Role of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Arrhythmias and Electrophysiology.

Machine learning (ML), a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) centered on machines learning from extensive datasets, stands at the forefront of a technological revolution shaping various facets of society. Cardiovascular medicine has emerged as a key domain for ML applications, with considerable efforts to integrate these innovations into routine clinical practice. Within cardiac electrophysiology, ML applications, especially in the automated interpretation of electrocardiograms, have garnered substantial attention in existing literature. However, less recognized are the diverse applications of ML in cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias, spanning basic science research on arrhythmia mechanisms, both experimental and computational, as well as contributions to enhanced techniques for mapping cardiac electrical function and translational research related to arrhythmia management. This comprehensive review delves into various ML applications within the scope of this journal, organized into 3 parts. The first section provides a fundamental understanding of general ML principles and methodologies, serving as a foundational resource for readers interested in exploring ML applications in arrhythmia research. The second part offers an in-depth review of studies in arrhythmia and electrophysiology that leverage ML methodologies, showcasing the broad potential of ML approaches. Each subject is thoroughly outlined, accompanied by a review of notable ML research advancements. Finally, the review delves into the primary challenges and future perspectives surrounding ML-driven cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias research.

Armatenols A-C, new antioxidant isoflavanols from Colutea armata.

Armatenols A-C (1-3), new isoflavan-4-ols, have been isolated from the CHCl3-soluble sub-fraction of Colutea armata Hemsl. & Lace, along with two known compounds namely 8-methoxyvestitol (4) and colutequinone (5), reported for the first time from this species. Their structures have been elucidated through spectroscopic techniques including MS, IR, UV, CD, 1 D and 2 D NMR. Compounds 1-2 invariably showed significant antioxidant activity using the methods of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH), Fe3+ reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical scavenging activity (ABTS).

Cashmirins A and B, new antifungal and urease inhibitory prenylated coumarins from Sorbus cashmiriana

Abstract Cashmirins A (1) and B (2), new prenylated coumarins, have been isolated from the EtOAc- soluble fraction of the whole plant of Sorbus cashmiriana Hedlung, Monog. along with seselin (3), scopoletin (4), 3-hydroxyxanthyletin (5) and luteolin (6), reported for the first time from this species. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Both new compounds 1 and 2 were investigated for biological activities and showed significant antifungal and urease inhibitory activities. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant activity against Aspergillus flavus, Macrophomina phaseolina, Trichophyton simii, Trichophyton schoenleinii, and Pseudallescheria boydri. Both compounds also exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Jack bean urease with IC50 values of 28.2±0.12 µM and 30.3±0.18 µM, respectively compared to thiourea used as positive control.

Brahucins A and B, new triterpene lactones from Spiraea brahuica.

Brahucins A (1) and B (2), the new oleanane-type triterpene lactones, have been isolated from the EtOAc-soluble fraction of Spiraea brahuica Boiss, along with betulinic acid (3), oleanolic acid (4), 3-O-(ß-D-glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid (5), vanillic acid (6) and caffeic acid (7), reported for the first time from this species. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic studies including MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR.

Efficacy of open reduction and internal fixation in achieving bony union of comminuted mandibular fractures caused by civilian gunshot injuries.

INTRODUCTION: Comminuted fractures of the mandible caused by gunshot injuries were traditionally treated with closed reduction using maxillo-mandibular fixation (MMF).2,3 Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) has become a valuable treatment modality in the management of comminuted mandibular fractures due to low rate of complications and predictable healing 4, 5. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of ORIF compared with MMF in achieving bony union of comminuted mandibular fractures in gunshot injury patients. METHOD: ology: Randomized controlled trial conducted at the department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital for a period of 3 years; total of 40 patients divided equally into two groups. Group A were treated with ORIF and group B were treated with MMF. Callus formation radiographically was confirmed by 8th week post operatively. Data was collected using proforma, entered on a statistical software SPSS version 20. Frequency percentages were computed for age and gender. Chi square and Fisher's exact tests were applied. P value ≤ 0.05 considered significant. RESULT: A total of 40 patients of gunshot injuries were included in this study. 37 (92.5%) were males and 3 (7.5%) were Females with mean age of 36.35 ± 12.9 years SD. 19 (47.5%) patients showed callus formation, whereas, 21 (52.5%) did not. Out of 19 patients, 14 (70%) belonged to group A, and 5 (25%) from group B. The final healing considered by 8th week was in 16 (80%) of ORIF group A, and 8 (40%) group B (MMF) after calculating the clinical and radiographic evidences. CONCLUSION: Comparative clinical trials have proven that ORIF is superior to MMF in the management of comminuted mandibular fractures. Early primary repair and internal fixation provides predictable and cost effective results.

Decision making and support available to individuals considering and undertaking electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): a qualitative, consumer-led study.

BACKGROUND: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most controversial treatments in psychiatry. This controversy and diverse and often strongly held opinions can make decision making processes around ECT more complex. METHOD: This consumer-led project explored the experiences of individuals who had received ECT in terms of the information they received, their experience of ECT and suggestions for ways that decision making processes and experiences of ECT can be improved. Interviews were conducted by consumer researchers who had also received ECT and transcripts were analysed using constant comparative techniques. RESULTS: Seventeen individuals participated. Four overarching categories were identified from participant interviews: Information matters; Preparation and decisions before ECT; Experience of ECT; and Suggestions for improvement. Most participants suggested that more information was required and that this information should be made available more regularly to support decision making. Additional suggestions included greater involvement of family and friends (including having a family member or friend present during the ECT procedure), opportunities to gain information from individuals who had received ECT and more support for managing memory and cognitive side effects. CONCLUSION: This study provides valuable consumer-provided insights and recommendations for psychiatrists and mental health clinicians working within ECT clinics and with consumers considering or preparing for ECT.

Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) Fluorophore Exhibits a Highly Ratiometric Fluorescent Response to Zn2+ in vitro and in Human Liver Cancer Cells.

Two novel organic fluorophores, containing bis-naphthylamide and quinoline motifs, have been designed and synthesized. One of the fluorophores contains an isobutylene unit and exhibits a significant aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and a remarkable highly selective ratiometric fluorescence response towards Zn2+ in solution as well as in human liver cancer cells. The AIE behavior of this fluorophore was fully verified by fluorescence and UV/Vis spectroscopy, quantum yield calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which revealed an intricate crystal packing system. Conversely, a fluorophore that lacks the isobutylene moiety did not exhibit any significant fluorescent properties as a result of its more flexible molecular structure that presumably allows free intramolecular rotational processes to occur.

New antimicrobial flavonoids and chalcone from Colutea armata.

Colucins A (1) and B (2), new flavonoids and colucone (3), the new chalcone derivative, have been isolated from the CHCl3-soluble fraction of the whole plant of Colutea armata along with luteolin (4), luteolin 7-O-ß-D-glucoside (5), isoliquiritigenin (6), trans-caffeic acid (7) and stigmasterol (8) reported for the first time from this species. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including MS and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant antimicrobial activity against two Gram positive and three Gram negative bacterial strains while 3 was moderately active.

A novel smart supramolecular organic gelator exhibiting dual-channel responsive sensing behaviours towards fluoride ion via gel-gel states.

A novel smart supramolecular organic gelator G-16 containing anion and metal-coordination ability has been designed and synthesized. It shows excellent and robust gelation capability as a strong blue fluorescent supramolecular organic gel OG in DMF. Addition of Zn(2+) produced Zn(2+)-coordinated supramolecular metallogel OG-Zn. Organic gel OG and organometallic gel OG-Zn exhibited efficient and different sensing behaviors towards fluoride ion due to the variation in self-assembling nature. Supramolecular metallogel OG-Zn displayed specific selectivity for fluoride ion and formed OG-Zn-F with dramatic color change from blue to blue green in solution and gel to gel states. Furthermore after directly addition of fluoride into OG produced fluoride containing organic gel OG-F with drastically modulation in color from blue to greenish yellow fluorescence via strong aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property. A number of experiments were conducted such as FTIR, (1)H NMR, and UV/Vis spectroscopies, XRD, SEM and rheology. These results revealed that the driving forces involved in self-assembly of OG, OG-Zn, OG-Zn-F and OG-F were hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, π-π interactions, and van der Waal forces. In contrast to the most anion responsive gels, particularly fluoride ion responsive gels showed gel-sol state transition on stimulation by anions, the gel state of OG and OG-Zn did not show any gel-to-sol transition during the whole F(-) response process.

Preassembly-driven ratiometric sensing of H2PO4(-) anions in organic and aqueous environments.

Gemini surfactant-like receptor is designed and synthesized. The special preassembly phenomenon of in a nonpolar solvent facilitates the novel ratiometric fluorescence sensing of H2PO4(-)via an anion-induced reassembly process in organic solvents and an anion-induced disassembly process in water.

A synergic effect of sodium on the phase transition of tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide.

A synergic effect of sodium on the metal-insulator transition temperature reduction of tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide is noted. With the assistance of sodium, doping with tungsten yields an extra depression in phase temperature of 6-12 °C over that of 20-26 °C per at% of tungsten.

Sorbicins A and B, new urease and serine protease inhibitory triterpenes from Sorbus cashmiriana.

Two new lupene-type triterpenes, sorbicins A and B, have been isolated from the chloroform-soluble fraction of the MeOH extract from the whole plant of Sorbus cashmiriana, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including 2D NMR. Both compounds displayed urease and α-chymotrypsin inhibitory potential.

Anterior arch crowding--a possible predictor for mandibular third molar impaction.

BACKGROUND: Impaction of the 3rd molar is a high incident problem occurring in up to 73% of young adults in Europe. Appropriate follow-up routines and optimal timing for surgical removal of the 3rd molars can be established in patients judged to be at increased risk of impaction. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for mandibular 3rd molar impaction in adolescent orthodontic patients and to establish anterior arch crowding as a predictive model for mandibular 3rd molar impaction. METHODS: Pre-treatment Orthopantomogram (OPG) of 158 orthodontic patients with the evidence of anterior arch crowding on pre-treatment study models were evaluated for mandibular third molar position. RESULTS: Out of 158 patients, 45 were male and 113 were female. Ninety-seven (61%) of the patients showed anterior arch crowding with a space discrepancy of 5-10 mm calculated on the pretreatment study models. Fifty-seven patients showed 107 third molar impactions. Anterior arch crowding in these patients was ranging from 7-10 mm. Out of 107 impacted third molars 73 were Mesioangular 14 were Distoangular 6 were Vertical and 14 were Horizontal. CONCLUSION: If the arch size is smaller as compared to the tooth size the evidence of lack of space would be there in anterior segment as crowding and in posterior segment as 3rd molar impaction.

Cashmirols A and B, new lipoxygenase inhibiting triterpenes from Sorbus cashmiriana.

Two new triterpenes, cashmirols A and B, along with three known compounds have been isolated from the AcOEt-soluble fraction of Sorbus cashmiriana, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including two-dimensional NMR. Both compounds displayed lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitory potential.

Isolation and structural determination of sorbinols A and B, new triterpenes from Sorbus cashmariana, by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

Two new pentacyclic triterpenes, sorbinols A (1) and B (2) have been isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Sorbus cashmariana and their structures assigned from (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra, DEPT and by 2D COSY, NOE, HMQC and HMBC experiments. Both 1 and 2 showed moderate inhibitory potential against the enzyme lipoxygenase.