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1.
J Surg Res ; 298: 209-213, 2024 Apr 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38626718

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Periprocedural anxiety is common in pediatric patients and is characterized by tension, anxiety, irritability, and autonomic activation. Periprocedural anxiety increases during certain events including admission to the preoperative area, separation from caregivers, induction of anesthesia, and IV placement. A study of children aged 2-12 showed that perioperative anxiety in children may be influenced by high parental anxiety and low sociability of the child. While these are nonmodifiable variables in the perioperative setting, there are numerous ways to ameliorate both parental and patient anxiety including the use of certified child life specialists (CCLSs) to aid in child comfort. In this study, our objective was to evaluate the integration of CCLS in our perioperative setting on the rate of benzodiazepine use. METHODS: We used a prospectively maintained database to identify patients undergoing outpatient elective surgical and radiologic procedures from July 2022 to September 2023 and January 2023 to September 2023 respectively. CCLSs were used to work with appropriately aged children in order to decrease the use of benzodiazepines and reduce possible adverse events associated with their use. RESULTS: A total of 2175 pediatric patients were seen by CCLS in same day surgery from July 2022 to September 2023. During this period, midazolam use decreased by an average of 11.4% (range 6.2%-19.3%). An even greater effect was seen in the radiologic group with 73% reduction. No adverse events were reported during this period. CONCLUSIONS: CCLSs working with age-appropriate patients in the periprocedural setting is a useful adjunct in easing anxiety in pediatric patients, reducing the need for periprocedural benzodiazepine administration and the risk of exposure to unintended side effects.

2.
Front Plant Sci ; 14: 1295674, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38389716

ABSTRACT

Introduction: With current trends in global climate change, both flooding episodes and higher levels of CO2 have been key factors to impact plant growth and stress tolerance. Very little is known about how both factors can influence the microbiome diversity and function, especially in tolerant soybean cultivars. This work aims to (i) elucidate the impact of flooding stress and increased levels of CO2 on the plant defenses and (ii) understand the microbiome diversity during flooding stress and elevated CO2 (eCO2). Methods: We used next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic methods to show the impact of natural flooding and eCO2 on the microbiome architecture of soybean plants' below- (soil) and above-ground organs (root and shoot). We used high throughput rhizospheric extra-cellular enzymes and molecular analysis of plant defense-related genes to understand microbial diversity in plant responses during eCO2 and flooding. Results: Results revealed that bacterial and fungal diversity was substantially higher in combined flooding and eCO2 treatments than in non-flooding control. Microbial diversity was soil>root>shoot in response to flooding and eCO2. We found that sole treatment of eCO2 and flooding had significant abundances of Chitinophaga, Clostridium, and Bacillus. Whereas the combination of flooding and eCO2 conditions showed a significant abundance of Trichoderma and Gibberella. Rhizospheric extra-cellular enzyme activities were significantly higher in eCO2 than flooding or its combination with eCO2. Plant defense responses were significantly regulated by the oxidative stress enzyme activities and gene expression of Elongation factor 1 and Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 in floodings and eCO2 treatments in soybean plant root or shoot parts. Conclusion: This work suggests that climatic-induced changes in eCO2 and submergence can reshape microbiome structure and host defenses, essential in plant breeding and developing stress-tolerant crops. This work can help in identifying core-microbiome species that are unique to flooding stress environments and increasing eCO2.

3.
Materials (Basel) ; 15(12)2022 Jun 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35744286

ABSTRACT

Aluminum-based alloys have been considered candidate materials for cathodic protection anodes. However, the Al-based alloys can form a layer of alumina, which is a drawback in a sacrificial anode. The anodes must exhibit uniform corrosion to achieve better performance. Aluminum can be alloyed with Zn to improve their performance. In this sense, in the present research, the electrochemical corrosion performance of Al-xZn alloys (x = 1.5, 3.5, and 5 at.% Zn) exposed to 3.5 wt.% NaCl for 24 h was evaluated. Polarization curves, linear polarization resistance (LPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to identify the electrochemical behavior. The microstructure of the samples before the corrosion assessment was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, microstructures of the corroded surfaces were characterized using X-ray mappings via SEM. Polarization curves indicated that Zn additions changed the pseudo-passivation behavior from what pure Al exhibited in a uniform dissolution regime. Furthermore, the addition of Zn shifted the corrosion potential to the active side and increased the corrosion rate. This behavior was consistent with the proportional decrease in polarization resistance (Rp) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) in the EIS. The analysis of EIS was done using a mathematical model related to an adsorption electrochemical mechanism. The adsorption of chloride at the Al-Zn alloy surface formed aluminum chloride intermediates, which controlled the rate of the process. The rate constants of the reactions of a proposed chemical mechanism were evaluated.

