Estenosis arterial del injerto renal: evaluación de la incidencia mediante ecografía doppler, factores de riesgo y análisis de las complicaciones que pueden afectar a la supervivencia del injerto / Transplant renal artery stenosis: Study of incidence using doppler ultrasound, risk factors and analysis is effect in graft outcomes

Introducción y objetivos La estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal (EAR) es una complicación vascular del trasplante renal cuya incidencia estimada es del 13%, la cual puede causar hipertensión arterial refractaria, disfunción renal y muerte prematura en los receptores. Métodos Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo que incluyó a todos los pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal entre 2014 y 2020. Los pacientes fueron evaluados mediante ecografía doppler renal sistemática tras el trasplante. Para identificar los factores de riesgo independientes de la estenosis de la arteria renal tras el trasplante, realizamos un análisis multivariante. Resultados Se incluyeron 724 trasplantes renales, el 12% eran de donante vivo y el 88% de donante fallecido. La edad media en los receptores era de 54,8 años y en los donantes era de 53. Se diagnosticó estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal en 70 (10%) receptores, la mayoría durante los primeros 6 meses después de la intervención. El 51% de los pacientes con estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal se manejaron de manera conservadora. El análisis multivariante mostró que la diabetes mellitus, el rechazo del injerto, la resutura arterial y el índice de masa corporal del donante eran factores de riesgo independientes de estenosis de la arteria renal después del trasplante. La supervivencia de los injertos con estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal fue del 98% a los 6 meses y del 95% a los 2 años. Conclusiones El uso sistemático de la ecografía doppler en el período inmediatamente posterior al trasplante permitió diagnosticar un 10% de estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal en nuestra cohorte. A pesar de los factores de riesgo mencionados anteriormente, un seguimiento y tratamiento adecuados podrían reducir el riesgo de pérdida del injerto en pacientes con estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal. (AU)

Introduction and objectives Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is a vascular complication after kidney transplantation which estimated incidence is 13%. It could cause refractory arterial hypertension, kidney dysfunction and premature death in transplant recipients. Methods We carried out a retrospective study including every patient who underwent renal transplantation between 2014 and 2020. They were evaluated with a systematic post-transplant renal Doppler ultrasound. To identify independent risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis we performed a multivariate analysis. Results Seven hundred twenty-four kidney transplants were included, 12% were living donors and 88% were deceased donors. The mean age was 54.8 in recipients and 53 in donors. Transplant renal artery stenosis was diagnosed in 70 (10%) recipients, the majority in the first 6 months after surgery. The 51% of patients with transplant renal artery stenosis were managed conservatively. The multivariate analysis showed diabetes mellitus, graft rejection, arterial resuture and donor body mass index as independent risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis. Survival of the grafts with transplant renal artery stenosis was 98% at 6 months and 95% at two years. Conclusions The systematic performance of Doppler ultrasound in the immediate post-transplant period diagnosed 10% of transplant renal artery stenosis in our cohort. Despite the above risk factors, an adequate monitoring and treatment could avoid the increased risk of graft loss in patients with transplant renal artery stenosis. (AU)

Transplant renal artery stenosis: Study of incidence using doppler ultrasound, risk factors and analysis is effect in graft outcomes.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is a vascular complication after kidney transplantation which estimated incidence is 13%. It could cause refractory arterial hypertension, kidney dysfunction and premature death in transplant recipients. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study including every patient who underwent renal transplantation between 2014 and 2020. They were evaluated with a systematic post-transplant renal Doppler ultrasound. To identify independent risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis we performed a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Seven hundred twenty-four kidney transplants were included, 12% ​​were living donors and 88% were deceased donors. The mean age was 54.8 in recipients and 53 in donors. Transplant renal artery stenosis was diagnosed in 70 (10%) recipients, the majority in the first 6 months after surgery. 51% of patients with transplant renal artery stenosis were managed conservatively. The multivariate analysis showed diabetes mellitus, graft rejection, arterial resuture and donor body mass index as independent risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis. Survival of the grafts with transplant renal artery stenosis was 98% at 6 months and 95% at two years. CONCLUSIONS: The systematic performance of Doppler ultrasound in the immediate post-transplant period diagnosed 10% of transplant renal artery stenosis in our cohort. Despite the above risk factors, an adequate monitoring and treatment could avoid the increased risk of graft loss in patients with transplant renal artery stenosis.

Estudio de las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria tras la realización de cistectomía radical / Evaluation of health care-associated infections following radical cystectomy

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: La cistectomía radical es una cirugía compleja con una alta tasa de complicaciones, entre ellas las infecciones, conllevando un aumento de la morbimortalidad, estancia hospitalaria y costes. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria (IRAS) en estos pacientes, así como de los microorganismos asociados, perfiles de resistencia antibiótica y factores de riesgo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo del 2012 al 2017. Se recogen variables epidemiológicas, comorbilidades y variables quirúrgicas. Se analizan los microorganismos implicados y patrones de susceptibilidad antibiótica. RESULTADOS: Estudio de 122 pacientes. Edad media 67 años (DE:18,42). Estancia hospitalaria media 23,5 días (18,42). Tasa de IRAS del 45%, predominando las infecciones del tracto urinario (43%) y de la herida quirúrgica (31%). Cultivos positivos en el 78,6% de los casos. Mayor aislamiento de Enterococcus (18%) y Escherichia coli (13%). El 43% de los microorganismos presentaban resistencia a la amoxicilina/ampicilina, 23% a las betalactamasas y 36% a las quinolonas. El tratamiento empírico fue adecuado en el 87,5%. Se observa un aumento en la estancia hospitalaria (17 días, p < 0,05) por padecer una IRAS. Menor tasa de complicaciones infecciosas en el abordaje laparoscópico frente al abierto (p < 0,001) y en las derivaciones ortotópicas frente al conducto ileal (p = 0,04). CONCLUSIONES: Encontramos una elevada tasa de IRAS en nuestra serie de cistectomías radicales, con un predominio de infecciones del tracto urinario y de la herida quirúrgica. E. coli y Enterococcus spp. son los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados, con altas tasas de resistencia a algunos antibióticos de uso común

