Comparison of Brazilian High- and Maximum-Containment Laboratories Biosafety and Biosecurity Regulations to Legal Frameworks in the United States and Other Countries: Gaps and Opportunities.

Introduction: Although the United States and other countries have implemented comprehensive legislation, regulations, and policies to support biosafety and biosecurity of high- and maximum-containment laboratories, Brazil's legislation has notable gaps and inconsistencies. Objective: To evaluate the Brazilian approach to ensuring nationwide biosafety and biosecurity oversight and governance of high- and maximum-containment laboratories. Methods: A systematic gap analysis was conducted to compare Brazilian biosafety and biosecurity legislation, regulations, and policies with their international counterparts, with a particular focus on the oversight and governance of high- and maximum-containment laboratories. Results: We found that Brazilian biosafety and biosecurity legislation, regulations, and policies have relevant gaps. Governance and regulatory oversight of Brazil's high- and maximum-containment laboratories are decentralized with variable levels of adherence to commonly accepted global biosafety and biosecurity compliance standards. These findings represent a limitation not only to governance but also to the preparedness to face current and future challenges related to emergent infectious diseases in Brazil. Enhancing the Brazilian legal framework on laboratory biosafety and biosecurity is necessary and urgent. Reviewing the lessons learned and regulations applied in the United States and other international frameworks helped identify potential areas for improving Brazil's ability to inventory and manage its diverse biocontainment laboratory capabilities and assure these valuable resources align with national needs and priorities. Conclusion: The Brazilian government has an opportunity to revise and improve upon a national set of legislation, regulations, and policies for its high- and maximum-containment laboratories, taking advantage of legislation and guidelines published by other countries.

Cardiac Manifestations Associated With Coronavirus Disease: A Case Report

Abstract This study presents a 47-year-old female patient, with a history of diabetes, who contracted SARS-CoV-2 and exhibited cardiovascular complications.

Episodic memory training in elderly: A systematic review.

Introduction: Episodic memory is a cognitive process that allows the recall of experiences, learning, and the pursuit of future goals. During the aging process, episodic memory declines negatively, impacting social and psychological aspects in the elderly. Such intervention strategies as cognitive training are non-pharmacological ways of reducing these losses. Objective: We systematically reviewed studies of the cognitive training of episodic memory in healthy elderly individuals and elderly individuals with clinical conditions. Method: We systematically searched the PubMed, PsycNET, Web of Science, and SciELO databases using the descriptors "Episodic Memory" AND "Training" AND "Elderly" OR "Aging" OR "Dementia" in English and translated into Portuguese. Results: Of the 572 articles that were identified by the search, 23 were included in the final analysis. The main variables that comprised the intervention protocols (i.e., characteristics of the sample, type of control group, mode of episodic memory training, and duration of training) were investigated, as well as the outcome variables, efficacy, and risk of bias. The main results indicated effectiveness with regard to different forms of the cognitive training of episodic memory. Conclusion: Episodic memory training among the elderly can mitigate the negative effects of cognitive decline in dementia and healthy subjects promoting impacts at social, psychological, and economic levels. Although it is a widely studied topic, further empirical studies on the utility of episodic memory training in healthy elderly individuals and elderly individuals with clinical conditions are still needed.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Oral Health Values Scale for the Portuguese Population.

Background: To adapt and validate cross-culturally the Oral Health Values (OHVS) questionnaire to Portuguese language. Methods: The OHVS questionnaire was culturally translated and adapted according to international guidelines. We enrolled 280 patients in a population-based epidemiological survey conducted at the Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (Almada, Portugal). The participants answered the Portuguese version of the OHVS (OHVS-PT), which is a 12-item scale with four-factor structure (Professional Dental Care, Appearance and Health, Flossing and Retaining Natural Teeth factor). Psychometric properties were tested using content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and test−retest reliability. Results: The OHVS-PT presented adequate reliability (ICC = 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86; 0.97, p < 0.001) with values for the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the sub-constructs ranging from 0.92 to 0.98. In the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the final models presented good fit, with the Comparative Fit Indices ranging from 0.882 to 0.891 and the root-mean-squared error of Approximation between 0.065 and 0.069. Conclusions: The OHVS-PT was shown to be a valid and reliable tool to assess oral health values in a Portuguese population. Further studies should evaluate the psychometric properties of the oral personal representation on dental specialties and its impact on dental appointments and procedures.

