability to other institutions, and opportunities for future directions. SUMMARY: As part of their residency training, pharmacy residents are required to develop and refine teaching, precepting, and presentation skills. To meet the required and elective competency areas, goals, and objectives on teaching, precepting, and presentation skills, many American Society of Health-System Pharmacists-accredited residency programs have utilized TLC programs. OUCOP offers 2 distinct TLC programs for PGY1 and PGY2 residents, respectively. CONCLUSION: The OUCOP TLC program provided residents with opportunities for development of teaching and presentation skills in a variety of settings. The majority of residency graduates currently practice as a clinical specialist, and the majority lecture, precept, and deliver continuing education presentations. Graduates felt that the mentorship and diversity of teaching activities were the most beneficial qualities of the program. In addition, the majority noted that mentorship in lecture preparation was helpful in creating presentations after graduation. On the basis of the feedback from the survey, several changes have been made to better prepare residents for their postgraduate careers. TLC programs should conduct ongoing assessments to continue to foster the development of precepting and teaching skills for residents' future careers.

Revising the Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE) Educational Outcomes and Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs): The Report of the 2021-2022 Academic Affairs Standing Committee.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. The 2021-22 Academic Affairs Committee was charged to 1) Update the Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE) Outcomes and Entrustable Professional Activity (EPA) statements for new pharmacy graduates; 2) Nominate at least one person for an elected AACP or Council Office; and 3) Consider ways that AACP can improve its financial health. This report primarily focuses on the process undertaken by the committee to revise the CAPE Educational Outcomes and EPAs. Proposed changes to the current outcomes are discussed and the reasoning behind these revisions are described. AACP members will have the opportunity to provide feedback prior to the final document being approved and published later this year.

Health Literacy, Health Outcomes and Equity: A Trend Analysis Based on a Population Survey.

Health literacy continues to be an issue among minority groups. Population surveys are one strategy used to help better understand health disparities. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in Kansas added health literacy questions to the survey in 2012. This study examined population health literacy levels and health trends from 2012 to 2018. The health status variables included health care coverage status, general health rating, presence of chronic conditions, and length of time since the last check-up. The percentage of individuals reporting low health literacy decreased from 67% in 2012 to 51% in 2018. The percentage of participants with income levels less than $15 000 was 9% in 2012 and 7% in 2018. Health literacy was lowest among the age group 18 to 24-year-olds, those who identified as multiracial, separated, not graduated from high school, out of work for more than 1 year, income less than $10 000, with other living arrangements, and living in a suburban county of metropolitan statistical area. Additionally, many health conditions improved, and those reporting health insurance increased slightly. The study demonstrates how health literacy continues to be an issue, and how education and primary prevention are necessary to improve limited health literacy and health outcomes. Findings from both state-level and national BRFSS population surveys can help educate the public health and clinical health services workforce to provide better care and address health disparities for highrisk populations.

Best Practices in Syllabus Design.

The syllabus is the cornerstone for directing faculty and student interaction within the didactic and experiential settings. Within each syllabus is both essential and optional information to guide students, faculty, and administration in course expectations as well as to explain how the course aligns within current curricular requirements to maintain program accreditation. Most syllabi contain a plethora of information that continues to grow each year, warranting concerns of syllabus bloat combined with dwindling student attention to syllabus detail. This paper summarizes best practices related to designing effective course syllabi and recommendations to promote clear and concise communication between students, faculty, and administrators involved in pharmacy education.