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Radical cystectomy is a complex surgery with a high rate of complications including infections, which lead to increased morbidity and mortality, longer hospital stay and higher costs. The aim of this work is to evaluate health care-associated infections (HAIs) in these patients, as well as associated microorganisms, antibiotic resistance profiles and risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study from 2012 to 2017. Epidemiologic variables, comorbidities and surgical variables are collected. The microorganisms involved and antibiotic susceptibility patterns are analyzed. RESULTS: 122 patients. Mean age 67 (SD:18,42). Mean hospital stay 23.5 days (18.42). HAIs rate of 45%, with predominant urinary tract infections (43%) and surgical wound infections (31%). Positive cultures in 78.6% of cases. Increased isolation of Enterococcus (18%) and Escherichia coli (13%). Forty-three percent of microorganisms were resistant to amoxicillin/ampicillin, 23% to beta-lactamases and 36% to quinolones. Empirical treatment was adequate in 87.5%. Hospital stay is increased (17 days, p < 0.05) due to HAIs. Lower rate of infectious complications in the laparoscopic vs. open approach (p < 0.001) and in orthotopic vs. ileal conduit diversion (p = 0.04) CONCLUSIONS: We found a high rate of HAIs in our radical cystectomy series, with predominant urinary tract and surgical wound infections. E.coli and Enterococcus spp. are the most frequently isolated microorganisms, with high rates of resistance to some commonly used antibiotics

Evaluation of health care-associated infections following radical cystectomy. / Estudio de las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria tras la realización de cistectomía radical.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Radical cystectomy is a complex surgery with a high rate of complications including infections, which lead to increased morbidity and mortality, longer hospital stay and higher costs. The aim of this work is to evaluate health care-associated infections (HAIs) in these patients, as well as associated microorganisms, antibiotic resistance profiles and risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study from 2012 to 2017. Epidemiologic variables, comorbidities and surgical variables are collected. The microorganisms involved and antibiotic susceptibility patterns are analyzed. RESULTS: 122 patients. Mean age 67 (SD:18,42). Mean hospital stay 23.5 days (18.42). HAIs rate of 45%, with predominant urinary tract infections (43%) and surgical wound infections (31%). Positive cultures in 78.6% of cases. Increased isolation of Enterococcus (18%) and Escherichia coli (13%). Forty-three percent of microorganisms were resistant to amoxicillin/ampicillin, 23% to beta-lactamases and 36% to quinolones. Empirical treatment was adequate in 87.5%. Hospital stay is increased (17 days, p< 0.05) due to HAIs. Lower rate of infectious complications in the laparoscopic vs. open approach (p< 0.001) and in orthotopic vs. ileal conduit diversion (p = 0.04) CONCLUSIONS: We found a high rate of HAIs in our radical cystectomy series, with predominant urinary tract and surgical wound infections. E.coli and Enterococcus spp. are the most frequently isolated microorganisms, with high rates of resistance to some commonly used antibiotics.

Aproximación diagnóstica y terapéutica de la nocturia en Atención Primaria / Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to nocturia in Primary Care

La nocturia es la interrupción del sueño principal, una o más veces, por la necesidad de micción. Se asocia a una disminución de la calidad de vida y a un aumento de la mortalidad. Se trata de un síntoma complejo y multifactorial en el que intervienen 2 mecanismos fisiopatológicos causales principalmente, que ocurren solos o en combinación: poliuria nocturna o disminución de la capacidad vesical. La poliuria nocturna es la más frecuente. La elaboración de un diario miccional es la clave para el diagnóstico. El tratamiento suele combinar cambios en el estilo de vida y terapia farmacológica. La desmopresina ha demostrado ser un tratamiento eficaz y bien tolerado en pacientes con poliuria nocturna. Se debe controlar el riesgo de hiponatremia en pacientes tratados con desmopresina

Nocturia is the interruption of the main sleep, one or more times, due to the need for urination. It is associated with a decrease in the quality of life and an increase in mortality. It is a complex and multifactorial symptom in which two pathophysiological mechanisms are mainly involved. These occur alone or in combination as nocturnal polyuria or decreased bladder capacity. Nocturnal polyuria is the most frequent. The preparation of a bladder diary is the key to diagnosis. Treatment usually combines lifestyle changes and drug therapy. Desmopressin has proven to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment in patients with nocturnal polyuria. The risk of hyponatraemia should be controlled in patients treated with desmopressin

Visión global de las guías clínicas en cirugía de la disfunción eréctil: EUA-AUA / Clinical guidelines on erectile dysfunction surgery: EAU-AUA perspectives