4.
Materials (Basel) ; 13(5)2020 Mar 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32121593

ABSTRACT

Fe-Al intermetallic compounds have been considered excellent candidates as alternative alloys for various applications in corrosive environments compared to other Fe-based alloys. Their excellent corrosion resistance is due to the development of an Al-based passive layer. The performance of the passive layer can be improved by adding a third alloy element. Therefore, in this study the electrochemical performance of the Fe40Al intermetallic alloy modified by the addition of a third alloy element (Cr, Ti, Co, Ni) is evaluated. The corrosion resistance of intermetallic alloys has been evaluated by electrochemical tests (potentiodynamic polarization curves, and measurements of open circuit potential, linear polarization and electrochemical impedance) in artificial saliva. The performance of intermetallic alloys was compared with that of Ti. The results obtained showed that the addition of Ni and Ti substantially improves the corrosion resistance of the base intermetallic. The corrosion resistance shown is comparable or greater than that shown by Ti. However, the addition of Co reduces the corrosion resistance of the base intermetallic.

5.
Rev. méd. (La Paz) ; 26(1): 7-8, 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1151935

Subject(s)
Pandemics
6.
Rev. méd. (La Paz) ; 26(1): 7-8, 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1127071

Subject(s)
Pandemics
7.
Salud ment ; 42(5): 243-249, Sep.-Oct. 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1094455

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Almost 5% of the Mexican general population (18-65 years old) has suffered depression once in their lives, and 2% of them more than once without receiving treatment. Objetive To measure the prevalence of depressive disorder and to calculate its relationship with psychosocial indicators. Method Data were collected through two censuses with high school and college students from a university in Mexico City (n = 116 214). Participants completed the CES-D and other scales. Multivariate logistic regression models were used. Results The prevalence of depressive disorder was 16%. Predictors of depressive disorder were: having suffered psychological or sexual violence, having a family member who had been injured during an assault, history of depression in the family, poor quality in family and social relationships, among others. Discussion and conclusion The prevalence of depressive disorder increases with age. As prevention and treatment at an early age are essential, intervention and monitoring strategies must be created and systematized taking gender and other elements into account, such as the relationship with the parents, violence, and a history of depression in the family.


Resumen Introducción Casi el 5% de la población general de México (18-65 años) ha sufrido depresión una vez en su vida y 2% la ha sufrido más de una vez sin haber recibido tratamiento. Objetivo Medir la prevalencia del trastorno depresivo y calcular su relación con algunos indicadores psicosociales. Método Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de dos censos con estudiantes de bachillerato y de licenciatura en la Ciudad de México (n = 116 214). Los participantes completaron el CES-D y otras escalas. Se usaron modelos de regresión logística multivariable. Resultados La prevalencia del trastorno depresivo fue del 16%. Los predictores del trastorno depresivo fueron: haber sufrido violencia psicológica o sexual, tener un miembro de la familia que hubíera sido herido durante un asalto, antecedentes de depresión en la familia, mala calidad en las relaciones familiares y sociales, entre otros. Discusión y conclusión La prevalencia del trastorno depresivo aumenta con la edad. Como la prevención y el tratamiento a una edad temprana son esenciales, se deben crear y sistematizar estrategias de intervención y monitoreo que tomen en cuenta el género y otros elementos, como la relación con los padres, violencia e historia de depresión en la familia.

8.
Rev. méd. (La Paz) ; 25(1): 16-20, Enero-Junio, 2019. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1024491

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Realizar un control de la agudeza visual y determinar la prevalencia de afecciones en la agudeza visual en niños de primero de primaria de colegios seleccionados de la ciudad de La Paz.Diseño:Estudio transversal y descriptivo.Lugar: U.E. Eloy Salmón, U.E Santa Teresa, Colegio Franco Boliviano "AlcideDorbigny", U.E "Dora Schmidt".Métodos: Se incluyeron 187 niños de primero de primaria. Se realizó pesquisa de agudeza visual con cartilla de Lea (optotipo). Luego se derivó al oftalmólogo pediatra a los niños con agudeza visual por debajo de los valores normales para la edad. Se ingresó los datos a una base Excel, se procedió al análisis de los mismos a través del uso de la estadística descriptiva.Resultados: De 187 niños que fueron evaluados, los valores de agudeza visual fueron 16% 20/40, 11.7% 20/50, dando un total de 52 niños que fueron derivados al oftalmólogo pediatra, el resto se encontraba con valores normales para la edad.Los diagnósticos oftalmológicos fueron astigmatismo mixto 47.7%, astigmatismo miópico simple 38.6%, astigmatismo miópico complejo 9% y miopía 4.5%.Dentro de los antecedentes más relevantes fueron que del total de los niños evaluados72% acudieron a un control oftalmológico previo, en relación a los niños derivados al oftalmólogo pediatra de los cuales el 82% no acudió a un control previo.Conclusiones: La prevalencia de agudeza visual baja hallada en el presente estudio es mayor en relación a los estudios consultados. Por lo que se debe realizar examen físico visual a las edades mencionadas


