ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: An iron infusion pathway using Ferrinject (ferric carboxymaltose) was implemented at Southend University Hospital for preoperative surgical patients with iron deficiency anemia undergoing major surgery. This was based on a treatment algorithm proposed by Munting and colleagues according to the international consensus statement on perioperative management of anemia and the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines. These guidelines state that intravenous iron is indicated when oral iron is poorly tolerated or ineffective, there is insufficient time to surgery, or due to a functional iron deficiency. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the change in adult hemoglobin (Hb) concentration (g/L) after Ferrinject infusion at the time of surgery. METHODS: Data were retrospectively collected on all surgical patients that received an iron infusion preoperatively for iron deficiency anemia from July 2019 to April 2020. Nonsurgical, obstetric, and pediatric patients, and those without a postinfusion Hb level measurement were excluded. Data collected included the Hb, ferritin, and transferrin levels pre and postinfusion; correct dose of intravenous iron received; and any adverse reactions noted. RESULTS: Thirty-two surgical patients with iron deficiency anemia received intravenous iron between July 2019 and April 2020 prior to surgery. The average pre and post iron infusion Hb concentration across the cohort was 97 g/L and 114 g/L, respectively (18% increase; P=.001). Two (6%) patients had a posttransfusion Hb level ≥130 g/L prior to surgery after infusion. Nine patients had both a pre and postinfusion ferritin level recorded, which showed an increase from 12 ng/mL preinfusion to 94 ng/mL postinfusion (P=.02). Twenty-three (72%) patients did not receive the full dose of intravenous iron based on their Hb level and weight. Twenty-four (75%) patients received an iron infusion >2 weeks prior to surgery and the other 8 (25%) patients received the infusion <2 weeks before their surgery. There was an average increase in Hb of 22% (21 g/L, 95% CI 13-28) and 5% (5 g/L, 95% CI 1-10), respectively, across the two groups (P=.03). There were no documented adverse reactions to intravenous iron. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous iron is an effective intervention to improve the Hb concentration in patients with iron deficiency anemia despite the majority of patients not receiving the full dose based on their baseline Hb level and weight. Increasing the interval time between infusion and surgery was associated with a greater increase in Hb, with only a minimal increase observed if given less than 2 weeks prior to surgery.
ABSTRACT
The 22-kDa protein antigen is one of several antigens recognized by sera from scrub typhus patients infected with Orientia tsutsugamushi. The 22-kDa protein genes from six O. tsutsugamushi strains (Kato, TA763, AFSC 7, 18-032460, TH1814, MAK119) were cloned and their sequences were determined and compared to each other and to the Karp strain sequence listed in GenBank. The sequence alignment revealed that the promoter regions of these seven strains were highly conserved. However, the ORFs exhibited some variation. The phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequences indicated that among the seven strains assessed, Kato and TA763 were the most closely related, while Karp and TH1814 were the most distantly related. The information gained from this analysis will facilitate our selection of O. tsutsugamushi strains from which antigens should be derived to be included in a multivalent vaccine candidate for scrub typhus.