INTRODUCCIÓN: El implante de una prótesis de pene se considera un tratamiento de tercera línea y está indicada en pacientes que no responden adecuadamente a farmacoterapia o cuando el paciente desea una solución definitiva del problema. Actualmente los dispositivos más empleados son prótesis de 3 componentes, que actualmente suponen más del 90% de los implantes utilizados. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: El presente estudio realiza una revisión de la evidencia y las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica en pacientes con disfunción eréctil es los que se plantea un tratamiento quirúrgico. RESULTADOS: Las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica sobre cirugía en pacientes con disfunción eréctil se resumen en los siguientes puntos: los varones con disfunción eréctil deben ser informados sobre la opción de tratamiento con implante de prótesis de pene, comentándose los beneficios, los riesgos y las consecuencias; los varones con disfunción eréctil en los que se ha decidido implantar una prótesis de pene deben recibir consejo sobre las expectativas posquirúrgicas; no debe realizarse implante de prótesis peneana en pacientes con enfermedad sistémica, cutánea o infección del tracto urinario; en varones jóvenes con disfunción eréctil y obstrucción arterial peneana o pélvica focal que no presenten enfermedad vascular generalizada o disfunción venooclusiva puede considerarse la reconstrucción arterial peneana; en varones con disfunción eréctil, no se recomienda cirugía venosa del pene. CONCLUSIONES: El empleo de prótesis de pene ofrece altas tasas de satisfacción tanto al paciente como a su pareja. Sin embargo, es necesario informar adecuadamente de las posibles complicaciones y las consecuencias

INTRODUCTION: The implantation of a penile prosthesis is considered a third-line treatment and is indicated in patients who do not respond adequately to pharmacotherapy or require definitive treatment. Currently, the most used devices are 3-component penile prostheses, which presently account for more than 90% of the implants used. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the evidence and the recommendations of the clinical practice guidelines regarding surgery in patients with erectile dysfunction. RESULTS: The recommendations of the clinical practice guidelines on surgery in patients with erectile dysfunction are summarized as follows: men with erectile dysfunction should be informed about the option of penile prosthesis implant treatment, commenting on the benefits, risks and consequences; men with erectile dysfunction who have agreed to receive penile prosthesis should be advised on post-surgical expectations; penile prosthesis implants should not be performed in patients with systemic, cutaneous or urinary tract infection; in young men with erectile dysfunction and focal penile or pelvic arterial obstruction who do not have generalized vascular disease or veno-occlusive dysfunction, penile arterial reconstruction can be considered; in men with erectile dysfunction, penile venous surgery is not recommended. CONCLUSIONS: The use of penile prostheses offers high satisfaction rates to both the patient and his partner. However, it is crucial to adequately inform and warn patients about possible complications and consequences

[Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to nocturia in Primary Care]. / Aproximación diagnóstica y terapéutica de la nocturia en Atención Primaria.

Nocturia is the interruption of the main sleep, one or more times, due to the need for urination. It is associated with a decrease in the quality of life and an increase in mortality. It is a complex and multifactorial symptom in which two pathophysiological mechanisms are mainly involved. These occur alone or in combination as nocturnal polyuria or decreased bladder capacity. Nocturnal polyuria is the most frequent. The preparation of a bladder diary is the key to diagnosis. Treatment usually combines lifestyle changes and drug therapy. Desmopressin has proven to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment in patients with nocturnal polyuria. The risk of hyponatraemia should be controlled in patients treated with desmopressin.

Clinical guidelines on erectile dysfunction surgery: EAU-AUA perspectives. / Visión global de las guías clínicas en cirugía de la disfunción eréctil: EUA-AUA.

INTRODUCTION: The implantation of a penile prosthesis is considered a third-line treatment and is indicated in patients who do not respond adequately to pharmacotherapy or require definitive treatment. Currently, the most used devices are 3-component penile prostheses, which presently account for more than 90% of the implants used. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the evidence and the recommendations of the clinical practice guidelines regarding surgery in patients with erectile dysfunction. RESULTS: The recommendations of the clinical practice guidelines on surgery in patients with erectile dysfunction are summarized as follows: men with erectile dysfunction should be informed about the option of penile prosthesis implant treatment, commenting on the benefits, risks and consequences; men with erectile dysfunction who have agreed to receive penile prosthesis should be advised on post-surgical expectations; penile prosthesis implants should not be performed in patients with systemic, cutaneous or urinary tract infection; in young men with erectile dysfunction and focal penile or pelvic arterial obstruction who do not have generalized vascular disease or veno-occlusive dysfunction, penile arterial reconstruction can be considered; in men with erectile dysfunction, penile venous surgery is not recommended. CONCLUSIONS: The use of penile prostheses offers high satisfaction rates to both the patient and his partner. However, it is crucial to adequately inform and warn patients about possible complications and consequences.

Evolución de las derivaciones desde Atención Primaria a Urología tras la creación de un grupo de trabajo y la instauración de protocolos y cursos de formación continuada / Analysis of referrals after a synergic work between primary care and urology. Impact of joint protocol implementation and a continuing education program in our healthcare area

Objetivo: Analizar la evolución y adecuación de las derivaciones de Atención Primaria a Urología tras la implantación de protocolos sobre las enfermedades urológicas más frecuentes y la instauración de un programa de formación continuada. Material y métodos: En el 2011 se creó un grupo de trabajo Atención Primaria-Urología. Se instauraron inicialmente protocolos de actuación y práctica clínica en enfermedad prostática (HBP y PSA), que se apoyaron con sesiones formativas a los médicos de Atención Primaria. Tras analizar su efecto, en el 2015 se añadieron otros 3(enfermedad escrotal, infecciones urinarias e incontinencia urinaria). Analizamos y comparamos las derivaciones y su adecuación antes y después de la instauración. Resultados: El motivo más frecuente de derivación son los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior (STUI) por HBP que, inicialmente, suponían un 22,8% del total, y que han disminuido al 16,9%. Tras la introducción de los demás algoritmos, observamos una disminución de las derivaciones sobre enfermedad escrotal (del 13-14 al 7,8%), que permanecen estables (en torno al 10%) las relacionadas con infecciones urinarias y que aumentan las derivaciones por incontinencia urinaria (del 3 al 10,3%). La adecuación a los protocolos fue mejorando progresivamente en las relacionadas con STUI (del 46 al 65,3%); en PSA (del 55 al 84,4%) y en incontinencia urinaria (del 66,2 al 73,1%). Descendió la adecuación en cuanto a enfermedad escrotal (del 67,1 al 63,3%) y se mantuvo similar en ITU (en torno al 76%). Conclusiones: El trabajo conjunto entre Urología y Atención Primaria consigue mejorar la adecuación de las derivaciones en las enfermedades urológicas más frecuentes