Moving far from water: unusual dispersal movement of the water opossum (Chironectes minimus: Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae) in central Brazil / Afastando-se da água: movimento de dispersão incomum da cuica d'água (Chironectes minimus: Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae) no Brasil central

Abstract: Unusual movements of an animal can potentially represent a dispersal event. A higher frequency of young males dispersing is a pattern observed for most part of polygynous or promiscuous mammals with these dispersion events occurring, mainly, before or at the beginning of the breeding season. The water opossum (Chironectes minimus), the only marsupial adapted for semi-aquatic life, occurs from Mexico to Argentina and it has been mostly described as a sensitive species to river and riparian vegetation degradation, occurring exclusively near water curses. Here we describe the first record of long-distance movement of a water opossum not associated with riverine vegetation through dry land. We captured a healthy adult male of C. minimus in July 2012 beside of a highway (DF-001) located 1,100 m from nearest gallery forest in the Federal District. The region is characterized by urban and suburban residential, small fragments of typical savanna and degraded gallery forests. Our unique record could be an event of dispersion through degraded dry lands as observed for other semi-aquatic mammals and also suggests that this species is more resistant to anthropogenic disturbances than previously described. Also, information about dispersal patterns of water opossum is scarce and may contributes to a deeper understanding of ecological requirements of this species.

Resumo: Deslocamentos incomuns realizados por um animal podem representar potencialmente um evento de dispersão. Grande parte dos mamíferos poligínicos ou promíscuos, apresentam uma maior frequência de machos jovens dispersando, e esses eventos ocorrem, principalmente, antes ou no início da estação reprodutiva. A cuíca d'água (Chironectes minimus), único marsupial adaptado à vida semiaquática, ocorre do México à Argentina. Tem sido descrito principalmente como uma espécie sensível à degradação de cursos d'água e matas ciliares, ocorrendo exclusivamente próximo aos cursos d'água. Desta forma, descrevemos aqui o primeiro registro do deslocamento de longa distância de uma cuíca d'água não associado à vegetação ribeirinha através de um ambiente seco. Capturamos um macho adulto saudável de C. minimus em julho de 2012 à margem de uma rodovia (DF-001) localizada a 1.100 m da mata de galeria mais próxima no Distrito Federal. A região é caracterizada por residências urbanas e suburbanas, pequenos fragmentos de cerrado sentido restrito e matas de galeria degradadas. Nosso registro singular pode ser um evento de dispersão através de ambientes secos antropizados, conforme observado para outros mamíferos semiaquáticos, o que, também, sugere que esta espécie é mais resistente a distúrbios antropogênicos do que descrito anteriormente. Além disso, as informações sobre os padrões de dispersão da cuíca d'água são escassas e podem contribuir para um entendimento mais profundo dos requisitos ecológicos desta espécie.

The impact of learning on perceptual decisions and its implication for speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

In standard models of perceptual decision-making, noisy sensory evidence is considered to be the primary source of choice errors and the accumulation of evidence needed to overcome this noise gives rise to speed-accuracy tradeoffs. Here, we investigated how the history of recent choices and their outcomes interact with these processes using a combination of theory and experiment. We found that the speed and accuracy of performance of rats on olfactory decision tasks could be best explained by a Bayesian model that combines reinforcement-based learning with accumulation of uncertain sensory evidence. This model predicted the specific pattern of trial history effects that were found in the data. The results suggest that learning is a critical factor contributing to speed-accuracy tradeoffs in decision-making, and that task history effects are not simply biases but rather the signatures of an optimal learning strategy.

Eu não posso respirar: asfixiados pelocoronavírus e pelo Estado racializado / I cannot breathe: asphyxiated by coronavirus and the racialized state

Conclamamos, aqui, o campo da Saúde Coletiva a aquiescer a necessidadede colocarmos raça como a questão central para se pensar Estado em tempos de pandemia (embora estejamos afinados com a tese da interseccionalidade entre raça,gênero e classe, acreditamos que o racismo é o traço mais definidor e pernicioso do Estado moderno em geral e do Estado brasileiro em particular; daí inclusive, e por razão de espaço, nosso foco exclusivo aqui). Racismo ou antirracismo, eis a questão. No que segue deste comentário ensaístico,faremos uma discussão histórico-conceitual acerca da ideia de Estado racializado e em sua relação com o SUS; na sequência, falaremos da experiência de resistência queo movimento “Nós por Nós”’ vem tendo frente o operar desse Estado racializado no Rio de Janeiro durante a pandemia

Neotropical carnivores: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non‐detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non‐governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peerreviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non‐detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio‐temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other largescale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

Learning optimal decisions with confidence.

