Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent hypergraphs.

The failures of individual agents can significantly impact the functionality of associated groups in interconnected systems. To reveal these impacts, we develop a threshold model to investigate cascading failures in double-layer hypergraphs with interlayer interdependence. We hypothesize that a hyperedge disintegrates when the proportion of failed nodes within it exceeds a threshold. Due to the interdependence between a node and its replica in the other layer, the disintegrations of these hyperedges could trigger a cascade of events, leading to an iterative collapse across these two layers. We find that double-layer hypergraphs undergo abrupt, discontinuous first-order phase transitions during systemic collapse regardless of the specific threshold value. Additionally, the connectivity measured by average cardinality and hyperdegree plays a crucial role in shaping system robustness. A higher average hyperdegree always strengthens system robustness. However, the relationship between system robustness and average cardinality exhibits non-monotonic behaviors. Specifically, both excessively small and large average cardinalities undermine system robustness. Furthermore, a higher threshold value can boost the system's robustness. In summary, our study provides valuable insights into cascading failure dynamics in double-layer hypergraphs and has practical implications for enhancing the robustness of complex interdependent systems across domains.

Record high external quantum efficiency of 20% achieved in fully solution-processed quantum dot light-emitting diodes based on hole-conductive metal oxides.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been widely used as a hole injection material in quantum dot (QD) light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). However, it degrades the organic materials and electrodes in QLEDs due to its strong hydroscopicity and acidity. Although hole-conductive metal oxides have a great potential to solve this disadvantage, it is still a challenge to achieve efficient and stable QLEDs by using these solution-processed metal oxides. Herein, the state-of-the-art QLEDs fabricated by using hole-conductive MoOx QDs are achieved. The α-phase MoOx QDs exhibit a monodispersed size distribution with clear and regular crystal lattices, corresponding to high-quality nanocrystals. Meanwhile, the MoOx film owns an excellent transmittance, suitable valence band, good morphology and impressive hole-conductivity, demonstrating that the MoOx film could be used as a hole injection layer in QLEDs. Moreover, the rigid and flexible red QLEDs made by MoOx exhibit peak external quantum efficiencies of over 20%, representing a new record for the hole-conductive metal oxide based QLEDs. Most importantly, the MoOx QDs afford their QLEDs with a longer T95 lifetime than these devices made by PEDOT:PSS. As a result, we believe that the MoOx QDs could be used as efficient and stable hole injection materials used in QLEDs.

Opinion cascade under perception bias in social networks.

Opinion cascades, initiated by active opinions, offer a valuable avenue for exploring the dynamics of consensus and disagreement formation. Nevertheless, the impact of biased perceptions on opinion cascade, arising from the balance between global information and locally accessible information within network neighborhoods, whether intentionally or unintentionally, has received limited attention. In this study, we introduce a threshold model to simulate the opinion cascade process within social networks. Our findings reveal that consensus emerges only when the collective stubbornness of the population falls below a critical threshold. Additionally, as stubbornness decreases, we observe a higher prevalence of first-order and second-order phase transitions between consensus and disagreement. The emergence of disagreement can be attributed to the formation of echo chambers, which are tightly knit communities where agents' biased perceptions of active opinions are lower than their stubbornness, thus hindering the erosion of active opinions. This research establishes a valuable framework for investigating the relationship between perception bias and opinion formation, providing insights into addressing disagreement in the presence of biased information.

The top 50 most cited articles in carpal tunnel syndrome research: A bibliometrics study.

BACKGROUND: Citation analysis was applied to identify the influential studies in the specific field. More and more literature related to carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) have been published in recent years. To our knowledge, no one has performed a citation analysis of CTS. Thus, our study identified the top 50 influential articles pertaining to CTS and conduct an analysis of their characteristics. METHODS: The Web of Science database was used to identify all the articles from 1900 to 2020. We obtained the top 50 articles ranked by citation times, and articles were included and excluded based on the relevance to CTS. Also, we collected the information about journal name, level of evidence, source country and institution, and research type for further analysis. RESULTS: The top 50 articles were published between 1959 and 2012. The number of citations ranged from 151 to 1083. The citation density was between 3.23 and 40.27 per year. Muscle Nerve published most articles in CTS research, followed by Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume. The USA was the leading country, and all the top 5 institutions were from the USA. Katz JN with the highest h-index published most articles. Level III was the most common evidence level. CONCLUSIONS: We identified the top 50 cited articles related to CTS. These influential articles might provide researchers with a comprehensive list of the major contribution related to CTS research.