Objective: To analyse the evolution and adequacy of referrals from Primary Care to Urology, after the implementation of referral protocols on the most frequent urological diseases and the establishment of a continuing education program. Material and methods: A Primary Care-Urology work group was created in 2011. Initially, performance and clinical practice protocols in prostatic pathology (BPH and PSA) were established. These were supported by training sessions for primary care physicians. After analysing the effect of the mentioned joint work, 3more (scrotal pathology, urinary tract infections and urinary incontinence) were included. We analysed and compared the referrals and their adequacy before and after the establishment of the protocols. Results: The most common referral causes were symptoms of the lower urinary tract due to BPH, which initially represented 22.8% of the total, and decreased to 16.9%. After the introduction of the new algorithms, we observed a decrease in referrals for scrotal pathology (13-14% to 7.8%), an increase in urinary incontinence referrals (3% al 10.3%) and those related to urinary tract infections remained stable. The adequacy to the protocols improved progressively: LUTS from 46% to 65.3%; PSA from 55% to 84.4% and urinary incontinence from 66.2% to 73.1%. Adequacy in scrotal pathology decreased (de 67.1% a 63.3%), while in UTI it stayed much the same (around 76%). Conclusions: The joint work between Urology and Primary Care achieves an improvement in referrals adequacy regarding the most frequent urological pathologies

Infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria en pacientes ingresados en un servicio de Urología: patrones de resistencia y adecuación del tratamiento antibiótico empírico como factor pronóstico / Infections related to healthcare in patients hospitalized in a Urology service: Resistance patterns and adequacy of empirical antibiotic treatment as a prognostic factor

Objetivos: Evaluar la idoneidad de la antibioterapia empírica en IRAS y los patrones de resistencia a antibióticos de los microorganismos responsables, así como la incidencia de mortalidad y factores de riesgo en relación con IRAS. Método: Durante un periodo de 4 años se realiza un estudio prospectivo observacional sobre todos los pacientes de ambos sexos y mayores de 16 años ingresados por cualquier proceso urológico. Se evalúan la incidencia y las características de las IRAS y se analiza el microorganismo causante y sus resistencias, la antibioterapia empírica inicial y si esta precisó modificación, y las tasas de mortalidad. Resultados: De un total de 6.546 pacientes, el 6,3% sufrieron IRAS, correspondiendo el 70,5% a infección del tracto urinario y el 22,1% a infección de la herida quirúrgica. E. coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. y P. aeruginosa fueron los más frecuentemente implicados (25,1, 17,5, 13,5 y 12,3%, respectivamente). E. coli y Klebsiella spp. fueron productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) en el 24,7 y el 47,8%, respectivamente. El 4,3% de Klebsiella y el 33,3% de Pseudomonas eran resistentes a carbapenemes. La resistencia global a quinolonas fue del 50% aproximadamente. Los antibióticos más frecuentemente usados de forma empírica fueron cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación (33,6%) y carbapenemes (28,2%). Se obtuvo una tasa global de adecuación de antibioterapia empírica del 82,9%. La tasa de mortalidad en los pacientes con IRAS fue del 2,2%, frente al 0,3% en los pacientes sin infección. En un análisis multivariable, las variables que se asociaron a mayor riesgo de mortalidad fueron el aislamiento de enterobacterias productoras de BLEE y el tratamiento antibiótico empírico inadecuado. Conclusiones: La selección de la antibioterapia empírica fue bastante precisa. Se está observando un aumento de IRAS por microorganismos multirresistentes, como enterobacterias BLEE o P.aeruginosa multirresistentes. El riesgo de mortalidad aumenta con una antibioterapia empírica inicial inadecuada o cuando el microorganismo responsable es una enterobacteria BLEE

Objectives: To evaluate the suitability of empirical antibiotic therapy in HAIs and the antibiotic resistance patterns of the responsible microorganisms, as well as the incidence of mortality and risk factors involved. Method: A prospective observational study was carried out on patients of both sexes older than 16 years, admitted by any urological process during a period of 4 years. The incidence and characteristics of HAIs, as well as the causative organism and its resistance, the initial empirical antibiotic therapy and its modification, if required, and mortality rates are analyzed. Results: Out of 6546 patients, 6.3% suffered HAIs, 70.5% corresponding to urinary tract infection and 22.1% to infection of the surgical wound. E.coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. y P. aeruginosa were the most frequently implicated (25.1%, 17.5%, 13.5% and 12.3%, respectively). E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in 24.7% and 47.8%, respectively. 4.3% of Klebsiella and 33.3% of Pseudomonas were carbapenems-resistant. The overall resistance to quinolones was approximately 50%. The most commonly used antibiotics for empirical therapy were cephalosporins of 3rd and 4th generation (33.6%) and carbapenems (28.2%). An overall rate of adequacy of empirical antibiotic therapy of 82.9% was obtained. The mortality rate in patients with HAIs was 2.2%, compared with 0.3% in patients without infection. In a multivariate analysis, the variables associated with the highest mortality risk were the isolation of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and the inadequate empirical antibiotic treatment. Conclusions: The selection of empirical antibiotic therapy was quite accurate. An increase in HAIs by multiresistant microorganisms, such as ESBL Enterobacteria or multiresistant P.aeruginosa is being observed. The mortality risk increases with inadequate initial empirical antibiotic therapy or when the responsible microorganism is an ESBL enterobacteria

