Recurrent Intra-Stent Coronary Restenosis in a Carrier of Non-Disease-Specific Antinuclear Antibodies.

Intracoronary in-stent restenosis (ISR) is a phenomenon that generally occurs between 3 and 6 months after stent placement. With the introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES), the incidence of ISR has decreased but not disappeared. We report a case of reiterant in-stent restenosis of an 81-year-old female patient who underwent multiple percutaneous coronary intervention and two coronary artery bypass surgeries. ISR is possibly associated with extra-stent, stent-related and intra-stent factors. Here, we excluded the first two and focused on the intra-stent factors that seem more likely in our case. A challenging diagnostic workup led us to the hypothesis of a coronary vasculitis potentially triggered by some component of the stent in a predisposed patient carrier of non-disease-specific ANA, with an exaggerated immune response. No recurrence of ISR occurred after the introduction of steroids. Biological and intra-stent causes of ISR should be taken into careful consideration to aim for the early detection of the underlying mechanism of restenosis and to embrace the best therapeutic strategy. LEARNING POINTS: Intra-stent restenosis is possibly associated with extra-stent, stent-related and intra-stent factors.Coronary vasculitis is potentially triggered by some component of the stent in a predisposed patient.Immunosuppressive treatment should be taken into consideration in case of recurrent intra-stent restenosis.

Pericardial anisakiasis: unravelling diagnostic challenges in an unprecedented extra-abdominal manifestation: a case report.

Background: Anisakis infects humans by consuming contaminated undercooked or raw fish, leading to gastric anisakiasis, gastro-allergic anisakiasis, or asymptomatic contamination. Although larvae usually die when penetrating the gastric tissue, cases of intra- and extra-abdominal spread were described. We report the first probable case of pericardial anisakiasis. Case summary: A 26-year-old man presented to the emergency department because of progressive lower limb oedema and exertional dyspnoea. Two months prior, he had consumed raw fish without any gastrointestinal symptoms. The echocardiogram reported a circumferential pericardial effusion ('swinging heart') and mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). He was diagnosed with myopericarditis after a cardiac magnetic resonance. A fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan revealed an intense pericardial metabolism. Blood tests exhibited persistent eosinophilia and mild elevation of Anisakis simplex IgE-as for past infestation. A pericardial drainage was performed, subsequently, serial echocardiograms revealed a spontaneous recovery of his LVEF. No autoimmune, allergic, or onco-haematologic diseases were identified. Based on a history of feeding with potentially contaminated raw fish and on long-lasting eosinophilia, we suspected a pericardial anisakiasis, despite a low but persistent titre of specific IgE. Albendazole was administered for 21 days, along with colchicine and ibuprofen for 2 months; pericardial effusion resolution and eosinophil normalization occurred two weeks after. Discussion: We hypothesized that Anisakis larvae may have migrated outside the gastrointestinal tract, penetrating the diaphragm and settling in the pericardium, causing pericarditis and pericardial effusion. Clinicians should know that the pericardium may be another extra-abdominal localization of anisakiasis, beyond pleuro-pulmonary involvement.

Infective endocarditis in octogenarians. A retrospective study in a single, high-volume surgical centre.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Little is known about the best management of elderly patients with IE. In these patients, surgery may be challenging. Our study aimed to describe IE's features in octogenarians and to identify the independent predictors of mortality, focusing on the prognostic impact of disability. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 551 consecutive patients admitted to a single surgical centre with a definite diagnosis of non-device-related infective endocarditis; of these, 97 (17.6%) were older than 80 years. RESULTS: In patients under eighty, males were mostly involved with a sex ratio exceeding 2:1. This ratio was inverted in older people, where the female gender represented 53.6% of the total. Enterococci (29.8 vs. 17.4%, p = 0.005) were significantly more frequent than in younger people. Comorbidities were more frequent in elderly patients; consequently, EuroSCORE II was higher (median ± IQR 16.4 ± 21.1 vs. 5.0 ± 10.3, p = 0.001). In octogenarians, IE was more frequently left-sided (97.9 vs. 89.8%, p = 0.011). Octogenarians were more often excluded from surgery despite indication (23.7 vs. 8.1%, p = 0.001) and had higher three-year mortality (45.3 vs. 30.6%, p = 0.005) than younger patients. In elderly patients, age did not independently predict mortality, while exclusion from surgery and a high grade of disability did. CONCLUSIONS: Octogenarians with IE have specific clinical and microbiological characteristics. Older patients are more often excluded from surgery, and the overall prognosis is poor. Age per se should not be a reason to deny surgery, while disability predicts futility.

The evolving paradigm and current perception of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Implications for management.

