ABSTRACT
Vaccine hesitancy is a long-standing public health issue. The present work describes parental perceptions of COVID-19 vaccination for 5- to 11-year-old children, to aid in vaccination efforts. Parents of 5- to 11-year-old children residing in Worcester, Massachusetts, were recruited through community partner outreach to participate in semi-structured focus groups. Focus groups were conducted via Zoom in English (n = 4) and Spanish (n = 3) with a total of 67 parents. Rapid qualitative analysis was used. Most participants were female and of Hispanic ethnicity. Themes included: (1) Trusted sources and influential types of information (e.g. personal COVID-19 vaccine stories from peers and healthcare providers), (2) Motivations for vaccination: health (i.e. protecting children, families, and communities from COVID-19), (3) Motivations for vaccination: social, emotional, and educational (i.e. mitigating related negative effects of COVID-19), (4) Drivers of vaccine hesitancy (e.g. frustration, uncertainty, and confusion), (5) Differentiating vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and resistance, (6) Needed information. Although this context may be unique to parents of 5- to 11-year-old children from Central Massachusetts, especially those who may be Spanish-speaking, or of Hispanic ethnicity, this work reinforces the need for effective and persistent communication to combat vaccine hesitancy. In describing parents' perceptions toward COVID-19 vaccination in their 5- to 11-year-old children, we contextualize vaccine hesitancy and highlight opportunities for existing evidence-based communication strategies to increase vaccine confidence and uptake in pediatric populations.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , Child , Humans , Female , Child, Preschool , Male , Focus Groups , COVID-19/prevention & control , Parents , VaccinationABSTRACT
Se determinó la etiología infecciosa de la diarrea aguda en niños menores de 5 años en Ciudad Bolívar, Estado Bolívar. Para ello, se procesaron 110 muestras de heces. Se realizó un examen directo de heces, métodos de concentración Kato-Katz, formol-éter y Kinyoun para identificación de parásitos; detección de antígenos virales de Adenovirus y Rotavirus mediante Látex Diarlex®, coprocultivo y Tricrómica modificada de Ryan-Blue para Microsporidium spp. La prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal fue 27,3%, siendo Blastocystis hominis y Giardia lamblia las más frecuentes (11,8% y 9,2% respectivamente). Once muestras resultaron positivas para Rotavirus (10,0%) y 3 para Adenovirus (2,7%). Las enterobacterias diagnosticadas fueron Escherichia coli enteropatógena (2,7%; 3/110), Salmonella spp (1,8%; 2/110) y Shigella spp (0,9%; 1/110). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron: fiebre (40,1%) y dolor abdominal (27,3%). No se observó Microsporidium spp. No hubo asociación significativa entre la presencia de enteropatógenos y los síntomas (p>0,05). Se concluye que la etiología de las diarreas agudas en niños menores de 5 años en Ciudad Bolívar, durante el período de estudio, fue principalmente de origen parasitario y viral.
The infectious etiology of acute diarrhea in children under five years of age in Ciudad Bolivar, Bolivar State was determined. One hundred and ten stool samples were processed. The tests included direct examination, the Kato-Katz concentration method, the formol-ether method and the Kinyoun method for parasite identification, detection of viral Adenovirus and Rotavirus antigens through Latex Diarlex ®, stool culture, and modified Ryan-Blue trichromic stain for Microsporidium spp. Prevalence of intestinal parasitosis was 27.3% and Blastocytis hominis and Giardia lamblia were the most frequent parasites (11.8% and 9.2% respectively). Eleven samples were positive for Rotavirus (10.0%) and 3 for Adenovirus (2.7%). The enterobacteria diagnosed were enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (2.7%; 3/110), Salmonella spp (1.8%; 2/110) and Shigella spp (0.9%; 1/110). The most frequent symptoms were: fever (40.1%) and abdominal pain (27.3%). Microsporidium spp was not observed. There was no significant association between presence of enteropathogens and symptoms (p>0.05). It is concluded that the etiology of acute diarrhea in children under five years of age in Ciudad Bolivar during the study period was mainly of parasite and viral origin.