Subject(s)
Child , Eye Diseases
9.
Rev. Fac. Med. UNAM ; 62(3): 40-49, may.-jun. 2019.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1149570

ABSTRACT

Resumen En la actualidad, los ciudadanos están sensibilizados respecto a sus derechos, lo que deriva, en el ámbito de la salud, a que se presenten más reclamos en contra de los actos médicos. Es por ello que resulta indispensable que los profesionales de la salud, en particular los médicos, tengan claro cuáles son sus responsabilidades, sus obligaciones y sus derechos; así como sus posibilidades de actuación al atender, dar un diagnóstico y un tratamiento a sus pacientes. Así pues, el conocimiento debe abarcar no solo el ámbito profesional, sino también el personal, el jurídico y el laboral. El presente trabajo hace una revisión general de las normas y leyes que rigen el "deber de cuidado" del médico, para el cabal cumplimiento de la profesión médica, para la protección de los que hacen posible la medicina y, sobre todo, para el logro del mayor beneficio para el paciente.


Abstract Nowadays, citizens are aware of their rights, which, in the public health field has lead to more complaints against medical actions. Hence, it is essential that health professionals, in particular, doctors, have a clear understanding of their responsibilities, obligations and rights; as well as their possibilities of action when they attend, provide a diagnosis and treat their patients. Thus, this knowledge must encompass not only the professional field but also the personal, legal and work fields. The present work makes a general review of the norms and laws that govern the doctor's "duty of care", for the full compliance of the medical profession, the protection of those who make the medical practice possible; and above all, to be able to provide the greatest benefits for the patients.

10.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 53(4): 504-11, 2015.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26177439

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Sedentary lifestyle is one of the worldwide problems of Public Health. Given that, physical activity has both direct and indirect effects on the mortality and morbidity on non-communicable chronic diseases. The aim was to determine the change in prevalence of sedentary lifestyle in a cohort of students. METHODS: The Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México makes an Automated Medical Examination to students. In this evaluation, the sport, physical activity and other risk factors were analyzed in students admitted in 2010 to the Faculty of Medicine that were previously analyzed in 2007. RESULTS: A total of 593 students were studied. The mean age was 15.1 ± 1.4 years. The prevalence of physical inactivity increased from 38.3 to 39.9 %. When stratified by gender, women were more sedentary (p < 0.05). Sports activities decreased significantly in frequency and time. In the sedentary population, the prevalence of overweight increased in men and the obesity in women. Smoking increased 4.9 % and alcohol consumption in 36.7 % in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of physical inactivity was higher compared to other countries. Smoking and alcohol consumption increased so it is necessary to follow up and implement programs of health promotion.


Introducción: la inactividad física tiene efectos directos e indirectos con la muerte por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y es un problema de salud pública. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer el cambio en la prevalencia de sedentarismo y actividad deportiva en una cohorte de estudiantes. Métodos: la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México hace el Examen Médico Automatizado a sus alumnos. En este trabajo se analizó la actividad física y deportiva, así como algunos factores de riesgo en los estudiantes que ingresaron en 2010 a la Facultad de Medicina y contaran con información en 2007. Resultados: participaron 593 estudiantes. El promedio de edad inicial fue 15.1 ± 1.4 años. El sedentarismo incrementó de 38.3 a 39.9 %. Al estratificar por sexo, las mujeres resultaron ser más sedentarias (p < 0.05). Las actividades deportivas disminuyeron considerablemente en frecuencia y tiempo. En la población sedentaria, la prevalencia de sobrepeso incrementó en los hombres y la obesidad en las mujeres. Aumentó el tabaquismo 4.9 % y consumo de alcohol en 36.7 % en ambos sexos. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de sedentarismo resultó más alta en comparación con otros países. El tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol se incrementaron por lo que es necesario su seguimiento y realizar programas de promoción de la salud.


Subject(s)
Exercise , Sedentary Behavior , Sports/trends , Students, Medical/psychology , Adolescent , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Prevalence , Smoking/epidemiology , Sports/statistics & numerical data , Students, Medical/statistics & numerical data , Young Adult
11.
Rev. Fac. Med. UNAM ; 57(4): 5-13, jul.-ago. 2014. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-957002