Analysis of referrals after a synergic work between Primary Care and Urology. Impact of joint protocol implementation and a continuing education program in our healthcare area. / Evolución de las derivaciones desde Atención Primaria a Urología tras la creación de un grupo de trabajo y la instauración de protocolos y cursos de formación continuada.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the evolution and adequacy of referrals from Primary Care to Urology, after the implementation of referral protocols on the most frequent urological diseases and the establishment of a continuing education program. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A Primary Care-Urology work group was created in 2011. Initially, performance and clinical practice protocols in prostatic pathology (BPH and PSA) were established. These were supported by training sessions for primary care physicians. After analysing the effect of the mentioned joint work, 3more (scrotal pathology, urinary tract infections and urinary incontinence) were included. We analysed and compared the referrals and their adequacy before and after the establishment of the protocols. RESULTS: The most common referral causes were symptoms of the lower urinary tract due to BPH, which initially represented 22.8% of the total, and decreased to 16.9%. After the introduction of the new algorithms, we observed a decrease in referrals for scrotal pathology (13-14% to 7.8%), an increase in urinary incontinence referrals (3% al 10.3%) and those related to urinary tract infections remained stable. The adequacy to the protocols improved progressively: LUTS from 46% to 65.3%; PSA from 55% to 84.4% and urinary incontinence from 66.2% to 73.1%. Adequacy in scrotal pathology decreased (de 67.1% a 63.3%), while in UTI it stayed much the same (around 76%). CONCLUSIONS: The joint work between Urology and Primary Care achieves an improvement in referrals adequacy regarding the most frequent urological pathologies.

Infections related to healthcare in patients hospitalized in a Urology service: resistance patterns and adequacy of empirical antibiotic treatment as a prognostic factor. / Infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria en pacientes ingresados en un servicio de Urología: patrones de resistencia y adecuación del tratamiento antibiótico empírico como factor pronóstico.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the suitability of empirical antibiotic therapy in HAIs and the antibiotic resistance patterns of the responsible microorganisms, as well as the incidence of mortality and risk factors involved. METHOD: A prospective observational study was carried out on patients of both sexes older than 16years, admitted by any urological process during a period of 4years. The incidence and characteristics of HAIs, as well as the causative organism and its resistance, the initial empirical antibiotic therapy and its modification, if required, and mortality rates are analysed. RESULTS: Out of 6,546 patients, 6.3% suffered HAIs, 70.5% corresponding to urinary tract infection and 22.1% to infection of the surgical wound. E.coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. y P.aeruginosa were the most frequently implicated (25.1%, 17.5%, 13.5% and 12.3%, respectively). E.coli and Klebsiella spp. were producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in 24.7% and 47.8%, respectively. 4.3% of Klebsiella and 33.3% of Pseudomonas were carbapenems-resistant. The overall resistance to quinolones was approximately 50%. The most commonly used antibiotics for empirical therapy were cephalosporins of 3rd and 4th generation (33.6%) and carbapenems (28.2%). An overall rate of adequacy of empirical antibiotic therapy of 82.9% was obtained. The mortality rate in patients with HAIs was 2.2%, compared with 0.3% in patients without infection. In a multivariate analysis, the variables associated with the highest mortality risk were the isolation of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and the inadequate empirical antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The selection of empirical antibiotic therapy was quite accurate. An increase in HAIs by multiresistant microorganisms, such as ESBL Enterobacteria or multiresistant P.aeruginosa is being observed. The mortality risk increases with inadequate initial empirical antibiotic therapy or when the responsible microorganism is an ESBL enterobacteria.

Infecciones por enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas en un servicio de urología. Un nuevo desafío / Infections by carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae in a department of urology. A new challenge

Objetivos: Analizar las infecciones por enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas (EPC) y describir características y posibles factores de riesgo asociados con los pacientes de un servicio de urología. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional y retrospectivo. El criterio de inclusión fue haber estado ingresado en nuestro servicio de urología entre agosto de 2013 y diciembre de 2016. Se analizaron aquellos que presentaron positividad para EPC en al menos un cultivo. Se revisaron características basales y factores de riesgo. Asimismo se revisaron variables como presencia de infecciones urinarias previas, reingresos posteriores, el microorganismo, tipo de EPC, tratamiento administrado, un origen hospitalario o comunitario y la mortalidad. Resultados: De los 5.657 pacientes que cumplían criterio de inclusión, en 12 casos se aisló una EPC. Las infecciones por EPC representaron un 3,6% del total de infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria y un 9,7% de las producidas por enterobacterias. Los factores analizados asociados a infección por EPC en nuestra serie son: presencia de catéteres urinarios (100%), haber sido sometido a tratamiento quirúrgico (58,3%), ingreso previo en UCI (8,3%) e inmunosupresión (16,6%). Con relación a la mortalidad, un 8,3% de los pacientes que presentaron infección por EPC fallecieron durante el ingreso. Conclusiones: Aproximadamente un 10% de las enterobacterias presenta patrón de resistencia a carbapenemasas en el paciente urológico de nuestro medio. Ser portador de catéter urinario y/o someterse a una cirugía son factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de estas infecciones en el paciente urológico de nuestro medio. La infección por una EPC eleva la morbimortalidad