Diffusion decision models (DDMs) are immensely successful models for decision making under uncertainty and time pressure. In the context of perceptual decision making, these models typically start with two input units, organized in a neuron-antineuron pair. In contrast, in the brain, sensory inputs are encoded through the activity of large neuronal populations. Moreover, while DDMs are wired by hand, the nervous system must learn the weights of the network through trial and error. There is currently no normative theory of learning in DDMs and therefore no theory of how decision makers could learn to make optimal decisions in this context. Here, we derive such a rule for learning a near-optimal linear combination of DDM inputs based on trial-by-trial feedback. The rule is Bayesian in the sense that it learns not only the mean of the weights but also the uncertainty around this mean in the form of a covariance matrix. In this rule, the rate of learning is proportional (respectively, inversely proportional) to confidence for incorrect (respectively, correct) decisions. Furthermore, we show that, in volatile environments, the rule predicts a bias toward repeating the same choice after correct decisions, with a bias strength that is modulated by the previous choice's difficulty. Finally, we extend our learning rule to cases for which one of the choices is more likely a priori, which provides insights into how such biases modulate the mechanisms leading to optimal decisions in diffusion models.

The mechanistic foundation of Weber's law.

Although Weber's law is the most firmly established regularity in sensation, no principled way has been identified to choose between its many proposed explanations. We investigated Weber's law by training rats to discriminate the relative intensity of sounds at the two ears at various absolute levels. These experiments revealed the existence of a psychophysical regularity, which we term time-intensity equivalence in discrimination (TIED), describing how reaction times change as a function of absolute level. The TIED enables the mathematical specification of the computational basis of Weber's law, placing strict requirements on how stimulus intensity is encoded in the stochastic activity of sensory neurons and revealing that discriminative choices must be based on bounded exact accumulation of evidence. We further demonstrate that this mechanism is not only necessary for the TIED to hold but is also sufficient to provide a virtually complete quantitative description of the behavior of the rats.

The impact of botfly parasitism on the health of the gracile mouse opossum (Gracilinanus agilis).

Fragmented habitats generally harbour small populations that are potentially more prone to local extinctions caused by biotic factors such as parasites. We evaluated the effects of botflies (Cuterebra apicalis) on naturally fragmented populations of the gracile mouse opossum (Gracilinanus agilis). We examined how sex, food supplementation experiment, season and daily climatic variables affected body condition and haemoglobin concentration in animals that were parasitized or not by botflies. Although parasitism did not affect body condition, haemoglobin concentrations were lower in parasitized animals. Among the non-parasitized individuals, haemoglobin concentration increased with the increase of maximum temperature and the decrease of relative humidity, a climatic pattern found at the peak of the dry season. However, among parasitized animals, the opposite relationship between haemoglobin concentration and relative humidity occurred, as a consequence of parasite-induced anaemia interacting with dehydration as an additional stressor. We conclude that it is critical to assess how climate affects animal health (through blood parameters) to understand the population consequences of parasitism on the survival of individuals and hence of small population viability.

The interaction between doctors and nurses in the context of a hospital ward. / A interação entre médicos e enfermeiras em um contexto hospitalar.

This article addresses a fundamental, albeit scarcely discussed, issue in health studies: the relationship between doctors and nurses. We rely on a ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews undertaken in a female ward of a public hospital in order to analyze certain aspects of these relationships, based on hermeneutics and science studies. The empiric observation showed that Doctors organized their practice and clinical decisions on certain abstractions and dialogued in a structured, highly specialized and restricted language. Nurses materialized medical decisions, guided by the prescriptions. They had no room to interfere in clinical decisions, being very busy with their tasks and not dominating the clinical discourse, which is crucial for discussing the decisions. In the context of this study, physicians and nurses maintained a distance established by the theory, technique and values shared by each professional group. Thus, we suggest that knowledge, practices and medical values and nurses were incommensurate with each other, and that this directly affected the health care actions performed in that setting.

