ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Deaths due to homicides and traffic accidents among youth are a public health issue worldwide. Studies of the complex network of cause and effect on this topic point to both poverty and health inequalities. Different investigational approaches to intentional and unintentional deaths combined with socioeconomic variables can help create a better understanding of the association between violence and socioeconomic conditions. This study analyzed the spatial distribution and potential clusters of risk for intentional and unintentional deaths among youths aged 15-24 years in Goiânia, a newly urbanized city in central Brazil. METHODS: Death data and residential addresses were extracted from the national Mortality Information System and validated by household visits. To detect all potential cases, we prospectively investigated every death classified as a transport accident, assault, legal intervention, intentional self-harm, unknown underlying cause, and undetermined intent according to the ICD-10.The Geographical Information System was used to plot residential addresses, and cases were interactively geocoded to the residential address level using a digital map of the municipality. Spatial scan statistic was applied (Poisson model) to identify clusters of census tracts with high mortality due to intentional injuries and traffic accidents. The socioeconomic variables obtained using census data were compared between the most likely cluster and other areas of the municipality. RESULTS: The most violent deaths among young people were due to intentional injuries. Between August 2005 and August 2006, 145 addresses for cases of intentional injuries and traffic accidents were located and geocoded. No significant clusters for deaths due to traffic accidents were found within the municipality. One significant cluster (RR = 4.65; p = 0.029) composed of 14 cases of intentional deaths, mostly homicides, was detected in an emergent, populated, and very poor area on the outskirts of the town. This cluster had a significantly higher proportion of people with the lowest educational status, lowest income, and poor housing conditions in comparison to the remainder of the municipality. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the link between social inequalities and intentional deaths, clearly showing the need for urgent social interventions to reduce violence and premature mortality.
Subject(s)
Mortality/trends , Urban Population , Violence/classification , Adolescent , Brazil/epidemiology , Female , Health Status Disparities , Humans , Male , Population Surveillance/methods , Social Class , Violence/trends , Young AdultABSTRACT
Estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa, cujo objetivo foi caracterizar o perfil profissional dos enfermeiros do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) que atuam na coordenação da equipe. O questionário, respondido por 94 enfermeiros do PSF de Goiânia-Go, em agosto de 2007, foi analisado pelo programa Epiinfo 3.3.2. Mostrou que a maioria deles é mulher (97,9%), com idade entre 31 e 40 anos (52,1%), formada em média há 9 anos. No PSF, os enfermeiros sinalizaram que raramente realizam territorialização e mapeamento em suas áreas de abrangência e que os profissionais sob sua supervisão raramente realizam atividades de educação em saúde por iniciativa própria. Conhecer a realidade vivida por esses profissionais possibilita o aumento de ações assertivas principalmente no que diz respeito à capacitação, seleção e qualificação.
This descriptive quantitative study aimed to characterize the technical and professional profile of nurses coordinating Family Health Program (FHP) teams. A questionnaire applied to 94 FHP nurses working in Goiânia, Goiás State, in August 2007, and evaluated using Epiinfo 3.3.2 software, showed that most are women (97.9 %) from 31 to 40 years old (52.1 %) who, on average, graduated about 9 years earlier. In the FHP, nurses reported that they rarely perform territorialization or mapping of the areas under their responsibility and that the professionals under their supervision rarely perform any health education activities on their own initiative. Learning the realities of these professionals experience enables assertive actions to be expanded, mainly in capacity-building, selection and qualification.
Estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo, cuyo objetivo fue cracterizar el perfil profesional de los enfermeros del Programa Salud de la Família (PSF) que trabajan en la coordinación del equipo. El cuestionario, respondido por 94 enfermeros del PSF de Goiânia-GO-Brasil, en agosto de 2007, fue analizado por el programa Epiinfo 3.3.2. Mostró que la mayoría de ellos son mujeres (97,9%), con edad entre 31 y 40 años (52,1%), graduadas hace más o menos 9 años. En el PSF, los enfermeros señalaron que raramente hacen territorialización y mapeo en sus áreas de actuación y que los profesionales bajo su supervisión raramente realizan actividades de educación en salud por su propia iniciativa. Conocer la realidad en que viven eses profesionales, nos da la posibilidad de aumentar acciones certeras principalmente en lo que se refiere a la capacitación, selección y calidad.
Subject(s)
Health Services Administration , Community Health Nursing/organization & administration , Community Health Nursing , Nursing, Team/organization & administration , Nurse's Role , National Health Strategies , Nursing, Supervisory/organization & administration , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Health Human Resource Evaluation , Brazil , Quality Assurance, Health CareABSTRACT
This study examined the spatial distribution of childhood community-acquired pneumonia detected through prospective surveillance in Goiânia, Brazil. Three spatial analysis techniques were applied to detect intra-urban geographic aggregation of pneumonia cases: Kernel method, nearest neighbor hierarchical technique, and spatial scan statistic. A total of 724 pneumonia cases confirmed by chest radiography were identified from May 2000 to August 2001. All cases were geocoded on a digital map. The annual pneumonia risk rate was estimated at 566 cases/100,000 children. Analysis using traditional descriptive epidemiology showed a mosaic distribution of pneumonia rates, while GIS methodologies showed a non-random pattern with hot spots of pneumonia. Cluster analysis by spatial scan statistic identified two high-risk areas for pneumonia occurrence, including one most likely cluster (RR = 2.1; p < 0.01) and one secondary cluster (RR = 1.3; p = 0.01). The data used for the study are in line with recent WHO-led efforts to improve and standardize pediatric pneumonia surveillance in developing countries and show how GIS and spatial analysis can be applied to discriminate target areas of pneumonia for public heath intervention.
Subject(s)
Pneumonia/epidemiology , Population Surveillance/methods , Brazil/epidemiology , Child, Preschool , Cluster Analysis , Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology , Demography , Female , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Prospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Este estudo avaliou três técnicas de análise espacial para detectar aglomerados intra-urbanos de casos de pneumonias na infância: método de Kernel, técnica de hierarquia de vizinhos próximos e estatística espacial scan. Setecentos e vinte e quatro casos de pneumonia confirmados radiologicamente foram identificados entre maio de 2000 a agosto de 2001, por vigilância prospectiva implementada em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Todos os casos foram georreferenciados em mapa digital. A incidência anual de pneumonia foi de 566 casos/100 mil crianças. Utilizando-se análise descritiva tradicional obteve-se uma distribuição em mosaico das taxas de incidência de pneumonia, enquanto a utilização de métodos espaciais mostrou uma distribuição não aleatória dos casos. A estatística espacial scan identificou duas áreas de alto risco para ocorrência de pneumonia, incluindo um aglomerado primário (RR = 2,1; p < 0,01) e um aglomerado secundário (RR = 1,3; p = 0,01). Os dados utilizados neste estudo mostram como o sistema de informação geográfica e a análise espacial podem ser aplicados para a identificação de áreas alvo de pneumonia para intervenções em saúde pública.