Objectives: To analyse infections by carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (CPE) and describe the characteristics and potential risk factors associated with patients of a department of urology. Material and methods: Observational and retrospective study. The inclusion criterion was hospitalisation in our department of Urology between August 2013 and December 2016. We analysed those patients who were positive for CPE in at least 1 culture. We reviewed their baseline characteristics, risk factors and variables such as the presence of previous urinary tract infections, subsequent readmissions, the microorganism, type of CPE, treatment, origin (hospital or community) and mortality. Results: Of the 5,657 patients who met the inclusion criterion, a CPE was isolated in 12 cases. CPE infections represented 3.6% of all healthcare-associated infections and 9.7% of those caused by enterobacteria. The analysed factors associated with CPE infection in our series were the presence of urinary catheters (100%), undergoing surgery (58.3%), previous ICU admission (8.3%) and immunosuppression (16.6%). In terms of mortality, 8.3% of the patients who presented CPE infection died during hospitalisation. Conclusions: Approximately 10% of enterobacteria present a carbapenemase-resistance pattern in urological patients in our setting. Carrying a urinary catheter and/or undergoing surgery are risk factors associated with the development of these infections in urological patients in our setting. CPE infections increase morbidity and mortality

Infections by carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae in a department of urology. A new challenge. / Infecciones por enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas en un servicio de urología. Un nuevo desafío.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse infections by carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (CPE) and describe the characteristics and potential risk factors associated with patients of a department of urology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational and retrospective study. The inclusion criterion was hospitalisation in our department of Urology between August 2013 and December 2016. We analysed those patients who were positive for CPE in at least 1 culture. We reviewed their baseline characteristics, risk factors and variables such as the presence of previous urinary tract infections, subsequent readmissions, the microorganism, type of CPE, treatment, origin (hospital or community) and mortality. RESULTS: Of the 5,657 patients who met the inclusion criterion, a CPE was isolated in 12 cases. CPE infections represented 3.6% of all healthcare-associated infections and 9.7% of those caused by enterobacteria. The analysed factors associated with CPE infection in our series were the presence of urinary catheters (100%), undergoing surgery (58.3%), previous ICU admission (8.3%) and immunosuppression (16.6%). In terms of mortality, 8.3% of the patients who presented CPE infection died during hospitalisation. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 10% of enterobacteria present a carbapenemase-resistance pattern in urological patients in our setting. Carrying a urinary catheter and/or undergoing surgery are risk factors associated with the development of these infections in urological patients in our setting. CPE infections increase morbidity and mortality.

Infección de herida quirúrgica en urología. Análisis de factores de riesgo y microorganismos asociados / Surgical wound infection in urology. Analysis of risk factors and associated microorganisms

Objetivos. La cirugía abierta sigue teniendo un papel fundamental en urología, y la infección de la herida quirúrgica es una de sus principales complicaciones. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar la infección de la herida quirúrgica en pacientes intervenidos por nuestro servicio de urología y valorar factores de riesgo, microorganismos y resistencias por tipo de cirugía. Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo y observacional. Incluyó 940 pacientes: 370 cirugías abdominal/lumbar abierta y 570 genitoperineales. Analizamos edad, sexo, comorbilidades, estancia y tipo de cirugía, así como microorganismos causantes y resistencias a antibióticos. Resultados. En cirugía genitoperineal hallamos 15 casos (2,6%) de infección de la herida quirúrgica, asociándose a cateterismo urinario previo. La mayoría de los microorganismos aislados corresponden a enterobacterias, destacando las resistencias a betalactámicos. En cirugía abdominal/lumbar encontramos 41 casos (11,1%) de infección de la herida quirúrgica. La incidencia fue del 3,3% en cirugía prostática, del 9,8% en cirugía renal y del 45,0% en cistectomía. Padecer cardiopatía se asoció a mayor incidencia de infección de la herida quirúrgica. Los microorganismos más frecuentes fueron Enterococcus spp. (27,1%), E.coli (22,9%) y Staphylococcus aureus (14,6%). Enterococcus es resistente a ampicilina en el 37,5% y E.coli productor de betalactamasas, en el 41,7%. Conclusiones. Encontramos escasa incidencia de infección de la herida quirúrgica en cirugía genitoperineal, comparada con la renal y cistectomía. La presencia de cardiopatía y portar catéter urinario previo son factores asociados a infección de la herida quirúrgica. Enterococcus y E.coli son los patógenos más frecuentes, con altas tasas de resistencia (AU)

Objectives. Open surgery continues to have a fundamental role in urology, and one of its main complications is surgical wound infection. Our objective was to analyse surgical wound infection in patients who underwent surgery in our Department of Urology and to assess the risk factors, microorganisms and resistances by type of surgery. Material and methods. This was a prospective observational study that included 940 patients: 370 abdominal/open lumbar surgeries and 570 genitoperineal surgeries. We analysed age, sex, comorbidities, stay and type of surgery, as well as the causal microorganisms and antibiotic resistances. Results. For genitoperineal surgery, we found 15 cases (2.6%) of surgical wound infection associated with previous urinary catheterisation. Most of the isolated microorganisms corresponded to enterobacteriaceae, highlighting the resistance to beta-lactam. In abdominal/lumbar surgery, we found 41 cases (11.1%) of surgical wound infection. The incidence rate was 3.3% in prostate surgery; 9.8% in renal surgery; and 45.0% in cystectomy. Heart disease was associated with a higher incidence rate of surgical wound infection. The most common microorganisms were Enterococcus spp. (27.1%), E.coli (22.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (14.6%). Enterococcus and beta-lactamase-producing E.coli are resistant to ampicillin in 37.5% and 41.7% of cases, respectively. Conclusions. We found a low incidence rate of surgical wound infection in genitoperineal surgery, compared with renal surgery and cystectomy. The presence of heart disease and carrying a previous urinary catheter are factors associated with surgical wound infection. Enterococcus and E.coli are the most common pathogens, with high rates of resistance (AU)

Surgical wound infection in urology. Analysis of risk factors and associated microorganisms. / Infección de herida quirúrgica en urología. Análisis de factores de riesgo y microorganismos asociados.