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: Para diseñar estrategias de prevención, control y tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en estudiantes es necesario conocer el comportamiento de éstas y los factores de riesgo a los que se exponen. Objetivo: Comparar los cambios en la prevalencia de riesgos de enfermedades crónicas en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) al pasar del bachillerato a la licenciatura. Material y métodos: Se comparó información de los años 2007 y 2010 de la encuesta de valoración integral de la salud que aplica la Dirección General de Servicios Médicos (DGSM) a los estudiantes sobre consumo de alcohol, tabaco, actividad física o deportiva, cambios somatométricos, y la presencia de hipertensión arterial (HA), diabetes mellitus (DM), cáncer, sobrepeso y obesidad en ellos y sus familiares directos. Resultados: Participaron 593 alumnos, de ellos 69.6% eran mujeres. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) cambio en 3 años de ٢٢.٣ a ٢٣.٤ (p < 0.001) en los hombres y de 22.1 a 22.8 (p < 0.001) en las mujeres. La frecuencia de presión arterial alta cambió de ١.٥٤ a 1.69%, el consumo de alcohol y tabaco se incrementó 32 y 7.6%, respectivamente. Los hombres resultaron más activos físicamente que las mujeres (p < 0.05); disminuyó la práctica de futbol en 21.7% y de corredores en 23%. En los familiares, la prevalencia de HA incrementó de 24.1 a 30.4%; obesidad de 27.6 a 31.3%, y DM tipo 2 de 12.8 a 16.2% con p < 0.01. El consumo de alcohol se incrementó de 11.4 a 13.3% y el tabaquismo de 24.5 a 24.9%. Conclusiones: El incremento de los factores de riesgo en los estudiantes y las enfermedades crónicas en sus familiares apuntalan hacia un perfil de mayor riesgo, por ello es importante promover conductas saludables y formar a los jóvenes como agentes de cambio, para que puedan influir en la reducción de daño en ellos y sus familiares.


Abstract Introduction: To design strategies of prevention, control and treatment of chronicnon transmissible diseases in students, it's necessary to know the behavior of these and the risk factors to which they are exposed. Objective: To compare the changes in the prevalence of risks of chronic diseases in students of the National Autonomous Universisty of Mexico (Universidad Autónoma de México [UNAM]) as they make their way from high school to college. Material and methods: Information from the survey of integral valorization of health that the General Board of Medical Services carried in 2007 and 2010 was compared. The information regarded alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical and sports activity, somatometric changes and the presence of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, cancer and overweight in the students and their direct family. Results: 593 students participated, 69.6 were women. The BMS changed in three years from 22.3 to 23.4 (P<0.001) in men and from 22.1 to 22.8 (P<0.001) in women. The frequency of high blood pressure changed from 1.54 to 1.69%, the alcohol and tobacco consumption was increased in three years, 32 and 7.6% respectively. Men resulted to be more physically active than women. (P<0.05); in three years the practice of soccer decreased in 21.7% and the practice of running 23%. In family members the prevalence of high blood pressure increased from 24.1 to 30.4%; obesity from 27.6 to 31.3% and diabetes mellitus type 2 from 12.8 to 16.2% with P<0.01. Alcohol consumption from 11.4 to 13.3% and tobacco consumption from 24.5 to 24.9%. Conclusions: The increase in risk factors in students and the chronic diseases in their family members indicate a higher risk profile. This is the reason why it is important to promote healthy conducts and to form the youth as agents of change so they can have influence in the reduction of damage in them and their family members.

12.
Salud ment ; 35(1): 51-55, ene.-feb. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-653870

ABSTRACT

Depression is an emotional upset that disrupts the psycho-affective sphere and is associated with different risk behaviors, as alcohol and tobacco use, among young people. The aim of this study is to analyze the differences on depression in four groups of high school and college students (1. alcohol users, 2. tobacco users, 3. alcohol and tobacco non-users, and 4. alcohol and tobacco users). A census was conducted with 116 214 students with a mean age of 15 and 19 years. Heavy alcohol and tobacco use was more frequent in men. A factorial ANOVA analysis was used to compare depressive symptoms between heavy drinkers (4 or more drinks per occasion) and heavy smokers (4 or more cigarettes per day) by sex and school level. More depressive symptoms were found in college students (M = 9.7) than in the high school ones (M = 9.5, p<0.05). The group of alcohol and tobacco users showed higher levels of depressive symptoms (M=11.3) than the alcohol only (M=10.5) and tobacco only users (M=10.7). Women showed more depressive symptoms (M=10.3) than men. Results point out the need for early detection and intervention, and for more monitoring strategies to develop actions for reducing alcohol and tobacco use in this population and, eventually, depressive outcomes.