Este artigo visa lidar com um assunto fundamental e pouco discutido entre as pessoas que estudam, debatem e experimentam o trabalho em saúde: as relações entre médicos e enfermeiras. Para isso, nos baseamos na experiência etnográfica em uma enfermaria feminina de um hospital público para elaborar algumas reflexões sobre tais relações. Experiência etnográfica que se inspirou na hermenêutica e nos "science studies" e fez uso de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Tal experiência revelou médicos que organizavam suas práticas e decisões clínicas a partir de abstrações e dialogavam em termos que estruturavam um discurso altamente especializado e restrito. As enfermeiras materializavam as decisões médicas, orientadas a partir das prescrições. Não tinham espaço para interferir nas decisões clínicas por estarem atarefadas no limite do tempo e por não dominarem o discurso clínico, crucial para os debates quanto às decisões. No contexto desta experiência, entre médicos e enfermeiras havia uma distância garantida pela teoria, técnica e valores compartilhados por cada grupo profissional. Assim, sugerimos que os saberes, práticas e valores de médicos e enfermeiras eram incomensuráveis entre si, e que isto afetava diretamente as ações em saúde cotidianas.

A interação entre médicos e enfermeiras em um contexto hospitalar / The interaction between doctors and nurses in the context of a hospital ward

Resumo Este artigo visa lidar com um assunto fundamental e pouco discutido entre as pessoas que estudam, debatem e experimentam o trabalho em saúde: as relações entre médicos e enfermeiras. Para isso, nos baseamos na experiência etnográfica em uma enfermaria feminina de um hospital público para elaborar algumas reflexões sobre tais relações. Experiência etnográfica que se inspirou na hermenêutica e nos "science studies" e fez uso de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Tal experiência revelou médicos que organizavam suas práticas e decisões clínicas a partir de abstrações e dialogavam em termos que estruturavam um discurso altamente especializado e restrito. As enfermeiras materializavam as decisões médicas, orientadas a partir das prescrições. Não tinham espaço para interferir nas decisões clínicas por estarem atarefadas no limite do tempo e por não dominarem o discurso clínico, crucial para os debates quanto às decisões. No contexto desta experiência, entre médicos e enfermeiras havia uma distância garantida pela teoria, técnica e valores compartilhados por cada grupo profissional. Assim, sugerimos que os saberes, práticas e valores de médicos e enfermeiras eram incomensuráveis entre si, e que isto afetava diretamente as ações em saúde cotidianas.

Abstract This article addresses a fundamental, albeit scarcely discussed, issue in health studies: the relationship between doctors and nurses. We rely on a ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews undertaken in a female ward of a public hospital in order to analyze certain aspects of these relationships, based on hermeneutics and science studies. The empiric observation showed that Doctors organized their practice and clinical decisions on certain abstractions and dialogued in a structured, highly specialized and restricted language. Nurses materialized medical decisions, guided by the prescriptions. They had no room to interfere in clinical decisions, being very busy with their tasks and not dominating the clinical discourse, which is crucial for discussing the decisions. In the context of this study, physicians and nurses maintained a distance established by the theory, technique and values shared by each professional group. Thus, we suggest that knowledge, practices and medical values and nurses were incommensurate with each other, and that this directly affected the health care actions performed in that setting.

'Sobre o conceito da História' na saúde coletiva / 'On the concept of History' in public health

RESUMO Nesse ensaio, cujo título é inspirado na pequena obra-prima 'Sobre o conceito da História', de Walter Benjamin, narra-se a história da saúde coletiva, em conexão com o ser social brasileiro, por meio de doze teses concatenadas e, concomitantemente, independentes entre si; mais precisamente, dadas as divergências pontuais entre os autores, pode-se dizer que o texto apresenta teses e, por assim dizer, algumas antíteses. Sem deixar de reconhecer a relevância que o campo da saúde coletiva e o Movimento Sanitarista possuem nos rumos da saúde pública e da sociedade brasileira, encadeia-se o argumento de que ambos não ficaram imunes àquilo que se cunha aqui de SER (Sexismo, Elitismo e Racismo) - modo de ser constitutivo da modernidade e do ocidente -, responsável pelo não ser da maioria dita 'minorias', sobretudo dos cinco 'pês' de periferias: pobres, pretos, 'psicóticos', 'putas' e 'paraíbas'. Para fundamentar essa tese (ou teses), os autores irmanam-se, cada um à sua maneira, ao conhecimento cultivado e ofertado por intelectuais negras e negros, bem como a autoras e autores que contribuem para a descolonização dos saberes e práticas, incluindo alguns europeus, em direção à libertação coletiva.