OBJECTIVES: Open surgery continues to have a fundamental role in urology, and one of its main complications is surgical wound infection. Our objective was to analyse surgical wound infection in patients who underwent surgery in our Department of Urology and to assess the risk factors, microorganisms and resistances by type of surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective observational study that included 940 patients: 370 abdominal/open lumbar surgeries and 570 genitoperineal surgeries. We analysed age, sex, comorbidities, stay and type of surgery, as well as the causal microorganisms and antibiotic resistances. RESULTS: For genitoperineal surgery, we found 15 cases (2.6%) of surgical wound infection associated with previous urinary catheterisation. Most of the isolated microorganisms corresponded to enterobacteriaceae, highlighting the resistance to beta-lactam. In abdominal/lumbar surgery, we found 41 cases (11.1%) of surgical wound infection. The incidence rate was 3.3% in prostate surgery; 9.8% in renal surgery; and 45.0% in cystectomy. Heart disease was associated with a higher incidence rate of surgical wound infection. The most common microorganisms were Enterococcus spp. (27.1%), E.coli (22.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (14.6%). Enterococcus and beta-lactamase-producing E.coli are resistant to ampicillin in 37.5% and 41.7% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We found a low incidence rate of surgical wound infection in genitoperineal surgery, compared with renal surgery and cystectomy. The presence of heart disease and carrying a previous urinary catheter are factors associated with surgical wound infection. Enterococcus and E.coli are the most common pathogens, with high rates of resistance.

Donantes en asistolia no controlada (tipos I-II) con recirculación normotérmica versus donantes en muerte cerebral: evaluación de resultados funcionales y supervivencia / Uncontrolled non-heartbeating donors (types I-II) with normothermic recirculation vs. heartbeating donors: Evaluation of functional results and survival

Objetivo: El donante en asistolia (DA) es una alternativa al donante en muerte cerebral (DMC). Nuestro objetivo es comparar los resultados funcionales y la supervivencia de riñones procedentes de DA y DMC. Material y métodos: Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo comparando los resultados de 236 riñones de DA tipos i y ii preservados en normotermia con 250 procedentes de DMC, trasplantados en nuestro centro entre 2005 y 2012. Se comprueba la homogeneidad entre grupos y evaluamos si la presencia de retraso en la función del injerto (RFI) de asocia a las variables pretrasplante de donante y receptor. Resultados: Ambos grupos muestran homogeneidad en las características pretrasplante en cuanto a: edad, incompatibilidades HLA, tiempo del receptor en hemodiálisis. El tiempo medio de seguimiento es de 33 meses (rango 0-87) los DA y 38 meses (rango 0-90) para DMC. Los DA mostraron un 5,5% de no función primaria (NFP) frente a un 4% en los DMC (p = 0,42) y un 80,9% de RFI frente a un 46,8% de los DMC (p < 0,001). Al final del seguimiento, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la supervivencia del injerto (92,8% DA vs. 93,6% DMC, p = 0,71) y receptores (99,1% DA vs. 98,6% DMC, p = 0,28). Conclusiones: Aunque el porcentaje de RFI es mayor para los DA, tanto la creatinina final como la supervivencia del injerto y el receptor son similares para ambos grupos. Por tanto, en nuestra experiencia los riñones procedentes de DA tienen resultados similares a aquellos de DMC y constituyen una excelente fuente de órganos para trasplante

Objective: Non-heartbeating donors (NHBD) are an alternative to heartbeating donors (HBD). Our objective was to compare functional results and kidney survival from NHBDs and HBDs. Material and methods: A retrospective study comparing the results of 236 normothermically preserved kidneys from type i and ii type NHBDs with the results of 250 from HBDs that were transplanted in our center between 2005 and 2012. Homogeneity between groups was tested and we evaluated the presence of delayed graft function (DGF) associated with pretransplant variables of the donor and recipient. Results: Both groups show homogeneity in pretransplant characteristics in terms of: age, HLA incompatibilities, and recipient hemodialysis time. Average follow-up time was 33 months (range 0-87) for NHBDs and 38 months (range 0-90) for HBDs. 5.5% of NHBDs showed primary non-function (PNF) vs. 4% of HBDs(P=.42) and 80.9% of DGF vs. 46.8% of HBDs (P<.001). At the end of the follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences in the survival of grafts (92.8% for NHBD vs. 93.6% for HBD, P=.71) and recipients (99.1% NHBD vs. 98.6% HBD, P=.28). Conclusions: Although the DGF percentage was greater for NHBDs, final creatinine as well as graft and recipient survival were similar for both groups. Therefore, in our experience, kidneys from NHBDs have similar results to those from HBDs and are an excellent source of organs for transplantation

Uncontrolled non-heartbeating donors (types i-ii) with normothermic recirculation vs. heartbeating donors: evaluation of functional results and survival.

OBJECTIVE: Non-heartbeating donors (NHBD) are an alternative to heartbeating donors (HBD). Our objective was to compare functional results and kidney survival from NHBDs and HBDs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study comparing the results of 236 normothermically preserved kidneys from type i and ii type NHBDs with the results of 250 from HBDs that were transplanted in our center between 2005 and 2012. Homogeneity between groups was tested and we evaluated the presence of delayed graft function (DGF) associated with pretransplant variables of the donor and recipient. RESULTS: Both groups show homogeneity in pretransplant characteristics in terms of: age, HLA incompatibilities, and recipient hemodialysis time. Average follow-up time was 33 months (range 0-87) for NHBDs and 38 months (range 0-90) for HBDs. 5.5% of NHBDs showed primary non-function (PNF) vs. 4% of HBDs (P=.42) and 80.9% of DGF vs. 46.8% of HBDs (P<.001). At the end of the follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences in the survival of grafts (92.8% for NHBD vs. 93.6% for HBD, P=.71) and recipients (99.1% NHBD vs. 98.6% HBD, P=.28). CONCLUSIONS: Although the DGF percentage was greater for NHBDs, final creatinine as well as graft and recipient survival were similar for both groups. Therefore, in our experience, kidneys from NHBDs have similar results to those from HBDs and are an excellent source of organs for transplantation.