La depresión es un malestar emocional que trastoca la esfera psicoafectiva y se asocia con distintas conductas de riesgo como el consumo de alcohol y de tabaco, particularmente en la población joven. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las diferencias que existen respecto a la depresión en cuatro grupos de adolescentes (1. consumidores de alcohol, 2. consumidores de tabaco, 3. no consumidores de alcohol ni de tabaco y 4. consumidores de alcohol y tabaco) estudiantes de Bachillerato o Licenciatura. Se realizó un censo con 116 214 estudiantes, con un promedio de edad, en nivel medio superior, de 15 años y de 19 años en nivel superior. El consumo elevado fue más frecuente en los hombres de ambos niveles educativos. Se hizo un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) factorial para determinar las diferencias en la sintomatologia depresiva entre aquéllos que presentaban consumo elevado de alcohol (cuatro o más copas por ocasión) y de tabaco (cuatro o más cigarrillos al dia) por nivel educativo y sexo. Se encontró sintomatologia depresiva más elevada en los estudiantes de nivel superior (M=9.7), en contraste con los jóvenes de medio superior (M=9.5) (p<0.05). Al comparar la sintomatologia depresiva entre los grupos de consumo, los resultados indicaron mayores puntajes en el grupo de consumidores de alcohol y tabaco (M=11.3), seguidos de usuarios excesivos de tabaco solamente (M=10.7) y de alcohol solamente (M=10.5). Las mujeres de ambos niveles educativos presentaron una mayor sintomatologia depresiva (M=10.3), seguidas de los hombres de nivel superior (M=9) y los hombres de nivel medio superior (M=8.8). Los resultados favorecen el desarrollo de acciones de detección e intervención temprana y el monitoreo de esta población.

13.
Am J Sports Med ; 39(9): 2016-26, 2011 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21602567

ABSTRACT

The anterior cruciate ligament has been and is of great interest to scientists and orthopaedic surgeons worldwide. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was initially performed using an open approach. When the approach changed from open to arthroscopic reconstruction, a 2- and, later, 1-incision technique was applied. With time, researchers found that traditional arthroscopic single-bundle reconstruction did not fully restore rotational stability of the knee joint and a more anatomic approach to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament has been proposed. Anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction intends to replicate normal anatomy, restore normal kinematics, and protect long-term knee health. Although double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has been shown to result in better rotational stability in both biomechanical and clinical studies, it is vital to differentiate between anatomic and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The latter is merely a step closer to reproducing the native anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament; however, it can still be done nonanatomically. To evaluate the potential benefits of reconstructing the anterior cruciate ligament in an anatomic fashion, accurate, precise, and reliable outcome measures are needed. These include, for example, T2 magnetic resonance imaging mapping of cartilage and quantification of graft healing on magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, there is a need for a consensus on which patient-reported outcome measures should be used to facilitate homogeneous reporting of outcomes.


Subject(s)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/methods , Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery , Knee Injuries/surgery , Anterior Cruciate Ligament/anatomy & histology , Anterior Cruciate Ligament/physiology , Arthroscopy/methods , Humans , Joint Instability/diagnosis , Joint Instability/surgery , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Treatment Outcome
14.
Salud ment ; 34(1): 53-59, ene.-feb. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-632819