Recent evidence from imaging and genetic screening studies has clearly shown that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is more common than initially perceived, emphasizing the need to reassess its associated clinical and social burden. While clinical and academic efforts have long been focused on stratification of arrhythmic risk and management of intraventricular obstruction, progression of cardiac dysfunction and heart failure-related complications have emerged as most relevant from the epidemiological standpoint, delineating a major unmet need. Furthermore, a broader perspective of our patients' needs has become central in the care of individuals with HCM, addressing issues that are not strictly clinical but equally important to their wellbeing, such as quality of life, athletic participation, lifestyle and reproductive choices and psychological adaptation to a chronic condition often detected at a young age. The appropriate evaluation and objective assessment of disease burden associated with HCM are increasingly relevant not only to management but also to trial design and evaluation of the efficacy of emerging, targeted treatments. In this review, we discuss the evolving perception of HCM prevalence and natural history, as well as recent acquisitions regarding its true, often under-appreciated socio-economic and clinical burden.

Impact of cardiac surgery on left-sided infective endocarditis with intermediate-length vegetations.

OBJECTIVE: The best strategy to manage patients with left-sided infective endocarditis (IE) and intermediate-length vegetations (10-15 mm) remains uncertain. We aimed to evaluate the role of surgery in patients with intermediate-length vegetations and no other European Society of Cardiology guidelines-approved surgical indication. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 638 consecutive patients admitted to three academic centres (Amiens, Marseille and Florence University Hospitals) between 2012 and 2022 for left-sided definite IE (native or prosthetic) with intermediate-length vegetations (10-15 mm). We compared four clinical groups: medically (n=50) or surgically (n=345) treated complicated IE, medically (n=194) or surgically (n=49) treated uncomplicated IE. RESULTS: Mean age was 67±14 years. Women were 182 (28.6%). The rate of embolic events on admission was 40% in medically treated and 61% in surgically treated complicated IE, 31% in medically treated and 26% in surgically treated uncomplicated IE. The analysis of all-cause mortality showed the lowest 5-year survival rate for medically treated complicated IE (53.7%). We found a similar 5-year survival rate for surgically treated complicated IE (71.4%) and medically treated uncomplicated IE (68.4%). The highest 5-year survival rate was observed in surgically treated uncomplicated IE group (82.4%, log-rank p<0.001). The analysis of the propensity score-matched cohort estimated an HR of 0.23 for uncomplicated IE treated surgically compared with medical therapy (p=0.005, 95% CI: 0.079 to 0.656). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that surgery is associated with lower all-cause mortality than medical therapy in patients with uncomplicated left-sided IE with intermediate-length vegetations even in the absence of other guideline-based indications.

Cardiac sarcoidosis in a carrier of transthyretin gene mutation: a case report.

Background: Sarcoidosis is a rare multiorgan inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology, characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas in the affected organs. Cardiac involvement is underrecognized and observed in up to 25% of cases in autopsy studies, and is associated with a high mortality rate, especially due to sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmias. Case summary: A 41-year-old man well known to our hospital because of his father's diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis, and carrier of transthyretin (TTR) gene mutation, was hospitalized following a resuscitated cardiac arrest. The patient was hospitalized a month before for a syncopal episode with demonstration of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with akinetic basal septum at heart ultrasound and normal coronary. Chest computed tomography, performed in the emergency department, was significant for hilar lymphadenopathies and pulmonary nodules highly suggestive of sarcoidosis. A subsequent 18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) showed multiorgan phlogistic involvement, including the myocardium. After the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis, the patient was started on steroids therapy and underwent ICD implantation. A follow-up 18-FDG-PET showed a reduction of organs glucose uptake and a follow-up echo an improvement in LVEF. Despite that, he occurs occasional recording of repetitive ventricular arrhythmias and one appropriate ICD shock during the next 12 months. Discussion: Cardiac sarcoidosis is an insidious disease. Its diagnosis can be challenging, with no specific finding in echocardiography. The best strategy would be multi-modality imaging involving both magnetic resonance imaging with late gadolinium enhancement and 18-FDG-PET, followed by biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. Multi-modality imaging should be further used to evaluate the response to treatment and assess prognosis. Since the patient was a known carrier of the TTR gene mutation, many efforts were made in order to come up with the correct diagnosis considering that both cardiac amyloidosis and cardiac sarcoidosis are non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy with systemic involvement.

Persistent respiratory failure after SARS-CoV-2 infection: The role of dual energy computed tomography. A case report.