Efficient Zn-Alloyed Low-Toxicity Quasi-Two-Dimensional Pure-Red Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes.

Metal halide perovskites have attracted extensive attention in next-generation solid-state lighting and displays due to their fascinating optoelectronic properties. However, the toxicity of lead (Pb) impedes their practical application. Herein, we report an efficient Zn-alloyed quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) pure-red perovskite light-emitting device (PeLED) by introducing zinc ions (Zn2+) into the perovskite lattice and partially substituting Pb2+. The substitution of Zn2+ is confirmed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy measurements. In addition, the vacancy defect density of Pb and the halogen is reduced by the introduction of Zn2+ in the PEA2(Cs0.3MA0.7)2(ZnxPb1-x)3I10 perovskite system, which leads to a more ordered crystal orientation, compact morphology, and increased photoluminescence quantum efficiency. Benefiting from the improved photoelectric properties, a maximum EQE of 9.5% and a luminescence of 453 cd m-2 are achieved for the Zn-alloyed PeLEDs, with a maximum emission peak of 658 nm and stable electroluminescence spectra under various applied biases.

Efficient Green Quasi-Two-Dimensional Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Mix-Interlayer.

Recently, quasi-two-dimensional (Q-2D) perovskites have received much attention due to their excellent photophysical properties. Phase compositions in Q-2D perovskites have obvious effect on the device performance. Here, efficient green perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) were fabricated by employing o-fluorophenylethylammonium bromide (o-F-PEABr) and 2-aminoethanol hydrobromide (EOABr) as the mix-interlayer ligands. Phase compositions are rationally optimized through composition and interlayer engineering. Meanwhile, non-radiative recombination is greatly suppressed by the introduction of mix-interlayer ligands. Thus, green PeLEDs with a peak photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 81.4%, a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 19 nm, a maximum current efficiency (CE) of 27.7 cd/A, and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 10.4% were realized. The results are expected to offer a feasible method to realize high-efficiency PeLEDs.

Near-infrared cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes with bipolar features for efficient OLEDs via solution-processing.

A novel bipolar NIR iridium(iii) complex (CH3OTPA-BTz-Iq)2Ir(pic-OXD) with both a hole transporting (HT) triphenylamine (TPA) group and an electron transporting (ET) oxadiazole (OXD) group was designed and synthesized. It was observed that the incorporation of OXD and TPA into the ligand (CH3OTPA-BTz-Iq)2Ir(pic-OXD) improved the optophysical and electroluminescence performance in comparison with the parent iridium(iii) complex (CH3OTPA-BTz-Iq)2Irpic. In (CH3OTPA-BTz-Iq)2Ir(pic-OXD)-based OLEDs, a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 1.15% at 716 nm was obtained, which is much superior than that of the (CH3OTPA-BTz-Iq)2Irpic-based OLEDs (0.41% at 723 nm).

Incorporation of rubidium cations into blue perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes via FABr-modified multi-cation hot-injection method.

Solution-processed lead halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs) are emerging as one of the most promising candidates for emissive display application. Although perovskite QDs with a full spectrum of visible light emissions have been realized for years, realizing the efficient electroluminescence of blue perovskites at room temperature still faces severe challenges. Herein, we demonstrate both the efficient photoluminescence and electroluminescence of the blue perovskite QDs via a simple FABr-modified multi-cation hot-injection (FMMHI) method. The FMMHI method is unique in both the addition of FABr into the PbBr2 precursor solution and the incorporation of small rubidium (Rb+) into the blue perovskite QDs light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). The addition of FABr into the precursor solution can realize strong quantum confinement effect, large exciton binding energy and high-quality perovskite QD films. Besides, the bandgap can be enlarged by the Rb+-induced perovskite octahedral distortion and strong quantum confinement effect. Excellent PLQYs of 64.5% and 49.8% were achieved for the developed greenish-blue QDs (Rb0.33Cs0.67)0.42FA0.58PbBr3 and deep-blue QDs (Rb0.33Cs0.67)0.42FA0.58PbCl1.25Br1.75 in solid film state. Moreover, maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 3.6% and 0.61% were also achieved with an electroluminescence peak wavelength at 502 and 466 nm, respectively, indicating that the perovskite QDs incorporated with Rb+ possess great potential for the development of high-performance blue perovskite electroluminescence diodes.