ABSTRACT

Introduction Depression and its symptoms are becoming one of the most important health problems worldwide. The impact of depression on the productive life of people, and the burden it represents because of its co-morbidity, is growing. Some authors estimate that depression is the second cause for the global loss of years of healthy life and the first one in developed countries. An increasing proportion of teenage population has mental health issues. Depression and its symptoms are among the most common, but they are not an epidemic problem yet, although spread enough as to maintain interest in its current impact and in its negative consequences over individual health. Depression has a prominent place among mood disorders in Mexico (4.5%), and women are who mostly suffer it (5.8%), which has remained consistent over time. Different difficult situations occur during adolescence along with depression, depressive mood, and depressive symptoms. This situation may be related to changes and processes that occur during this period when individuals cope with situations they cannot handle, which in turn become stressful. Therefore, it is necessary to study and to work with adolescents in order to be able to differentiate affective, cognitive, somatic, and behavioral expressions, which are proper to this stage, from those possibly caused by an illness that could have negative consequences. Adolescent depression influences mood and the way individuals live unpleasant or annoying experiences, thus it affects almost every aspect of life and becomes a risk factor for psychiatric and behavioral problems. However, there are some areas that need more research, for example: the specific characteristics and expressions of the problem including gender comparisons and using designs with special groups. Data show that depression is growing in adolescents; therefore it is a priority to work on detection and prevention to reduce its impact on mental health and to develop cost-effective intervention strategies. One way to do this is using valid-reliable screening tools because they are cheap, and methodologically-logistically useful. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) has been used in different studies with Mexican adolescents, and has proven to have good psychometric characteristics. The CES-D has never been used with an entire population in a great scale study. The objective of this paper is to measure the validity and reliability of the scale (construct, concurrent, and external validity, as well as internal consistency) in a population of high school and college freshman students from Mexico City. Method Design. The study was a census made with high school and college freshman students during 2009. Data were collected in 22 schools. Population. A sample of 58568 students participated in the census. The mean age was 1 7 years old (±2.7). Most of the students lived in homes with one to four other persons at the moment of the study (55.4%); 86% said that only their father worked at that moment, and 59.4 said that only the mother; 79.7% of the students lived with both parents, and 1 7.9% only with their mother; 57403 students (98.0% of the population) completed the CES-D in the age range of 14-24 years: 27264 (47.5%) men, and 30139 (52.5%) women. Instrument. The Automated Medical Examination (Examen Médico Automatizado-EMA) is a diagnostic questionnaire designed by the General Directorate of Medical Services (Dirección General de Servicios Médicos) of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). It is a questionnaire with four self-report forms that collect information about the physical and mental health, the family, and the general context of every student. This information is used to create a diagnosis of vulnerability and a predictive profile for developing prevention programs, as well as research protocols that help in promoting a culture for health care. The CES-D was included for the measurement in 2009. Results Overall internal consistency was adequate (α=.83). Internal consistency was tested by sex; the coefficient was higher for women (α=.84). Factor analysis generated a four-factor solution (explained variance 54.1%); each factor had good internal consistency and theoretical agreement. The scale showed a significant discriminative power for opposite scores (z=-l44.121, p<.001), and a positive significant correlation with the Okasha Suicidality Scale (rΦ=.325, p = .000). A cut-off point of 16 or higher was established to identify students with high depressive symptomatology. 14.7% of the participants in this study had high depressive symptomatology (11.1% men, 1 7.9% women). Conclusions The CES-D is a valid and reliable epidemiological instrument for different populations. Since depression is a complex and dynamic phenomenon, it is important to evaluate the psychometric properties of any instrument used to measure it. The results of this study showed that the CES-D maintains its internal consistency as well as good concurrent-external validity. Coefficients are higher for women and they increase with age; thus, it would be necessary to refine some aspects to measure younger subjects in a more consistent manner. The data proved that CES-D is a useful instrument for distinguishing different levels of depressive symptomatology; this is relevant because the scale is often used in collective contexts, allowing systematic monitoring of depression with good cost-effective results. Monitoring is also important to keep acceptable levels of emotional wellbeing in student population. Development and refinement of instruments such as the CES-D would potentially lead to opportune and reliable detection of adolescents who may be at risk for suffering mental health problems. This would facilitate implementing more stable and continuous prevention and attention programs to reduce the negative impact of depression in the short term.


Introducción La depresión y sus manifestaciones sintomatológicas son parte de los principales problemas de salud entre la población mundial y su impacto en la vida productiva ha aumentado con respecto a otras enfermedades. En México, esta tendencia y sus consecuencias negativas en el desarrollo hacia la adultez justifican la necesidad de atenderla y prevenirla. A través de instrumentos de tamizaje válidos y confiables como la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos [Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale: CES-D) diseñada en 1977 por Radloff, ha sido posible detectar posibles casos clínicos de depresión en diversos estudios con adolescentes escolares. Sin embargo, hasta ahora no se había documentado su comportamiento en una población de estudiantes a gran escala. Método El levantamiento de la información se realizó en agosto de 2009, previo al inicio del ciclo escolar. Se obtuvo información de 57403 alumnos, de los cuales 47.5% fueron hombres y 52.5% mujeres, con una edad promedio de 17 años (±2.7). Instrumento. La CES-D se incorporó en los formatos del Examen Médico Automatizado (EMA) quese utilizaron para realizar el levantamiento censal entre los alumnos de nuevo ingreso a bachillerato o licenciatura. Resultados Consistencia inferna y validez de constructo. La consistencia interna de la escala global mostró un índice satisfactorio (α=0.83). Los índices de contabilidad fueron adecuados para todos los grupos de edad. El análisis factorial con extracción de componentes principales y rotación oblicua arrojó una estructura de cuatro factores con valores Eigen mayores a uno, que explican 54.1% de la varianza; los coeficientes de consistencia interna y concordancia teórica resultaron satisfactorios: Afecto deprimido, Afecto positivo, Somatización e Interpersonal (como un indicador integrado por sólo dos reactivos). Validez concurrente por medio de grupos contrastados. En la prueba de grupos contrastados se compararon los puntajes globales de la CES-D que se situaron por debajo del percent i I 25 versus aquéllos por arriba del percentil 75. Se utilizó una comparación de promedios de Mann-Whitney, que mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los cuartiles contrastados (z = -144.121, p<.001). Validez externa. Se analizó mediante su asociación con la Escala de Expectativas de Vivir-Morir de Okasha (que también se aplica en el EMA), obteniendo una correlación positiva y significativa entre quienes tuvieron sintomatología depresiva elevada y quienes manifestaron deseos de morir (rΦ, = 0.325, p = .000). Detección de sintomatología depresiva elevada. La definición operacional de la sintomatología depresiva elevada se definió con el punto de corte (PC) de la CES-D con base en la media más una desviación estándar (PC> 1 6) con lo que se detectó una frecuencia de sintomatología depresiva elevada de 14.7% (n = 8,197): 11.1% en varones y 1 7.9% en mujeres. Conclusiones Los resultados muestran que en poblaciones tan grandes como la del presente estudio, la CES-D es una herramienta útil y adecuada, breve y fácil de aplicar y analizar para establecer un monitoreo que dé respuesta a una de las necesidades más apremiantes en la población escolar: la detección de la sintomatología depresiva elevada como un aspecto importante del malestar emocional. Sirve, además, para determinar la magnitud de la problemática y arribar a su prevención y, de ser el caso, instrumentar acciones para su tratamiento. La relevancia de los resultados obtenidos radica en que se trata de población escolar que puede llegar a requerir atención y prevención oportunas en salud mental en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad, incluso antes de la confirmación diagnóstica en los servicios especializados. Esta detección deriva en beneficios para la población escolar y en estrategias funcionales de atención adecuada y costo-efectivas.