Background: COVID-19 disease is often complicated by respiratory failure, developing through multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, with pulmonary embolism (PE) and microvascular thrombosis as key and frequent components. Newer imaging modalities such as dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) can represent a turning point in the diagnosis and follow-up of suspected PE during COVID-19. Case presentation: A 78-year-old female presented to our internal medicine 3 weeks after initial hospitalization for COVID-19 disease, for recrudescent respiratory failure needing oxygen therapy. A computed tomography (CT) lungs scan showed a typical SARSCoV-2 pneumonia. Over the following 15 days, respiratory function gradually improved. Unexpectedly, after 21 days from symptom onset, the patient started complaining of breath shortening with remarkable desaturation requiring high-flow oxygen ventilation. CT pulmonary angiography and transthoracic echocardiography were negative for signs of PE. Thereby, Dual-energy CT angiography of the lungs (DECT) was performed and detected diffuse peripheral microembolism. After 2 weeks, a second DECT was performed, showing a good response to the anticoagulation regimen, with reduced extent of microembolism and some of the remaining emboli partially recanalized. Discussion: DECT is an emerging diagnostic technique providing both functional and anatomical information. DECT has been reported to produce a much sharper delineation of perfusion defects than pulmonary scintigraphy, using a significantly lower equivalent dose of mSv. We highlight that DECT is particularly useful in SARS-Cov-2 infection, in order to determine the predominant underlying pathophysiology, particularly when respiratory failure prolongs despite improved lung parenchymal radiological findings.

The Effects of Pain and Analgesic Medications on Blood Pressure.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the blood pressure (BP) effects of pain and analgesic medications and to help interpret BP changes in people suffering from acute or chronic pain. RECENT FINDINGS: Acute pain evokes a stress response which prompts a transient BP increase. Chronic pain is associated with impaired regulation of cardiovascular and analgesia systems, which may predispose to persistent BP elevation. Also analgesics may have BP effects, which vary according to the drug class considered. Data on paracetamol are controversial, while multiple studies indicate that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may increase BP, with celecoxib showing a lesser impact. Hypotension has been reported with opioid drugs. Among adjuvants, tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors could be pro-hypertensive due to potentiation of adrenergic transmission. Pain and analgesics may induce a clinically significant BP destabilization. The implications on hypertension incidence and BP control remain unclear and should be explored in future studies.

Impact of septic cerebral embolism on prognosis and therapeutic strategies of infective endocarditis: a retrospective study in a surgical centre.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis still has high mortality and invalidating complications, such as cerebral embolism. The best strategies to prevent and manage neurologic complications remain uncertain. This study aimed to identify predictors of cerebral septic embolism and evaluate the role of surgery in these patients in a real-world surgical centre. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 551 consecutive patients admitted to our department with a definite diagnosis of non-device-related infective endocarditis; of these, 126 (23%) presented a neurologic complication. RESULTS: Cerebral embolism was significantly more frequent in patients with large vegetations (p = 0.004), mitral valve infection (p = 0.001), and Staphylococcus aureus infection (p = 0.025). At multivariable analysis, only vegetation length was an independent predictor of cerebral embolism (HR per unit 1.057, 95% CI 1.025-1.091, p 0.001), with a best predictive threshold of 10 mm at ROC curve analysis (AUC 0.54, p = 0.001). Patients with neurologic complications were more often excluded from surgery despite an indication to it (16% vs 8%, p = 0.001). If eligible, they were treated within two weeks from diagnosis in similar proportions as patients without cerebral embolism with a similar survival rate. Predictors of mortality were hemorrhagic lesions (p = 0.018), a GCS < 14 (p = 0.001) or a severe degree of disability (p = 0.001) at presentation. The latter was the only independent predictor of mortality at multivariable analysis (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.43-3.80, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study highlights the prognostic value of functional presentation and the safety of cardiac surgery, when feasible, in patients with cerebral septic embolism.

Echocardiographic Abnormalities in Adults With Anorexia Nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorder that may lead to cardiac complications. The objective of this study was to evaluate global and regional longitudinal strain changes in patients affected by AN as an early marker of myocardial damage. We prospectively enrolled 48 consecutive patients with AN and 44 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls. In all subjects, we performed echocardiography, including global longitudinal strain (GLS) measurement. A subset of 33 patients with AN had further echocardiographic examinations during the follow-up. Compared with healthy controls, patients with AN had a greater prevalence of pericardial effusion (9 of 48 vs 0 of 44, p = 0.003), a smaller left ventricular mass (63 ± 15 vs 99 ± 30 g, p < 0.001), a lower absolute value of GLS (-18.9 ± 2.8 vs -20.2 ± 1.8%, p = 0.010) and of basal LS (-15.4 ± 6.0 vs -19.4 ± 2.6%, p < 0.001). The bull's eye mapping showed a plot pattern with blue basal areas in 18 of 48 patients with AN versus 1 of 44 controls (p < 0.001). During the follow-up, of 13 patients with blue areas in the first bull's eye mapping, 11 recovered completely, and of 20 patients with a red bull's eye at the first examination, none presented blue areas at the second one. In conclusion, GLS is significantly altered in patients with AN, and a basal blue pattern on bull's eye mapping identifies more severe cases. These changes seem to be reversible.