Infecciones urinarias adquiridas en la comunidad que requieren hospitalización: factores de riesgo, características microbiológicas y resistencia a antibióticos / Community-associated urinary infections requiring hospitalization: Risk factors, microbiological characteristics and patterns of antibiotic resistance

Objetivo: Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) suelen manejarse ambulatoriamente. Sin embargo, un pequeño porcentaje requiere ingreso hospitalario. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar los factores de riesgo y características microbiológicas de las infecciones urinarias adquiridas en la comunidad (ITU-AC) que requieren hospitalización. Material y métodos: Realizamos un estudio prospectivo desde noviembre de 2011 a diciembre de 2013 evaluando la incidencia, factores de riesgo, patrones microbiológicos y tasas de resistencia en los pacientes con ITU-AC que requieren ingreso. Resultados: Cuatrocientos cincuenta y siete pacientes ingresaron en nuestro servicio con diagnóstico de ITU-AC. La edad media fue 56,2 ± 19,85 años, el 52,1% eran mujeres, el 19,7% portaban catéter urinario y el 11,4% habían presentado ITU en los meses previos. Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron Escherichia coli (60,6%), Klebsiella (9,2%), Enterococcus (8,4%) y Pseudomonas (7,2%). Enterobacteriaceae diferentes a E. coli fueron más frecuentes en pacientes de mayor edad. Enterococcus fueron más frecuentemente aislados en pacientes que habían tenido ITU previa y en aquellos portadores de catéter urinario. E. coli mostró unas resistencias del 23,5% para amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico, 16,6% para cefalosporinas de tercera generación, 31,3% para quinolonas y16,7% para aminoglucósidos. Del total de E. coli 11,4% fueron productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Los Enterococcus y Pseudomonas mostraron resistencias a quinolonas del 50,0% y 61,5% respectivamente. Conclusiones: ITU-AC que requieren hospitalización se presentan más frecuentemente en varones de mayor edad, portadores de catéter urinario, litiasis urinaria y con episodios previos de ITU. Estos factores también se asocian con infecciones producidas por gérmenes diferentes a E. coli y altas tasas de resistencia

Objective: Although patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) are usually managed as outpatients, a percentage of them requires hospitalization. To review risk factors and microbiological characteristics of community-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) requiring hospitalization has been our objective. Material and methods: A prospective observational study was carried out from November 2011 to December 2013. Incidence, microbiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance patterns in patients with CAUTIs that required hospitalization were analyzed. Risk factors (including diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, urinary catheterization) and resistance rates of each pathogen were also analyzed. Results: Four hundred and fifty seven patients were hospitalized in our department with CAUTI. The mean age was 56.2 ± 19.85 years. Of them, 52.1% patients were women, 19.7% had urinary indwelling catheter and 11.4% have had a previous UTI. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (60.6%), followed by Klebsiella (9.2%), Enterococcus (8.4%) and Pseudomonas (7.2%). Enterobacteriaceae other than E.coli were more prevalent in male and older patients. On the other side the most frequently isolated pathogen in patients with a previous UTI and a urinary catheter was Entercoccus. The resistance rates E. coli against ampicillin/amoxicillin + βlactamase inhibitor was 23.5%, against third-generation cephalosporins 16.6%, against fluoroquinolones 31.3% and 16.7% against aminoglycosides. 11.4% E. coli strains were producers of extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBL). Finally, the resistance rates of Enterococcus and Pseudomonas against quinolones were of 50.0% and 61.5%, respectively. Conclusions: CAUTIs that require hospitalization are most frequent in older age, male gender, and presence of urinary catheter, with urolithiasis and with previous episodes of UTI. These factors are also related to isolation of pathogens other than E. coli and higher resistance rates

Community-associated urinary infections requiring hospitalization: risk factors, microbiological characteristics and patterns of antibiotic resistance.

OBJECTIVE: Although patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) are usually managed as outpatients, a percentage of them requires hospitalization. To review risk factors and microbiological characteristics of community-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) requiring hospitalization has been our objective. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was carried out from November 2011 to December 2013. Incidence, microbiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance patterns in patients with CAUTIs that required hospitalization were analyzed. Risk factors (including diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, urinary catheterization) and resistance rates of each pathogen were also analyzed. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty seven patients were hospitalized in our department with CAUTI. The mean age was 56.2±19.85 years. Of them, 52.1% patients were women, 19.7% had urinary indwelling catheter and 11.4% have had a previous UTI. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (60.6%), followed by Klebsiella (9.2%), Enterococcus (8.4%) and Pseudomonas (7.2%). Enterobacteriaceae other than E.coli were more prevalent in male and older patients. On the other side the most frequently isolated pathogen in patients with a previous UTI and a urinary catheter was Entercoccus. The resistance rates E. coli against ampicillin/amoxicillin + ß lactamase inhibitor was 23.5%, against third-generation cephalosporins 16.6%, against fluoroquinolones 31.3% and 16.7% against aminoglycosides. 11.4% E. coli strains were producers of extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBL). Finally, the resistance rates of Enterococcus and Pseudomonas against quinolones were of 50.0% and 61.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CAUTIs that require hospitalization are most frequent in older age, male gender, and presence of urinary catheter, with urolithiasis and with previous episodes of UTI. These factors are also related to isolation of pathogens other than E. coli and higher resistance rates.