15.
Arthroscopy ; 26(9 Suppl): S2-12, 2010 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20810090

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate studies published on anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS: A systematic electronic search was performed by use of the Medline and Embase databases. Studies that were published from January 1995 to April 2009 were included. The selection criteria were studies that reported on a surgical technique for "anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction" on skeletally mature living human subjects and were written in English. Data collected and analyzed included a variety of surgical data. Tables were created to provide an overview of surgical techniques for anatomic ACL reconstruction. RESULTS: Seventy-four studies were included in this review. Some surgical factors were adequately reported in the majority of the articles: visualizing the native ACL insertion sites, placing the tunnels in the footprint, graft type, and fixation method. However; ACL insertion site measurement, femoral intercondylar notch measurement, individualization of surgery, and intraoperative/postoperative imaging were poorly reported. The most variety was seen in knee flexion angle during femoral tunnel drilling and tensioning pattern of the grafts. CONCLUSIONS: For most surgical data, there was a gross under-reporting of specific operative technique data. We believe that the details of an "anatomic" operative technique are crucial for the valid interpretations of the outcomes. Thus we encourage authors to report their surgical technique in a specific and standardized fashion.


Subject(s)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries , Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery , Arthroscopy/methods , Adult , Anterior Cruciate Ligament/diagnostic imaging , Arthroscopy/statistics & numerical data , Evidence-Based Medicine , Humans , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Radiography , Tendons/transplantation , Transplantation, Autologous/statistics & numerical data , Transplantation, Homologous/statistics & numerical data , Writing/standards
16.
Pediatr. (Asunción) ; 35(1): 59-62, 2008. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDNPAR | ID: biblio-1017726

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de anemia en trescentros de salud.Diseño: estudio descriptivoMétodos: 114 niños de 6 a 24 meses de edad ingresaronal estudio, concurrentes a tres centros de salud de la ciudad deLa Paz dependientes del Ministerio de Salud. Se midieron losniveles en sangre capilar con técnicas y personal estandarizado,muestras que fueron procesadas inmediatamente con el sistemafotómetro portable Hemocue. Para el diagnóstico de anemia seutilizó un punto de corte ajustado para la altura de 13.6 g/dlResultados: la prevalencia de anemia en los tres centros desalud fue del 86.6%. En el centro de Bella Vista se registró un8% de anemia severa, 10% de anemia moderada y 19% de leve.En Chasquipampa, 6% de anemia severa, 11% y 12 % de anemiamoderada y leve respectivamente. En Villa Nuevo Potosí, 4%de severa, 9% de moderada y 20% de anemia leve. El índice decorrelación de Spearman entre el indicador ôTalla para la edadöy niveles de hemoglobina fue de 0.2 (p=0.048).Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de anemia enniños menores de 2 años, independientemente del género, estadonutricional o centro de salud al que aisten. Aunque la causa deanemia es multifactorial, la alta prevalencia es sugerente de quediversos programas implementados para su control, no han sidodel todo efectivos.


Subject(s)
Anemia , Iron Deficiencies
18.
In. Colegio de Nutricionistas - Dietistas de Bolivia. Primeras jornadas nacionales de alimentación y nutrición clínica y pública. La Paz, CNDB, 2007. p.58-60, ilus.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-468627

ABSTRACT

Conocer la distribución geográfica del riesgo de padecer Desórdenes por Deficiencia de Yodo (DDI) en el territorio nacional e identificar municipios en riesgo


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Iodine Deficiency , Bolivia
19.
Cuad. Hosp. Clín ; 48(1): 21-28, 2003. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-344360