Dual phosphorescence emission of dinuclear platinum(ii) complex incorporating cyclometallating pyrenyl-dipyridine-based ligand and its application in near-infrared solution-processed polymer light-emitting diodes.

Two novel mono- and binuclear cyclometalated platinum(ii) complexes of (BuPyrDPy)Pt(dpm) and (BuPyrDPy)[Pt(dpm)]2 incorporating a pyrenyl-dipyridine-based cyclometalated ligand were synthesized and characterized, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of the two materials revealed each complex's coordination mode; their photophysical, electrochemical as well as electroluminescent properties were also investigated. Both complexes exhibited good solubility and excellent thermal stability. (BuPyrDPy)[Pt(dpm)]2 presented dual phosphorescence emissive character at room-temperature and showed an increased quantum efficiency compared to that of (BuPyrDPy)Pt(dpm). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to model their photophysical process, and found a significant contribution of the second Pt center to the LUMO plot, giving the T1 and T2 states considerable LMCT nature, which is quite rare in metallic complexes. A device with the structure of ITO/PEDOT (40 nm)/PVK : 30 wt% OXD-7 : 16 wt% (BuPyrDPy)[Pt(dpm)]2 (60 nm)/TPBI (30 nm)/Ba (4 nm)/Al (100 nm) showed a stable NIR emission peak at 695 nm accompanied by two shoulders at 599 nm and 762 nm, with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 0.31% and a radiance of 26.9 mW cm-2, which are about 2 and 1.4 times higher than those of (BuPyrDPy)Pt(dpm)-doped devices. This study provides an efficient strategy to simultaneously design novel biluminescent materials and achieve NIR emission through adjusting the emissive triplet states by introducing a second metal into an asymmetric bimetallic system.

Achieving near-infrared emission in platinum(II) complexes by using an extended donor-acceptor-type ligand.

A series of C^N ligands with donor-acceptor (D-A) frameworks, i.e. TPA-BTPy, TPA-BTPy-Fl and Fl(TPA-BTPy)2, as well as their mono- and di-nuclear platinum(II) complexes of (TPA-BTPy)Pt(pic), (TPA-BTPy-Fl)Pt(pic) and [Fl(TPA-BTPy)2]Pt2(pic)2 are respectively designed and synthesized, in which triphenylamine (TPA) and fluorene (Fl) are used as the D units, 4-(pyrid-2-yl)benzothiadiazole (BTPy) as the A unit, and the picolinate anion (pic) as the auxiliary ligand. Their thermal, photophysical and electrochemical characteristics were investigated. Compared to mono-nuclear platinum complexes and their free ligands, this dinuclear one of [Fl(TPA-BTPy)2]Pt2(pic)2 shows an obvious interaction from the platinum atom to ligand and dual emission peaks at 828 and 601 nm in thin films. Upon oxidation with antimony pentachloride in dichloromethane, charge transfer transitions between the platinum and ligand are observed for the three complexes. The single-emissive-layer polymer light-emitting devices doped with [Fl(TPA-BTPy)2]Pt2(pic)2 display a strong electroluminescence with dual emission peaks at 780 and 600 nm at a dopant concentration over 4 wt%. A maximum external quantum efficiency of 0.02% with a radiance of 59 µW cm(-2) is obtained in the device at 30 wt% dopant concentration. This work indicates that the use of an extended D-A-type ligand is an effective strategy to achieve NIR emission for platinum complexes in PLEDs.