ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: A variety of drugs have been used to activate and identify the epileptogenic area in patients during presurgical evaluation. We have evaluated the safety and usefulness of etomidate in identifying the epileptic zone by measuring bioelectrical brain activity and cerebral blood flow (CBF). METHODS: We studied 13 men and 9 women under presurgical evaluation for temporal lobe epilepsy. We applied etomidate (0.1 mg/kg) while patients were monitored by video-electroencephalography (VEEG) with foramen ovale electrodes. In a subset of 15 patients, we also measured CBF with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). RESULTS: (1) Etomidate induced seizures in 2 of 22 patients. (2) The main side-effects observed were myoclonus (14 of 20) and moderate pain (3 of 20). (3) No changes in capillary oxygen saturation, respiration, or heart rate were observed. (4) Irritative activity specifically increased in the temporal mesial and lateral areas. No spikes were observed in other areas, aside from those observed under baseline conditions. (5) Irritative activity induced by etomidate correctly lateralized the ictal onset zone in 19 of 20 patients. In addition, the two etomidate-induced seizures appeared in the same regions as spontaneous ones. (6) The kinetics of pharmacologically induced activity was higher in the region of the ictal-onset zone. (7) Etomidate increased the CBF in the basal ganglia and especially in the posterior hippocampus of the temporal mesial region contralateral to the ictal-onset zone. DISCUSSION: Etomidate activation is a safe, specific, and quick test that can be used to identify the epileptic region in patients evaluated as candidates for temporal lobe epilepsy surgery.
Subject(s)
Electroencephalography/drug effects , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/diagnosis , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , Etomidate , Hypnotics and Sedatives , Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted , Temporal Lobe/blood supply , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Adolescent , Adult , Brain Mapping/methods , Epilepsies, Partial/diagnosis , Epilepsies, Partial/physiopathology , Epilepsies, Partial/surgery , Epilepsy, Complex Partial/diagnosis , Epilepsy, Complex Partial/physiopathology , Epilepsy, Complex Partial/surgery , Epilepsy, Generalized/diagnosis , Epilepsy, Generalized/physiopathology , Epilepsy, Generalized/surgery , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/surgery , Etomidate/adverse effects , Evoked Potentials/drug effects , Evoked Potentials/physiology , Female , Humans , Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects , Infusions, Intravenous , Male , Regional Blood Flow/drug effects , Regional Blood Flow/physiology , Temporal Lobe/diagnostic imaging , Young AdultABSTRACT
Epilepsy is one of the major neurological disorders, affecting roughly 1-2% of the world's population, of which approximately 20-25% of patients are drug resistant. A variety of drugs have been used to activate and identify the epileptic area in patients during presurgical evaluation. We studied the cerebral blood flow (CBF) by single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) and bioelectrical brain activity responses to etomidate in 11 patients. Etomidate (0.1 mg/kg) was administered while patients were monitored by video-electroencephalography with foramen ovale electrodes (FOEs). After etomidate administration, a brief period of high-frequency activity was observed, followed by a generalized, high-voltage delta pattern. Increased regional CBF was observed bilaterally in thalamus, putamen, and posterior hippocampus. Besides, the only interhemispheric difference was observed in the posterior hippocampus, where CBF decreased in the epileptic temporal lobe. Activation by etomidate induces a specific and repetitive response in the bioelectrical activity. In addition, CBF changes induced by etomidate may serve as a diagnostic tool in the near future.
ABSTRACT
Drug-resistant epilepsy can sometimes be treated by surgery. In these cases, an accurate identification of the epileptogenic area must be addressed before resection. Ictal SPECT is one of the presurgical evaluations that can be performed, but usually, the increase in the regional cerebral perfusion observed is produced by diffusion of ictal activity. Here we describe a patient studied with v-EEG and foramen ovale electrodes that suffered a seizure after intravenous infusion of etomidate. The sequence of etomidate administration, followed by radiotracer and seizure was good enough for us to suspect that a true initial ictal SPECT was observed. We have implemented a kinetic model with four compartments, previously described (Andersen 1989), in order to estimate the fraction of hydrophilic radiotracer in the brain during the pre-ictal and ictal periods. This model has shown that the fraction of hydrophilic radiotracer during the seizure into the brain would be between 18.9% and 42.3% of total infused. We show the first true initial ictal SPECT demonstrated by bioelectrical recordings of the brain activity, obtained by a correct succession of events and compatible with theoretical data obtained from the kinetic model.