ABSTRACT

Pregunta de investigación. ¿Cuáles son los valores normales hematológicos de sangre de cordón umbilical de recien nacidos sanos de altura habitantes a 3600 m.s.n.m. cuyas madres son atendidas en el Hospital de la mujer de la ciudad de La Paz durante la gestión 2002?. Objetivo general. Conocer los valores normales hematológicos de sangre de cordón umbilical (serie roja y serie blanca) de los recien nacidos sanos habitantes de 3600 msnm antendidos en el hospital de la Mujer durante la gestión 2002. Diseño. Para responder la pregunta de investigación y cumplir con los objetivos, se diseño un estudio de corte transversal. Contexto o lugar. el estudio fue realizado en un centro de referencia como es el Hospital de la Mujer y se procesaron las muestras en el laboratorio del Instituto de Genética. Pacientes. Recien nacidos atendidos en el Hospital de la Mujer, según tamaño de muestra calculado tomando encuesta un nivel de confianza de 95 porciento, poder del 80 porciento, factor de revalencia para recien nacidos sanos de 65 porciento, dando un total de 297 pacientes; estos niños fieron ejegidos najo los criterios de inclusión y exclusión descritos. Intervención. Los criterios de inclusión fueron los RN sanos de altura (3600 m.s.n.m.) de ambos sexos. Los criterios de exclusión están referidos a Hipertensión materna, ruptura de membranas fetales por mas de 24 horas, fiebre materna, trabajo de arto mayor de 18 horas, presentaciones anormales. apgar menor a 5, etc. Una vez seleccionados los pacientes, se realizó la toma de muestra de angre de cordón umbilical (lado del niño) a libre caida, en el momento del nacimiento, vetiendo una cantidad de 3 ml. Aproximadamente en un tubo colector que contiene EDTA En laboratorio se mide la serie roja a tavés del hematócrito, hemoglobina y características morfológicas de klos eritrocitos en una placa de tinción utilizando la tinción de May Grunwald-Giensa, que al mismo tiempo nos permite analizar la fórmula Leucocitaria y os agregados plaquetarios. Se realizó el recuento de glóbulos blancos y plaquetas con la técnica UnoPett. Mediciones. Todo el equipo humano que realizó la recolección y el procesamiento de las muestras fue entrenado previamente. Se llenó un cuestionario de antecedentes generales para la identificación del niño recien nacido. En laboratorio se utilizó técnicas y equipos validados para realziar el Hto., Hb y el recuento de las células blancas según normas internacionales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Blood , Umbilical Cord/growth & development , Infant, Newborn/growth & development , Infant, Newborn/physiology , Infant, Newborn/metabolism , Hematology
20.
Cuad. Hosp. Clín ; 48(2): 129-134, 2003. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-388652

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto del tratamiento con lagrimas artificiales hipotónicas en pacientes con ojo seco que residen a 3.600 m.s.n.m. Diseño. Ensayo clínico controlado a dobre ciego. Lugar. Clínia del Ojo. Centro de atención Primaria en salud ocular. La Paz-Bolivia. Participantes 90 pacientes fueron divididos end os grupos: experimental y control. Intervenciones. Grupo experimental utilizó lagrimas artificiales hipotónicas, 1 gota 4 qid en ambos ojos. Grupo control, utilizó lagrimas artificiales isotónicas 1 gota 4 qid en ambos ojos, por ellapso de 30 días. Previo consentimiento escrito. Duración total del estudio incluyendo recolección de datos y análisis 8 meses. Mediciones de los resultados principales. Mediciones de los resultados principales. Medición se realizo mediante protocolos pre y pos tratamiento y exámenes bajo lámpara de hendidura. Resultados. Ardor: 26 por ciento del grupo experimental y 20 por ciento del control tuvieron una evolución favorable p<0-05. Quemazon: 29 por ciento del grupo experimental y 13 por cineto del grupo control tuvieron una evolución favorable, p<0.05. Sensación de cuerpo extraño: 21 por ciento del grupo experimental y 19 por ciento del control tuvieron una evolución favorable p<0.05. Fatiga ocular: 20 por ciento del grupo experimental y 19 por ciento del control, tuvieron una evolución favorable p<0.05. Sequedad ocular: 32 por ciento del grupo experimental y 14 por ciento del control tuvieron una evolución favorable p<0.05. Bajo lámpara de hendidura. Grupo experimental: 49 por ciento tuvo mejorías significativas. Grupo control: 27 por ciento tuvo mejorías p<0.01 RRR: 98 pora ciento RRA: 97. NNT: 1.03 Intervalos de confianza de 95 por cieto de RRA y NNT IRA 24 por ciento IRR 18 por ciento NND 4.16. Conclusiones Se sugiere que las lagrimas artificailes hipotónicas son las ideales para el trataemitno del ojo seco en la altura.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Tears , Dry Eye Syndromes/diagnosis , Dry Eye Syndromes/nursing , Ophthalmic Solutions/administration & dosage , Ophthalmic Solutions , Ophthalmic Solutions/therapeutic use , Ophthalmology
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