ABSTRACT
Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in women in the world. In Mexico, since 2006, this disease has become the leading cancer-related cause of death in women. It is estimated that incidence and mortality will continue to rise due to population aging, to changes in reproductive patterns, to a higher prevalence of risk factors and to limited access to medical care, resulting in delayed early diagnosis and timely treatment. The latter factors are the ones to improve in developing countries to decrease the high incidence and mortality associated with this disease. Recently, there is a great interest regarding breast cancer heterogeneity, and it is anticipated that the application of new technologies will improve our comprehension of this disease and will be reflected in a benefit for patients in the short term. Here, we review updated information on molecular diagnosis and therapeutics, as well as recent highlights in the biology of breast cancer.
A nivel mundial, el cáncer de mama es el tipo de cáncer más frecuente en la mujer. En México, a partir del año 2006, esta enfermedad se ha convertido en la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en las mujeres. Se estima que la incidencia y mortalidad seguirán aumentando debido al envejecimiento poblacional, a los cambios en los patrones reproductivos, a una mayor prevalencia de los factores de riesgo y a los problemas para el acceso inmediato a la atención médica, teniendo como consecuencia retrasos para el diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento oportuno. Estos últimos parecen ser los factores más importantes por mejorar en los países en desarrollo para tratar de disminuir la alta incidencia y mortalidad asociadas a la enfermedad. En años recientes, se ha generado un gran interés sobre la heterogeneidad del cáncer de mama y se anticipa que la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías pueda mejorar nuestra comprensión de cada uno de los subtipos de la enfermedad y lograr así un beneficio para las pacientes a corto plazo. Esta revisión pretende recopilar información actualizada sobre los avances en diagnósticos moleculares y terapéuticos, así como en la comprensión de la biología de la enfermedad.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The term chronic appendicitis has been used to describe any type of chronic pain that originates in the appendix, with or without inflammation. This broad category can be divided more specifically into: chronic or recurrent appendicitis and appendiceal colic pain. CLINICAL CASE: a 41-year-old female, suffering intestinal chronic constipation, abdominal pain, nausea, hiporexia and febricula, treated with antibiotics, vermifuges, analgesics and antispasmodics, showing a slight and partial improvement. She was suffering chronic pain in lower abdomen, mostly on the right side along a year. With these symptoms, she underwent an exploratory laparotomy, that showed chronic appendicitis. Appendix had been removed. The histopathological report corresponded to chronic appendicitis. CONCLUSIONS: the histopathological characteristics and the clinical manifestations of the chronic appendicitis are different from those of acute appendicitis. Criteria for chronic appendicitis include: symptoms lasting longer than 4 weeks, confirmation of chronic swelling through histopathological examination, improvement of symptoms after appendectomy. The ultrasonic images, the barium enema and the computerized helicoidal tomography could be suggestive for its diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Appendicitis , Adult , Appendicitis/diagnosis , Appendicitis/surgery , Chronic Disease , Female , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Great elements uterine leiomyomas are the most common tumours in the reproductive life affecting up to 30 % of the women in the United States. Its aetiology remains uncertain; cytogenic studies suggest that 40 to 50% present chromosomic abnormalities. Clinical manifestations are: hypermenorrhea and abdominal pain. In the great element cases, patients suffered intestinal constipation and rectal tenesm. The treatment includes analogous of human chorionic gonadotrophin liberation hormone (GnRH), progesterone, surgical treatment, myomectomy and hysterectomy, uterine artery embolization, high frequency ultrasound, laser, cryotherapy and thermoablation. CLINICAL CASE: An 18 year-old female, menarquia at 12, periods 28/4, nubil. 6 months previous: intestinal constipation, tumour-like mass in hypogastrium, of about 8 cm in diameter, which increased gradually up to 18 cm, smooth, movile and irregular. The pelvic ultrasound showed a tumour of 140 mm dependent of uterus. Myomectomy was performed. The histopathologic report was a 19.9 cm uterine leiomyoma, weighing 949 g and with hyaline degeneration. The patient was asymptomatic and without relapse a year later. CONCLUSIONS: Myomectomy is the choice treatment for the large uterine myomatosis when the patient's fertility is to be preserved.