ABSTRACT In this essay, whose title is inspired by the master piece 'On the concept of the History' by Walter Benjamin, we tell the history of the collective health, in connection to the Brazilian social human being, through twelve theses concatenated and concomitantly independent among them, precisely given some pointed divergences among us - the authors. We can say that the text presents theses and therefore some antitheses. We do acknowledge the relevance that the field of the collective health and the Sanitarian Movement have in the collective health and the Brazilian society; we linked the argument that both would not be immune to that which we here called: SER (Sexism, Elitism, Racism) - a way of being constitutive of our western and modern society -, responsible for the not-being of the majority which is called minority, mainly of the 5 archetypes of the Outskirts: 'the Poor, the Black, the Psychotic, the Prostitute, the Northeastern'. To ground this thesis (or theses), we fraternized ourselves, each one to his/her way, to the provided and cultivated knowledge by the black scholars as well as the authors who contribute to the decolonization of our knowledge and practices, including some Europeans, towards collective emancipation.

A atualidade da 'pedagogia do oprimido' nos seus 50 anos: a pedagogia da revolução de paulo freire / The currentness of the 'pedagogy of the oppressed' in its 50th anniversary: paulo freire's pedagogy of revolution / La actualidad de la 'pedagogía del oprimido' en sus 50 años: la pedagogía de la revolución de paulo freire

Resumo Neste ensaio, para celebrar os cinquenta anos do seu manuscrito, nós revisitamos o clássico Pedagogia do Oprimido, de Paulo Freire. Em tempos difíceis no Brasil e de Movimento Escola sem Partido, dentre tantos outros 'avanços' do conservadorismo, a obra magna do patrono da educação brasileira está mais atual e vigorosa do que nunca. Aqui, embora reconhecendo que o ensaio de Freire significou certa 'revolução' da pedagogia, nosso foco incide sobre aquela que julgamos ser, apesar de pouco debatida, sua tese central - a da pedagogia da revolução. Além disso, no final, mostramos que Freire foi um dos precursores no Brasil do pensamento pós-colonial, devendo, portanto, servir como um ponto de interseção com essa corrente libertária cujo renascimento renova as esperanças e a utopia da esquerda.

Abstract In the present essay, in celebration of the 50th anniversary of his manuscript, we revisit the classic book Pedagogy of the Oppressed, by Paulo Freire. Amidst difficult times for Brazil, and at a time in which we see the rise of the Non-Partisan School Movement (Movimento Escola sem Partido, in Portuguese), among other 'advancements' of conservatism, the masterpiece of the patron of Brazilian education is more current and vigorous than ever before. Here, even though we recognize that Freire's essay meant a certain 'revolution' in pedagogy, our focus is on what we consider his central, though little debated, thesis: the pedagogy of revolution. Moreover, in the end, we show that Freire was one of the pioneers in Brazil of the post-colonial thinking, and this must work as a point of convergence with this libertarian school of thought, whose revival renews the hopes and utopia of the Left.

Resumen En este ensayo, volvimos sobre el clásico Pedagogía del Oprimido, de Paulo Freire, con motivo de la celebración de los cincuenta años de su manuscrito. En tiempos difíciles en Brasil y del Movimiento "Escuela sin Partido", entre tantos otros 'avances' del conservadurismo, la obra magna del patrono de la educación brasileña se muestra más actual y cobra más fuerza que nunca. Aquí, si bien reconocemos que el ensayo de Freire implicó una cierta 'revolución' en la pedagogía, nuestro análisis se centra sobre lo que consideramos como su tesis central, más allá que ha sido poco debatida - la de la pedagogía de la revolución. Así mismo, en el final, mostramos que Freire fue uno de los precursores en Brasil del pensamiento poscolonial, debiendo por lo tanto servir como un punto de intersección con esa corriente libertaria cuyo renacimiento renueva las esperanzas y la utopía de la izquierda.